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relatif obat yang diresepkan bagi wanita hamil. Berikut ini kategori obatobatan berdasarkan FDA
a. Kriteria A
Kategori ini melipu i obat-obatan dan bahan yang telah diuji melalui
penelitian terkontrol pada wanita. Penelitian tersebut menunjukkan tidak ada
resiko terhadap fetus selama semester pertama kehamilan dan kemungkinan bahaya
terhadap janin kecil.
b. Kriteria B
Penelitian pada hewan telah menunjukkan bahwa bahan ini tidak beresiko
terhadap janin, tetapi belum ada penelitian terkontrol yang telah dilakukan pada
manusia untuk memastikan kemungkinan efek samping terhadap janin. Kategori
ini juga meliput i obat-obatan yang telah menunjukkan efek samping pada
janin hewan, tetapi penelitian terkontrol pada manusia tidak diungkapkan adanya
resiko terhadap janin.
c. Kriteria C
Penelitian
memiliki
pada
efek
hewan
telah
teratogenik
memperlihatkan
dan/atau
toksik
bahwa
obat
ini mungkin
dilakukan penelitian terkontrol pada wanita. Suatu obat juga masuk ke dalam
kategori ini bila tidak ada penelitian terkontrol yang dilakuka n pada manusia
maupun hewan
d. Kategori D
Terdapat bukti risiko terhadap janin manusia, tetapi manfaatnya dalam situasi
tertentu, misalnya penyakit yang serius atau keadaan yang membahayakan nyawa
perubahan
pada
janin
atau
ini
Obat-obatan
yang
digunakan di
kedokteran gigi
seperti
etidokain.
Mepivikain
dan
bupivikain
(kategori
C)
tidak
L5 : kontra indikasi
Halothane
Lidocaine
Methohexital
Thiopental
Cimetidine
Tagamet
(Antacid)
Cisapride (GI tract
Propulsid
stimulant)
Domperidone (used
for
nausea
&
Motilum
vomiting, stimulates
lactation)
Amoxicillin
Aztreonam
Cefadroxil
Cefazolin
Cefotaxime
Cefoxitin
Cefprozil
Ceftazidime
Ceftriaxone
Ciprofloxacin
Clindamycin
Erythromycin
Fleroxacin
Gentamicin
Kanamycin
Moxalactam
Nitrofurantoin
Ofloxacin
Penicillin
Streptomycin
Sulbactam
Sulfisoxazole
L2
L2
L3
L3
Approved B
L2
Approved C
L2
Approved -
L1
Antibiotics
Larotid, Amoxil Approved
Azactam
Approved
Ultracef,
Approved
Duricef
Ancef, Kefzol Approved
Claforan
Approved
Mefoxin
Approved
Cefzil
Approved
Ceftazidime,
Fortaz,
Approved
Taxidime
Rocephin
Approved
Cipro
Approved
Cleocin
Approved
E-Mycin, Erytab,
ERYC, Approved
Ilosone
Approved
Garamycin
Approved
Kebecil,
Approved
Kantrex
Moxam
Approved
Macrobid
Approved
Floxin
Approved
Approved
Streptomycin
Approved
Approved
Gantrisin, AzoApproved
Gantrisin
5
B
B
L1
L2
L1
B
B
B
C
L1
L2
L1
L1
L1
B
C
B
L2
L3
L3
L1
L3 early
postnatal
NR
L2
L2
B
C
B
D
-
NR
L2
L2
L1
L3
NR
L2
Tetracycline
Ticarcillin
Trimethoprim/sulfa
methoxazole
Bishydroxycoumari
n (dicumarol)
Achromycin,
Sumycin,
Approved D
Terramycin
Ticarcillin,
Approved B
Ticar, Timentin
Proloprim,
Approved C
Trimpex
Anticoagulants/Antikoagulan
-
Approved -
Coumadin,
Approved D
Panwarfin
Anticonvulsants/Antikonvulsan
Carbamazepine
Tegretol, Epitol Approved C
Ethosuximide
