5

1
5. : 4s 3d; 5s 4p? ?
21.

:
(n) (l) .
n.
4s n = 4, l = 0; n + l = 4
3d n = 3, l = 2; n + l = 5
4s , 3d.
5s n = 5, l = 0; n + l = 5
4p n = 4, l = 1; n + l = 5
4p , 5s.
21Sc 1s22s22p63s23p63d14s2.
25. ? ?
?
.

,
() (-).
.
, .
( Si - P - S - Cl) ( F - Cl - Br - I).
Si - P - S - Cl ( ).
14Si 3s23p2
15P 3s23p3
16S 3s23p4
17Cl 3s23p5
, ..
4 , 1,
, ,
1 .
. ..
.
Cl - Br - I ( ).
17Cl 3s23p5

35Br 4s24p5
53I 5s25p5
, ..
,
, , .
( ), (
). .. .
45. - -?
.

- () - , , .
-.
- () - , ,
.
, 1s22s22p3, -,
- , z. ,
, y. 2py-
, , ,
(.). , ,
, ?-.

, . .
2pz- . .
-,
. ,
, , , z ,
. , ,
, , ?-.
, 2px- ,

, . , ,
: -, - -.
65. CO() ,
CH4() H2O(). ?

CO() + 3H2() = CH4() + H2O(), H = -206,16

H.. = - 74,85 - 241,83 + 110,52 = -206,16 /
85. : ) ; ) ? ?
S298 .
.

) .
1911 . :
.
, :
S = R*lnW
W , ,
; R = 1,38,10-16 / - .
, . :
H2O() < H2O()
S. = 188,72 - 69,94 = 118,78 /*
) , ..
. :
C. > C.
S. = 2,44 - 5,69 = -3,25 /*
:
, ,
( ),
. : ,
.
105. H2 + J2 = 2HJ. 508 0,16.
: [H2] = 0,04 /; [J2] = 0,05 /.
, [H2] 0,03 /.

H2 + I2 = 2HI
V1 = K*[H2]*[J2] = 0,16*0,04*0,05 = 3,2?10-4
[J2]2 = 0,05 - (0,04 - 0,03) = 0,04 /
V2 = K*[H2]2*[J2]2 = 0,16*0,03*0,04 = 1,92*10-4
125. , 16%- ,
1,149 /3.

100 , :
m(-) = 100*1,149 = 114,9

m(AlCl3) = 114,9*16/100 = 18,38

n(AlCl3) = 18,38/133,5 = 0,138
C(AlCl3) = 0,138/0,1 = 1,38 /
C.(AlCl3) = 3*0,138/0,1 = 4,14 /
Cm(AlCl3) = 0,138/(0,1149 - 0,0184) = 1,43 /
145. C3H5(OH)3 , ,
100,39. 0,52.

t = Cm*
Cm = (100,39 - 100)/0,52 = 0,75 /
, :
m(C3H5(OH)3) = 0,75*92 = 69
(C3H5(OH)3) = 69*100/(1000 + 69) = 6,45%
165. , : KHCO3
H2SO4; Zn(OH)2 NaOH; CaCl2 AgNO3.

2KHCO3 + H2SO4 K2SO4 + 2H2O + 2CO2

2K+ + 2HCO3- + 2H+ + SO42- 2K+ + SO42- + 2H2O + 2CO2
H+ + HCO3- H2O + CO2
Zn(OH)2 + 2NaOH Na2[Zn(OH)4]
Zn(OH)2 + 2Na+ + 2OH- 2Na+ + [Zn(OH)4]2Zn(OH)2 + 2OH- [Zn(OH)4]2CaCl2 + 2AgNO3 2AgCl + Ca(NO3)2
Ca2+ + 2Cl- + 2Ag+ + 2NO3- 2AgCl + Ca2+ + 2NO3Ag+ + Cl- AgCl
185. : CH3COOK, ZnSO4, Al(NO3)3.
pH ( 7) ?

