Quantitative analysis

Part B
Stoichiometry

Calculating % Composition in Compounds:

Work out the Molar Mass (M) of these compounds:
M (H2O)=

M (CO 2)=

This is the total mass of the compound. In a % composition calculation you

are giving what % of the total mass is made up of the elements which make
it up.
Eg: What % of Oxygen is in H2O and CO2
% =

Mass of element

x100

Total mass of compound

%O in H2O =
18

16 x 100 = 88.9%
44

%O in CO2 = 32 x 100 = 72.7%

% CALCULATIONS
1(a)
Calculate the molar mass of iron oxide, Fe2O3. Include
units in your
answer.
(b)Calculate the percentage mass of iron in iron oxide.
2(a)
Calculate the molar mass of aluminium oxide, Al2O3.
Include units in
your answer.
(b)Calculate the percentage mass of oxygen in aluminium
oxide.
3. Allicin is the compound responsible for the characteristic
smell of
garlic. Its formula is C6H10S2O. What is the % of
oxygen in this
compound?

Steps for Determining an Empirical Formula then

Molecular Formula
Purple Monkeys Drink Rum memory jog
1. (Percent to grams) Start with percentages of each element given, assume that the total
mass is 100 grams so that the mass of each element = the percent given.
2. (Moles)
Convert the mass of each element to moles using the molar mass from the
periodic table. (using n = m/M)
3. (Divide by smallest)
Divide each mole value by the smallest number of moles calculated.
4. (Round)
Round to the nearest whole number. This is the mole ratio of the elements and
is represented by subscripts in the empirical formula.
e.g.Ifoneelementratiois1.5,thenmultiplyeachelementintheproblemby2(toget3)e.g.If
oneelementratiois1.25,thenmultiplyeachelementintheproblemby4(toget5).

This is the Empirical formulas ratio

eg The Question:

a) Calculate the empirical formula of a compound which has a percentage

composition of 52.2% carbon, 13.0% hydrogen, and 34.8% oxygen.

Following the Steps:

1.(Percent to grams)
C=52.2gH=13gO=34.8g
2. (moles)
n (C) = 52.2 / 12 = 4.35

3. (Divide by smallest)
C= 4.35 /2.175 = 2
H= 13.0 / 2.175 = 5.98
O= 2.175 / 2.175 = 1 (This is the ratio of moles)

n (H) = 13.0 / 1 = 13.0

4. (Round) The5.98issocloseto6we
canrounditupto6whichgivesusthe

n (O) = 34.8 / 16 = 2.175

Empirical formula of C2H6O

Molecular formula calculation:

1. (MdividedbyE)Dividetheactualmolarmassofthecompound(giveninthe
question)bytheMolarMassoftheEmpiricalformula
2. (xE)ThenumberyougetiswhatyoumultiplytheEmpiricalformulaby.
(From the previous example)

If the molar mass of this compound is 92 g/mol, use your answer to part (a)
above to determine its molecular formula.
Molecular formula calculation:
(M divided by E)
Empirical mass = 12 x 2 + 1 x 6 + 16 = 46 g/mol
92 (provided in Q) / 46 = 2
(x E)The number you get is what you multiply the Empirical formula by.
so molecular mass is Empirical formula (C2H6O) x2 = C4H12O2
Try this link for more info http://sciencescribe.co.nz/files/12CHE/QUANT_empirical.pdf

EMPIRICAL AND MOLECULAR FORMULA CALCS

1(a)
Glucose is a sugar which has a mass composition of 40.0% carbon,
6.70% hydrogen, 53.3% oxygen. Calculate the empirical formula of glucose.
(b) If the molar mass of glucose is 180 g/mol, use your answer to part (a)
above to determine the molecular formula of glucose.

EMPIRICAL AND MOLECULAR FORMULA CALCS contd

2(a)
Caffeine is a stimulant which has a mass composition of
49.5% carbon,
5.20%, hydrogen, 28.9% nitrogen and 16.5%
oxygen.
Calculate the empirical formula of caffeine.
(b)If the molar mass of caffeine is 194 g/mol, use your answer
to part (a)
above to determine the molecular formula of
caffeine.
-More practice: http://
sciencescribe.co.nz/files/12CHE/QUANT_empirical.pdf

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EMPIRICAL AND MOLECULAR FORMULA CALCS contd

The cystine molecule forms an important part of protein structures. This
cystine molecule is 40.91% carbon, 6.82% hydrogen, 36.36% oxygen and
15.91% nitrogen.
(i) Calculate the empirical formula of cystine.
(ii) If the molar mass of cystine is 176 g/mol calculate the molecular
formula.