Zarontin
Approved C
Magnesium sulfate Epsom salt
Approved B
Phenytoin
Dilantin
Approved D
Depakene,
Valproic acid
Approved D
Depakote
Antifungals/ antijamur
Fluconazole
Diflucan
Approved C
Nizoral
Ketoconazole
Shampoo,
Approved C
Nizoral
Antihistamines/Antihistamin
Fexofenadine
Allegra
Approved C
Loratadine
Claritin
Approved B
Terfenadine
Seldane
Approved Triprolidine
Actidil, Actifed Approved C
Antivirals/ antivirus
Acyclovir
Zovirax
Approved C
Alferon
N,
Interferon-alpha
Interferon
Approved C
Alpha
Arthritis meds (see also: pain meds) =obat artritis
Ridaura,
Gold salts
Myochrysine,
Approved C
Solganal
Asthma meds (see also: steroids) = Obat asma
Dilor, Lufyllin,
Dyphylline
Approved C
Dyphylline
Bricanyl,
Terbutaline
Approved B
Brethine
Theophylline
Aminophylline, Approved C
Warfarin
L2
L1
L3
NR
L2
L2
L4
L1
L2
L2
L2
L2
L2
L1
NR
L1
L2
L2
L5
L3
L2
L3
Quibron, TheoDur
Contraceptives, Hormones = Kontrasepsi, Hormon
Estratab,
L3 (may interfere
Estradiol
Permarin,
Approved X
with
milk
Menest
production)
Preven,
Seasonale,
Norinyl,
Contraceptive
pill
Norlestin,
L3 (may interfere
with
Ortho-Novum, Approved X
with
milk
estrogen/progesteron
Ovral, Lunelle
production)
e
injection,
Ortho-Evra
patch, etc.
Norplant,
Levonorgestrel
Approved X
L2
Mirena, Plan B
L1
Medroxyprogesteron Provera, DepoApproved D
L4 (if used first 3
e
Provera, Cycrin
days postpartum)
Norethynodrel
Enovid
Approved X
L2
Progesterone
Crinone,
Prometrium
Approved
L3
Caplets,
Kaopectate II
Caplets,
Immodium
Advanced
Note: Pepto-Bismol & Kaopectate (bismuth subsalicylate is the active ingredient
in both) are not recommended for routine use by nursing moms, due to the
association of salicylates with Reyes syndrome in children.
Catatan: Pepto-Bismol & Kaopectate (bismuth subsalicylate adalah bahan aktif
dalam kedua) tidak direkomendasikan untuk penggunaan rutin oleh ibu
menyusui, karena asosiasi salisilat dengan sindrom Reyes pada anak-anak.
Diuretics/ diuretik
Dazamide,
Acetazolamide
Approved C
L2
Diamox
L4 (may
Bendroflumethiazide Naturetin
Approved D
inhibit
lactation)
Chlorothiazide
Hydrodiuril
Approved D
L3
Chlorthalidone
Hygroton
Approved D
L3
Hydrodiuril,
Hydrochlorothiazide
Approved D
L2
Esidrix, Oretic
Spironolactone
Aldactone
Approved D
L2
Galactagogues (milk supply)
Domperidone
Motilum
Approved L1
Heart,
Blood
Pressure
meds
(Antiarrhythmics, Antihypertensives, Cardiac stimulants)
Antiarrhythmics/anti aritmia
Norpace,
Disopyramide
Approved C
L2
Napamide
Flecainide
Tambocor
Approved C
L3
Mexiletine
Mexitil
Approved B
L2
Pronestyl,
Procainamide
Approved C
L3
Procan
Quinaglute,
Quinidine
Approved C
L2
Quinidex
Antihypertensives/ anti hipertensi
L3 (if
used
Captopril
Capoten
Approved D
after 30 days)
Cardizem
Sr,
Diltiazem/Diltiazem Dilacor-XR,
Approved C
L3
HCL
Diltiazem,
Cardizem CD
C (1st trim.)
Enalapril/Enalapril
Vasotec
Approved D (2nd, 3rd L2
Maleate
trim.)
