Honors Algebra II

Midterm Study Guide

Names of Number Sets

Real Numbers any number found on number line
Natural Numbers {1, 2, 3, 4}
Whole Numbers {0, 1, 2, 3}
Integers {-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3}
Rational Numbers {-2, 1/2, 0.625, 134/4, 0, 4}

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Simplifying Algebraic Expressions

7x - 3y + 5
x=3 y=4

> 14

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Closure Property: a + b is real, ab is real
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Commutative Property: a + b = b + a, ab = ba
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Associative Property: (a + b)c = a(b + c), (ab)c = a(bc)
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Distributive Property: a(b + c) = ab + ac
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Identity Property: a + 0 = a, a 1 = a
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Inverse Property: a + (-a) = 0, a 1/a = 1
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Reflexive Property: a = a
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Symmetric Property: If a = b, then b = a
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Transitive Property: If a = b and b = c, then a = c
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Compound Inequalities
AND <

OR >

< > are an open circle

are a closed circle

Set-Builder Notation
{x | x -1 or x < 5}

Absolute Value Inequalities

1) absolute value by itself
2) exactly as is without | | signs
3) inside absolute value, flip inequality, make # opposite

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Slope Intercept Form: y = mx + b
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Slope = y2 - y1
x2 - x1

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Point-Slope Form: y - y = m(x - x )
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Standard Form: Ax + By = C
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Horizontal Line: y = # slope = 0
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Vertical Line: x = # slope = undefined
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1

Function / Not a Function

Ordered Pairs / x-y Charts
- repeating x values
- same y-value = function
- different y-value = not a function

Maps

- 2+ arrows leave one x and go to different y-values = not a function

Graphing

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- vertical line drawn, two points intersected = not a function

Direct Variation
- y = kx
- k = y/x
- if there is a direct variation y1 = y2 = y3 = k
x1
x2 x3

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Linear Progression
- plot all (x,y) pairs in data chart
- line of best fit: y = ax + b
-|r|
.75 - 1.00 strong
.4 - .74 weak
0 - .39 none

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Transformation of Graphs
- f(x) k = shift up/down
- f(x + h) = shift left/right
- reflect about x-axis
f(x) = -f(x) *all signs change
- reflect about y-axis
f(x) = f(-x) *signs on x change
- vertical stretch
f(x) = af(x) *a > 1
- vertical compression
f(x) = af(x) *0 < a < 1

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Vertex Form / Standard Form of Quadratic Equations
- y = a |x - h| + k
- vertex: (h,k)
- axis of symmetry: x = h

Systems of Equations
Two Variables:
- substitution
ex) 3x + 4y = 12
2x + y = 10

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- elimination
ex) 3x + 4y = 10 (-3)
2x + 3y = 7 (4)

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Three Variables:
ex) 1 x - y + z = -1
2 x + y + 3z = -3
3 2x - y + 2z = 0
1 + 2 > 1
1 2x + 4z = -4
2 x + y + 3z = -3
3 2x - y + 2z = 0
2 + 3 > 2
1 2x + 4z = -4
2 3x + 5z = 3
3 2x - y + 2z = 0

y = -2x + 10
3x + 4(-2x + 10) = 12
3x - 8x + 40 = 12
-5x = -28
x = 28/5

-9x - 12y = -30

8x - 12y = 28
-x = -2
x=2
(2,1)

y = -2x + 10
= -2(28/5) + 10
y = -6/5
(28/5, -6/5)

2x + 3y = 7
2(2) + 3y = 7
4 + 3y = 7
3y = 3
y=1

2x + 4z = -4 (-3)
3x + 5z = -4 (2)

-6x - 12z = -4
6x + 10z = -8
-2z = -20
z = 10

-22 - y + 10 = -1
-y - 12 = -1
y = -11
(-22, -11, 10)
2x + 4(10) = -4
2x + 40 = -4
2x = -44
x = -22

Quadratic Systems of Equations

- standard form: f(x) = ax2 + bx + c
- vertex form: f(x) = a(h - h)2 + k
- (h,k) is the vertex
- axis of symmetry: x = # (x = h)
- domain: {x | x is real}
- range: {y | y k}

Factoring Equations
- GCF: divides into all terms
- trinomials:
1) factors of a c that sum to b
2) rewrite with bx as a sum
3) factor by grouping
4) (match)(leftovers)
- difference of squares:
a2 - b2 = (a + b)(a - b)
- sum of cubes:
a3 + b3 = (a + b)(a2 - ab + b2)
- difference of cubes:
a2 - b2 = (a - b)(a2 + ab + b2)

Solving Equations by Factoring, Completing the Square, or Quadratic Formula

- quadratic formula:

- factoring:
GCF
difference of squares
difference of cubes
sum of cubes

Simplifying Complex Nymbers

- i2 = -1
- final answers in a + bi form
- dividing complex #s: cant have i in denominator

1) find conjugate of denominator

2) multiply by conjugate
conjugate
3) like terms and i2
4) simplify
5) a + bi

Simplifying Square Roots

1) rewritten in ax2 + bx = c (make a = 1 by dividing)

2) add (b)2 to both sides

2
3) factor the trinomial
4) square roots
5) solve for x

End Behavior of a Polynomial

up up - even positive
down up - odd positive
down down - even negative
up down - odd negative