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Lecture 1 - overview
Course introduction
History of the gas turbine
Course content an overview
Course evaluation process
2.
3.
Everyobjectinastateofuniform
motiontendstoremaininthat
stateofmotionunlessanexternal
forceisappliedtoit(Galileosconcept
ofinertia)
F=ma
Foreveryactionthereisanequaland
oppositereaction.
wideal c p T3 T4 c p T2 T1
compressor power
turbine power output
requirement
wactual c p T3 T4 a c p T2 a T1
decreases in
real cycle
increases in
real cycle
TheEllingTurbine
On the 27th June
1903 Elling wrote in
his diary:
IthinkIhavemadethe
worldsfirstgasturbine
whichhasgivenexcess
power
History - characteristics
Obvious application ?!
Consumption=200gal/hror1300lb/hr,Thrust=
1000lb,SpecificFuelconsumption=1.3lb/hr/lb
In 1936:
Hans von Ohain
(young Ph.D. student in
Germany) developed
and patented his own
engine design.
In 1939:
The aircraft company
Ernst Heinkel Aircraft
flew the first flight of a
jet engine propelled
aircraft, the HE178.
Course overview
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Goals 2003:
Study visit
Learning goals and continuous course evaluation
2 course representatives
Meeting 1:
Meeting 2:
Week 3-4.
Feedback from group should be presented
Present feedback on homepage
Try to implement changes for the remaining part of the course
Meeting 3:
Course survey handed out during week 7-8 (prior to third meeting)
Student representatives compile the results (prior to third meeting)
Evaluation meeting
Discuss course evaluation and exam results
Protocol by student representatives to be signed by program responsible and course
responsible
List of changes to be implemented until next year.
Course responsible summarizes the main issues on the meeting which is put on the course
home page
Course PM
Course Events:
Invited lecturer from Volvo Aero on Thursday
12th February - Henrik Ekstrand
Study visit to Rya CHP plant (only mandatory event).
Design tasks
Either 10 bonus credits on exam
Entry ticket to oral exam
Q W E U KE PE
Control volume. Fig. 410.
(For instance, inlet, compressor, burner, turbine, nozzle):
Ve2
Vi 2
Q W m e he
gze m i hi
gzi
2
2
all exits e
all inlets i
Flow work is
performed.
define h = u+pv
instead of u
Gustav Zeuner
1859
Reservoir=absorbfiniteamountof
energywithoutchangingtemperature(52
thermalenergyreservoirs)
Heat engine=receiveheatfromhigh
tempsourceandrejecttolowtemp.sink.
Operateoncycle.
Producework
TL
th 1
TH
TL
th 1
TH
Pv RT
(1)
u u (T )
Enthalpy is defined: h u Pv
(1) (2) (3)
( 2)
(3)
h h(T )
Perfectgasandidealgas
The specific heat at constant pressure is defined
h
cp
dh
cp
c p T
dT
Perfect gas => temperature dependence is neglected:
h c p T
du dq dw
Only pressure-volume work (dw=-Pdv) and for reversible changes
(dqr=Tds):
du Tds Pdv
Using ideal gas law and assuming isentropic process (ds=0 as
well as du=dh - (Pdv+vdP) - by definition of h):
dh
dP
R
T
P
T2 P2
T 1 P1
Mainly successful in
naval applications
cruise ships
M1 tank
V
Power requirement ~
Thus, cruise power approx. 1/8 of max power
Combined cycles were developed to avoid part
load gas turbine inefficiency
COSAG = COmbined Steam And Gas
CODOG = COmbined Diesel Or Gas
COGAG = COmbined Gas And Gas
CODOG
Diesel has good cruise fuel economy, but bulkier and larger
underwater noise. Small cruise Diesel and a large boost gas
turbine is common.
COGAG
Frequent in destroyers (small, fast and lightly armored but
heavily armed warship)
The first large vessels to use COGAG was the Soviet "KASHIN"
class in 1964 (design calculations appeared on 2003 exam)
Naval ships
Four LM2500 GE Marine Gas
Turbines (105,000 shp in total)
are used on the DDG-51
destroyer
COGAG
31 knots (57 km/h)
American navy
has more than
600 engines of the
LM2500 type
Steam
TheMillenium
cruiseship
Water jets
Aircraft propulsion
Gas turbines are the dominating power
plant for aircraft
Piston engines restricted to niche market
(light aircraft)
Turbofan engine
Fan diameter:
2.95 meters
Power A380
maiden flight
Thrust 338kN
(Trent 977)
Civil turbofan
(high bpr)
Turbofan engine
RM12 engine powering the
Swedish GRIPEN fighter
Military turbofan (low bpr)
Learning goals
Understand the steps in the slides on
thermodynamics
Check Cengel and Boles
Check revision questions on next page
dh
dP
R
T
P
T2 P2
T 1 P1
cp