eee aera SE ‘ous ways poo 0135 ade u3eq sy 1 joan | Alpeue oy Soro 2U0KIEK2 AON, NOU INGOULNI ‘Sood aids apg A brosp a.sdhon>aussngo“uoponp Kinin we ed 'SOKOM AY ov ( | angry wy “asompsg fo mouundog wows woypay woSueNy fo usza8Ny 2SSON “W Udjopuey opr ‘agai fo 20 SHEA W sdapsosiq Ajarxuy Jo siskjeuy Areuoynjoay uy :ssaujty pue 1a] SA TOLLAV TVNISIIOinduced anxiety of crippling degree. Adaptive modul success. This point is best understood from an evol ind functions of anxiety. Such a framework can "es? Many researchers now view ei Ter selective advant 88 task particul ness in dangerou ie resources. Such resources ted, just as endocrine fans in an endocrine orchestra. Emotional responses must vely” auldress- Wve known for 30 years leolog mn is the keynote 10 ary perspective on the minate current ind of emotion, Why do emotions play such a central part, computer program designed to ly well (Nesse 1990). If the If one is being betrayed, n fearful Night and avoidance are best. All and that hypotheses about such functions can be tested just like any others (Mayr 1974). Complex traits can be shaped by natural selection only if they serve func! ese functions are not ance of behavior, not just yese methods are only just the study of human behavior (Howard 199) ‘Therefore, few data-based studies of is approach and its ‘we hope to encourage work on human anxiety that is on the models provided by behavioral ecology. Even before then, we suggest that this perspective can provide some guidance in answering current questions about anxiety and its disorders. Subtypes of Anxiety testion of major concern i (or lump) the various kinds of and how to justify the taxonomy. Some researchers empha ss and postulate the unity of all anxiety ferences between different kinds of anxiety, sorders, each with its own etiology, phenomenology, le ground between evolved ined very clearly. Subtypes fe advantage of better protection 2 der another defense, the immune respon ‘2 general immune response and for spe responses, such as lymphocyte ty for by une responses. Ant ing for the presence of foreign mat arousal, patterns of beh evoke freezing; social is 1974; Janzen 1981). use submission; predators provoke flight. An ferent types of fear should share many in heart rate) that are useful in one kind of egatherer who ly to predators butunknown terior. ‘of different kinds of anxiety depends in pan onthe four w protection (Marks 1987). Two of therm parallel of dealing with foreign m eT Re ee en eee ee ee ce 2's mouth. Agoraphobies I phobies avoid not. Obs ‘The Relationship Between General Anxiety and Panic Can an evolutionary perspec ‘Many components of the anxiety and panic response are those which dso whichis panly mediated by adrenergic receptors (a proximate explana together to increase fness in the face of danger (the evolutionary lone). ilar whether cued by places separation, oF socal of teats Other Subtypes of Anxiety and Specific Threats of mild fears that, the home range of| uma. A natural tendency dale given the ‘of reexperencng & mortal danger.252 1.M. Marks and 1. Nesse dysmoxphophor compulsive. disorder. {conceal them from others (Nesse 1990). We do ‘ot emphasize a distinction between fear of specific dangers and anxiety aroused by nonspecific dangers or unconscious impulses, because in cases the state, whether anxiety or fear, is aroused by a cue that indicates reproductive resources, called anxiety and to pain le species, grooming also ton as when a defeated baboon grooms the victor wely after a fight, Many obsessive-compulsives wash and groom f not allowed to do this, they often feel disgust or other dliscomfort rather than anxiety. ‘membership requires atention to thers" needs. Disregard ofthese a wy Anaipele of Aantety Disecders 252 likely. In OCD, there is maladaptive overconcern with 1 oth wre shortages and is is grotesquely exaggera ccompulsives. unclear why obsessive-compulsives explain (rationalize) Is ina more complex manner than do phobics. Perhaps lve mechanisms are deranged in obsessive-compulsives as compared 10 To summarize the features of anxiety disorder subtypes {As noted above, subtypes of anxiety are not completely di 50 many aspects of subtypes of dromes and umune disorders are being ions and mechanisms of make more sense as we anxiety system and Defense Regulation fenses enhance a defense suffers. People who I get damaged (Stevens 19% ‘Suppressing the cough reflex toxin absorption (DuPont and Hornick 1973); fo0 much vomiting or diarrhea can these defenses have been fine at and respond appropriately. tuned to detect the frm and amount ofar oe bb attacked by a wild beast, hurt by other humans, orto atin ways that lead 0 social exclusion. People with too litle anxiety do not come to psychiatrists ng of deficient fear, so their disorder, the “hyponobie, imple of the benefit-cost tradeoffs that le of selective compromises” (Alexander 1975), hhead every few seconds for offspring, risk of being eaten ion of Anxiety by Cues of Danger kd he grossly inefficient to become anxious only afer actual p tead, the nervous system has been shaped so that anxiety ai Fear develops quickly to minimal cues that reflect ancient dangers. As a with imprinting, where experience inscribes the precise parental features id ering hon safe stimuli Nan pais presence pers thn of hi pol tanger ars 1987 Pepe apd ening offer is pay m careers ad ors, Keen osevion and ‘peraed rayon: When is wasteful defense als are Tess fearful of predators’ and other signs of| home range. Most phobia st noted, we rarely fear cue256 LM. Barks and RM. Nese ja for parents to smaighes, knives, hotles, dangerous spon, and the like, aml ffetion for ules, auns, physicians, cod liver 0 or toward nh ag aways canbe nathened or weakened accorting to certain rues tht ake W able 1 le its responses to various environs Benefits and Costs y does help us to (slowly) learn anxiety cost of frequent (Wish and Rose 198), We rmenter cent eves ae tan tee og ay Analysis of Anscty Disorders 257 than search for ‘Tooby (1987, p. 296) pu hen a tiger bounds toward you, what should your response be? Should you fle your toenails? Do a cartwheel! Sing a song? ‘the moment to run an uncountable number of randomly generated ce possibilities through the decision rule? And again, how could you in more grandchildren? The alterna- ve: Darwinian algorithms specialized for predator avoidance, that err on predator, ood examples of ins for Research and Treatment research often seeks syndrome-specific neurophysiological defects. Although such defects undoubtedly xi th some “syndromes, exclusive’ reiance on this approach leads to three ‘normal defense, then some marked anxiety is ‘but individual potygenie not specific defect to cough, recounts for variation in suscepti in neatly dividing anxiety disorders into mutually toa particular danger but 1 Tong mediating but rather block defensive responses well downstream from the imaging data do not address the eause of ‘swell ag motor behavior, 1 processes ofthe brain the sites of abnormal patterns of [OCD]” regardless of “caus,” is me Brain imaging data merely provide clues to some cerebral activity of complex mentation and behavior (Baxter 1990). ‘Pharmacological dissection” seeks to delineate specific syndrom the basis of response to particular drugs. But a single drug, affects only a specific brain system, can affect many etsnd R, M. Nesse the analgesic effects of asprin are s0 antidepressants donot el danger for fe ‘An aversive event such as the hearing of repeated sereams should evoke more anxiety (indicating. prepotency) and condi lance (showing preparedness) when ‘An evolutionary perspective might also explain why general anxiet and submission—are anxiety, in accordance wi rence of nausea ral flight in blood/injury_phobi hypotheses: (2) ion is more marked ins ‘more pronounced in fear of animal the features of anxiety subtypes