CH3COOK + HOH CH3COOH + KOH

CH3COO- + K+ + HOH CH3COOH + K+ + OHCH3COO- + HOH CH3COOH + OH pH 7, ..
OH-.
2ZnSO4 + 2HOH (ZnOH)2SO4 + H2SO4
2Zn2+ + 2SO42- + 2HOH 2ZnOH+ + SO42- + 2H+ + SO42Zn2+ + HOH ZnOH+ + H+
pH 7, ..
H+.
Al(NO3)3 + HOH AlOH(NO3)2 + HNO3
Al3+ + 3NO3- + HOH AlOH2+ + 2NO3- + H+ + NO3-

Al3+ + HOH AlOH2+ + H+

pH 7, ..
H+.
205. KMnO4 + Na2SO3 + KOH K2MnO4 + Na2SO4 + H2O
P + HNO3 + H2O H3PO4 + NO.

2KMnO4 + Na2SO3 + 2KOH 2K2MnO4 + Na2SO4 + H2O

S4+ - 2e S6+ | 2 | 1 ()
Mn7+ + 1e Mn6+ | 1 | 2 ()
3P + 5HNO3 + 2H2O 3H3PO4 + 5NO
P0 - 5e P5+ | 5 | 3 ()
N5+ + 3e N2+ | 3 | 5 ()
225. -1,23 .
Mn2+ /.

E0Mn2+/Mn = -1,18
E = E0Mn2+/Mn + (0,059/n)*lg[Mn2+]
-1,23 = -1,18 + (0,059/2)*lg[Mn2+]
lg[Mn2+] = -1,7
[Mn2+] = 0,02 /
245. 2 4 .
? , .

: Ag+ + 1e Ag0
: 2H2O - 4e O2? + 4H+
t = 4 = 14400
m(Ag) = M(Ag)*I*t/F = 108*2*14400/96500 = 32,23
265. ?
, .
.

,
, .
, , .
, .
Fe (): O2 + 2H2O + 4e 4OHZn (): Zn 2e Zn2+
: 2Zn + O2 + 2H2O 2Zn(OH)2
285. - ?
? H2O2: ) Ag2O; ) KI.

- ,
, -1.

)
H2O2 + Ag2O 2Ag + O2 + H2O
2O- - 2e O20 | 2 | 1
Ag+ + 1e Ag0 | 1 | 2
)
H2O2 + 2KI I2 + 2KOH
2I- - 2e I20 | 1 | 1
O- + 1e O2- | 1 | 1
305. 400 , , 3
-?

m = *V*(Na2CO3) = 3*400*53 = 63600 = 63,6

325. ?
.
+4, +2.

Sn + 4HNO3(.) = SnO2 + 4NO2 + 2H2O

Sn0 - 4e Sn+4
N+5 + 1e N+4
Pb + 2HNO3(.) = Pb(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + H2O
Pb0 - 2e Pb+2
N+5 + 1e N+4
345. ,
. ? ?
- ? .

HCl+1O - ( - )
HCl+3O2 - ( - )
HCl+5O3 - ( - )
HCl+7O4 - ( - )
, -

. -
, , .. .
, , , ..
.
3NaClO = NaClO3 + 2NaCl
, , , .
3NaClO2 = 2NaClO3 + NaCl
, , , .
4KClO3 = 3KClO4 + KCl

 , , , .
, ..
.
3KClO4 + 8Al = 3KCl + 4Al2O3
, , .
365. MnSO4 ,
. . .

MnSO4 + 2NaOH Mn(OH)2 + Na2SO4

Mn2+ + SO42- + 2Na+ + 2OH- Mn(OH)2 + 2Na+ + SO42Mn2+ + 2OH- Mn(OH)2
2Mn(OH)2 + O2 2MnO2 + 2H2O
Mn2+ - 2e Mn4+ | 2 | 2
O20 + 4e 2O2- | 4 | 1
395.
?
.

,
.
2Co(OH)3 + 6HCl = 2CoCl2 + Cl2 + 6H2O
2Cl- - 2e Cl20
Co+3 + 1e Co+2
2Ni(OH)3 + 6HCl = 2NiCl2 + Cl2 + 6H2O
2Cl- - 2e Cl20
Ni+3 + 1e Ni+2
Fe(OH)3 + 3HCl = FeCl3 + 3H2O