11

Mole Ratios Calculations

These are simply determined by looking at a balanced equation.
The number before any of the reactants or products is the number of
MOLES.

Eg:

2NaOH

H2SO4

Na2SO4 +

2H2O

In this equation the Mole Ratio of NaOH to H2SO4 is 2:1

(ie: you need twice the number of moles of NaOH to H 2SO4)

For the calculations: Get the ratio from the equation

Unknown moles/known moles (U/K) x the given number of moles (n)

Mole Ratios Calculations

12
1

2HCl + Zn(OH)2 ZnCl2 + 2H2O

n(HCl) = 0.5 mol;

n(ZnCl2) = ?

4Al + 3I2
a
b

2AlI3

n(Al) = 0.6 mol

n(I2) = ?

n(AlI3) = 2.4 mol

H2SO4 + 2KOH

n(I2) = ?

K2SO4 + 2H2O

n(KOH) = 2.5 mol

n(H2SO4) = ?

n(K2SO4) = 10 mol

n(KOH) = ?

13

RATIO CALCULATIONS (starting and finishing with a mass)

Example Question:
What mass of H2O is produced in the complete combustion of
25.4 g of methane according to the following equation?

CH4

2O2 CO2

2 H2O

Known
CH4
Mol
ratio

1. Identify Known and Unknown

CH4 is the known (as we know there are 25.4g) and H 2O is the
unknown as that is the mass we are trying to find out. THESE
ARE THE COLUMN HEADINGS

2. Complete the table with the molar masses, mole

ratio and known mass
3. Convert mass to moles for the KNOWN (using

n=m/M)
n(CH4) = 25.4 g/ 16 = 1.5875 moles (known)

4. Use the MOLE RATIO to find the moles of UNKNOWN

1.5875 x 2 = 3.175 moles (of unknown)

5. Convert mass to moles for the UNKNOWN (using

n=m/M)
m(H2O) = 3.175 moles x 18 gmol-1 = 57.15g = 57.2 g to 3sf.

Unknown
H2 O

M
SHOW WORKING OUTSIDE
THE BOX!
GIVE FINAL ANSWER TO
3SF!
More infohttp://sciencescribe.co.nz/files/12CHE/Q
UANT_massStoic.pdf
More Qs http://sciencescribe.co.nz/files/12CHE/
QUANT_massStoichQuestions.pdf

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RATIO CALCULATIONS:

1 What mass of H2O is produced in the complete combustion of 36.2 g

of methanol according to the following equation?
2 CH3OH

3 O2

CO2

4 H 2O

2 What mass of carbon dioxide would be produced from the reduction

of 6.20 kg of iron(III) oxide according to the following equation?
Fe2O3

3 CO

2 Fe

3 CO2

3 What mass of CO2 is produced in the complete combustion of 34.5 g

of ethanol according to the following equation?
C2H5OH

3 O2

2 CO2

3 H 2O

4 What mass of iron can be produced from the reduction of 1.50 kg of

iron (III) oxide according to the following equation?
Fe2O3

3 CO

2 Fe

3 CO2

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Practice Assessment 1
1. Aplantcontains1.5%ofanacidwhichhas26.67%carbon,
2.22%hydrogen,71.11%Oxygenandhasamolarmassof
90.0gmol1.Usethefollowingmolarmassestocalculateboth
theempirical formulaandthemolecular formula oftheacid:
M(C)=12.0gmol1M(H)=1.00gmol1M(O)=16.0gmol1
M(Na)=23.0gmol1
empirical formula calculation:

molecular formula calculation:

16

Practice Assessment 1
2.Theplantalsocontainssmallamountsofanotheracid,formulaC3H4O3.Calculate
thepercentagecomposition(oftheelements)inthisacid.

3.ThisacidC3H4O3reactswithsodiumhydroxide.Theequationforthereactionis:
C3H4O3+2NaOHC3H4O3Na2+2H2O
Calculatethemaximummassofthesodiumsalt-C3H4O3Na2,whichcouldbemadefrom
26.0gofsodiumhydroxide.

