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STRUCTURES REPORT
DEEKSHA MALHOTRA
PRATYUSH GUPTA
SHUBHANGI PAHUJA
SWARNIM JAIN
Form active structures are those structures in which load is taken by the form
or the shape of the structure. They are non-rigid, flexible matter shaped in a
certain way and secured at the ends, can support itself and span space. Only
tensile and compressive stresses persists. These are mainly categorized into
4 types:# Cable Structure
# Arch Structure
# Tents Structures
# Pneumatic Structures
structures include the suspension bridge, the cable-stayed roof, and the
bicycle-wheel roof.
A tensile structure is a construction of elements carrying only tension and
no compression or bending. The term tensile should not be confused
with tensegrity, which is a structural form with both tension and compression
elements. Tensile structures are the most common type of thin-shell
structures.
Most tensile structures are supported by some form of compression or
bending elements, such as masts (as in The O2, formerly theMillennium
Dome), compression rings or beams.
Membrane materials[edit]
Common materials for doubly curved fabric structures are PTFEcoated fiberglass and PVC-coated polyester. These are woven materials with
different strengths in different directions. The warp fibers (those fibers which
are originally straightequivalent to the starting fibers on a loom) can carry
greater load than the weft or fill fibers, which are woven between the warp
fibers.
Other structures make use of ETFE film, either as single layer or in cushion
form (which can be inflated, to provide good insulation properties or for
aesthetic effectas on the Allianz Arena in Munich). ETFE cushions can also
be etched with patterns in order to let different levels of light through when
inflated to different levels. They are most often supported by a structural
frame as they cannot derive their strength from double curvature.
Cables[edit]
Cables can be of mild steel, high strength steel (drawn carbon
steel), stainless steel, polyester or aramid fibres. Structural cables are made
of a series of small strands twisted or bound together to form a much larger
cable. Steel cables are either spiral strand, where circular rods are twisted
together and "glued" using a polymer, or locked coil strand, where individual
interlocking steel strands form the cable (often with a spiral strand core).
Spiral strand is slightly weaker than locked coil strand. Steel spiral strand
cables have a Young's modulus, E of 15010 kN/mm (or 15010 GPa) and
come in sizes from 3 to 90 mm diameter.[citation needed] Spiral strand suffers from
construction stretch, where the strands compact when the cable is loaded.
This is normally removed by pre-stretching the cable and cycling the load up
and down to 45% of the ultimate tensile load.
Locked coil strand typically has a Young's Modulus of 16010 kN/mm and
comes in sizes from 20 mm to 160 mm diameter.
The properties of the individuals strands of different materials are shown in
the table below, where UTS is ultimate tensile strength, or the breaking load.
Arch structures
An arch is a curved structure that spans a space and may or may not support
weight above it.[1] Arch may be synonymous with vault, but a vault may be
distinguished as a continuous arch[2] forming a roof. Arches appeared as early
as the 2nd millennium BC in Mesopotamian brick architecture,[3] and their
systematic use started with the Ancient Romans who were the first to apply
the technique to a wide range of structures.
The most common true arch configurations are the fixed arch, the twohinged arch, and the three-hinged arch.[8]
The fixed arch is most often used in reinforced concrete bridge and tunnel
construction, where the spans are short. Because it is subject to additional
internal stress caused by thermal expansion and contraction, this type of
arch is considered to be statically indeterminate.[7]
The two-hinged arch is most often used to bridge long spans.[7] This type of
arch has pinned connections at the base. Unlike the fixed arch, the pinned
base is able to rotate,[9] allowing the structure to move freely and
compensate for the thermal expansion and contraction caused by changes in
outdoor temperature. However, this can result in additional stresses, so the
Segmental arch
Round arch or Semi-circular arch
Case Studies
Airport Terminal Building, Dulles International Airport.
Architects :Eero Saarinen
Location: Chantilly, Virginia, United States
The outward slope of the concrete hooks counterbalances the tension in the
cables supporting the roof sheet; Saarinen, in his own words, 'exaggerated
and dramatized' the slope to create the building's 'dynamic and soaring
The design of the roof, with concrete panels supported by catenary cables,
stands out as an important technical feature of the building and allows for an
uninterrupted interior space to streamline the flow of passengers from the
unloading area up to the mobile lounges and onto the plane.
The Heavy concrete support towers lean outwards against the tension of the
cables to provide stability, their geometric configuration maximises their
overturning moment,
The design of the roof, with concrete panels supported by catenary cables,
stands out as an important technical feature of the building and allows for an
uninterrupted interior space to streamline the flow of passengers from the
unloading area up to the mobile lounges and onto the plane.
The Heavy concrete support towers lean outwards against the tension of the
cables to provide stability, their geometric configuration maximises their
overturning moment,
Madison Square
Architects
Garden, New York
:Charles Luckman
Location: New
York, United
States,
Madison Square Garden's, in New York City, roof structure uses a network of
cables arranged in a bike wheel formation. The structure was completed in
1968. It has 48 radial cables spreading a diameter of 404ft. The outer ring is
made of steel blocks in compression for the cables to attach to. The center
ring is a steel cable ring which is under tension once the cables pull on it due
to the load above. Madison Square Garden is one of the very few examples in
which the cables were not pretensioned before installation. To keep the
cables in tension the roof has heavy concrete blocks as roof panels and
weights hanging from the cables.
Total weight of the 48 zinc-coated steel cables in the roof system is 163 tons.
Each cable is 1 in diameter, the largest ever used in any roof structure, and
composed of 271 steel wires: the rated ultimate strength of 822 tons sets a
new record for a building of this type. Two sockets hold each cable in place,
those for the inner tension ring each weighing 659 lb.
This column-free area almost 3 acres is believed to be the only one of its
size in the world with two steel framed storeys above the cables