Hydralazine
Apresoline
Approved C
Trandate,
Labetalol
Approved C
Normodyne
Methyldopa
Aldomet
Approved C
Toprol
XL,
Metoprolol
Approved B
Lopressor
Loniten,
Minoxidil
Minodyl,
Approved C
Rogaine
Corgard,
Nadolol
Approved C
Nadolol
Adalat,
Nifedipine
Approved C
Procardia
Apsolox, SlowOxprenolol
Trasicor,
Approved Trasicor
Propranolol
Inderol
Approved C
Sotalol
Betapace
Approved B
Timolol
Blocadren
Approved C
Calan, Isoptin,
Verapamil
Approved C
Covera-HS
Cardiac stimulants/ stimulasi jantung
Lanoxin,
Digoxin
Approved C
Lanoxicaps
Laxatives/ obat pencahar
Cascara/Cascara
Approved C
Sagrada
Danthron
Approved Magnesium sulfate Epsom salt
Approved B
Senna
Approved Malaria meds/ obat malaria
Aralen, NovoChloroquine
Approved C
chloroquine
Hydroxychloroquine Plaquenil
Approved C
Pyrimethamine
Daraprim
Approved C
Quinine
Quinamm
Approved D
Medical Testing / pengujian medis
Diatrizoate
Approved Fluorescein
Approved C
Gadopentetic
Approved C
(Gadolinium)
Iohexol
Omnipaque
Approved B
Iopanoic acid
Telepaque
Approved D
Metrizamide
Amipaque
Approved B
L2
L2
L2
L3
L2(topically)
L3 (orally)
L4
L2
NR
L2
L3
L2
L2
L2
L3
NR
L1
L3
L3
L2
L4
L2
NR
L3
L2
L2
L2
L2
Metrizoate
Isopaque
Approved B
10
L2
L3
L3
NR
L5
L3
L3
L2
L2
L2
L3
L3
L2
NR
L1
L3
L2
L3
L2
NR
L1
(Cyanocobalamin)
L2; L4 in high
doses
(may
inhibit
lactation)
L3 (do
not
overdose)
B-6 (pyridoxine)
Approved A
D, vitamin
Calciferol,
Delta-d
Approved A
Folic acid
A (1st, 2nd
Approved trim.)
L1
C (3rd trim.)
K-1,
vitamin
Approved C
(Phytonadione)
Riboflavin/B2
Disetujui A
Miscellaneous/ macam-macam/ lain-lain
Acitretin
(AntiSoriatane
Disetujui psoriasis)
Alcohol/Ethanol
Disetujui D
Allopurinol
Zyloprim,
Lopurin
Antimony
Atropine
(Anticholinergic,
drying agent)
Belladonna,
Atropine
Disetujui
Disetujui
Disetujui
Azapropazone/apazo
Rheumox
ne (Antirheumatic)
Disetujui
Baclofen
relaxant)
Disetujui
(muscle Lioresal,
Atrofen
Barbiturate
Caffeine
Vivarin,
NoDoz, Coffee
Carbetocin
(Antihemorrhagic)
Duratocin
Chloroform
Cisplatin
cancer)
(Anti-
Platinol
Disetujui
Disetujui
Disetujui
Disetujui
Disetujui
11
L1
L1
NR
L3
L2
NR
L3
L2
L2
NR
L2
NR
NR
L4
Dapsone
(Antileprosy)
Avlosulfon,
DDS
Hydroxychloroquine
(Antirheumatic,
Plaquenil
lupus)
Iodides
Iodine
Disetujui
Disetujui
Disetujui
Disetujui
Iodine
(povidoneiodine, eg, in a vaginal douche)
Disetujui
Ivermectin
(Antiparasitic)
Disetujui
Nalidixic
(Urinary
infective)
Mectizan
acid
Anti- NegGram
Disetujui
Norsteroids
Pyridostigmine
(Muscle stimulant)
Mestinon,
Regonol
Disetujui
Scopolamine
(Motion sickness)
Transderm
Scope
Disetujui
Sulfapyridine
Dagenan
Timolol
med)
Blocadren
(glaucoma
Disetujui
Disetujui
Disetujui
12
L4
L2
NR
NR
NR
L3
L4
NR
L2
L3
NR
L3
Oleh :
Ervina Yuliantika
15615211
13