17

Practice Assessment 2
1. Aplantcontains1.5%ofanacidwhichhas40.92%carbon,4.58%hydrogen,
54.5%Oxygenandhasamolarmassof176gmol1.Usethefollowingmolar
massestocalculateboththeempirical formulaandthemolecular formula of
theacid:
M(C)=12.0gmol1M(H)=1.00gmol1M(O)=16.0gmol1M(Na)=23.0gmol1
empirical formula calculation:

molecular formula calculation:

18

Practice Assessment 2
1. Theplantalsocontainssmallamountsofanotheracid,formulaC2H4.
Calculatethepercentagecomposition(oftheelements)inthisacid.

2. ThisacidC3H4O3reactswithsodiumhydroxide.Theequationforthereactionis:
C2H5O2+2NaOHC2H5O2Na2+2H2O
Calculatethemaximummassofthesodiumsalt-C2H5O2Na2,whichcouldbemade
from33.0gofsodiumhydroxide.

19

Last minute tips before doing the

titration assessment (Part B)
Always indicate what you are working out eg:
n(C) =
Show all the units in your calculation after each
number (you dont need units for ratios or % )
Consistently use 3sf in all of your FINAL
answers for excellence
Check all your calculator work once again to
make sure your data entry was correct

ANSWERS

20

Slide 4
1(a)

M(Fe2O3) = 56 x 2 + 16 x 3 =

160 g/mol
(b) 112 / 160 = 70%
2(a)

=47.1%

M(C6H10S2O) 162 g mol1

m (O) = 16
% O = 16 / 162 x 100

Slide 8

a) 40 / 12 =
3.3 1

b) m(CH2O) =

6.7 / 1 = 6.7
2

27 x 2 + 16 x 3 = 102gmol-1

(b) 48 / 102 = 0.529

Slide 8

30gmol-1
180 / 30 = 6
C6H12O6

53.3 / 16 =
3.3 1
Slide 9 a) empirical formula
C4H5N2OCH2O
Slide 9 b) Empirical mass = (4 x 12) + (5 x 1)
+ (2 x 14) + 16 = 97

/ 97 = 2
Slide 10: %n(C)
40.91 / 12 = 3.409 194
3
O ==9.87%
n(H) = 6.82 / 1 = 6.82

molecular formula C8H10N4O2

n(N) = 15.91 / 14 = 1.136

n(O) = 36.36 / 16 = 2.2725 2

C3H6NO2

so

Slide 12: Mole Ratios

21

Q1 0.25 mol

Slide 14: Full ratio calcs

Q1. n(CH3OH) = m / M = 36.2 / 32 = 1.13125 mol

Q2 a) 0.45 mol b) 3.6 mol

Q3 a) 1.25 mol b) 20 mol

moles H2O = 2 x moles CH3OH = 2 x 1.13125

= 2.26 mol(3sf)
(NB: Do your rounding to 3sf right at the end for the answer)
m(H2O) = n x M = 2.2625 x 18 = 40.7g

Q2. n(Fe2O3) = m / M = 6200 / 159.8 = 38.7985 moles

moles CO2 = 3 x moles Fe2O3 = 3 x 38.7985
= 116 mol (3sf)
m(CO2) = n x M = 116.39549 x 44 = 5121.4g = 5.12kg
Q3. (i) n(C2H5OH) = 34.5 g / 46.0 g mol1 = 0.750 mol
(ii)

n(CO2) = 2 x n(C2H5OH) = 1.50 mol

(iii)

m(CO2) = 1.50 mol x 44.0 g mol1 = 66.0 g

Q4. (i) n(Fe2O3) =1500 g / 160 g mol1 = 9.38 mol

(ii)

n(Fe) = 2 x n(Fe2O3) = 18.8 mol

(iii)

m(Fe) = 18.8 mol x 55.9 g mol1 = 1050 g (1.05 kg)

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Practise Assessment 1 Slide 15-16

Q1. Empirical =CHO2
Molecular =C2H2O4

Q2. C = 40.9%

Practise Assessment 2 Slide 17-18

Q1. Empirical =C3H4O3

H= 4.6% O=54.5%

Q3. M (NaOH)=40 gmol-1

M(C3H4O3Na2) =134 gmol-1
n(NaOH)=26.0g/40=0.650mol

n(C3H4O3Na2 )U/K = x
0.650=0.325mol
m(C3H4O3Na2) =
0.325mol x 134 gmol-1=43.6g

Molecular =C6H8O6

Q2. C = 92.3%

H= 7.7%

Q3. M (NaOH)=40

gmol-1

M(C2H5O2Na2) =107 gmol-1

n(NaOH)=33.0g/40=0.825mol

n(C3H4O3Na2 )U/K = x 0.825=0.413mol