Annotated Bibliographies

Luke Bynum

AB1-Reflection: Overall, I think that this provides me with a nice amount of information,
but for my other sources I may choose things with more content. I also will try to summarize
more based on different sections and ideas. I like this source because it was focused on the
scientific evidence supporting or opposing the ideas I am researching.
AB2-Reflection: Overall, I think that this provides me with good information, but for my
other sources I may choose things with more content. I like this source because it was focused on
the scientific evidence of the ideas I am researching. My further ABs will be longer with more
content, but this is kind of hard to talk a lot about being a scientific article.
AB3-Reflection: This AB gives me more content to examine and more to talk about in my
paper. I think this is a good change from the last two, which were not as long and had less useful
content.
AB4- Reflection: This has been my favorite source so far. While it may not be as credible
as a scholarly article, it is more attractive to read as an audience and makes the facts and data
looked at have more meaning and an emotional connection to the reader. I think that I will look
for more articles and personal writings like this one, but ones that differ in experience and
discuss more facts.
AB5-Reflection: This article was very informative, and gave much information on
scientific fact, as well as personal experience. I like to use this sort of writing as I feel it will be
more effective to a reader.
AB6-Reflection: This article is longer than others i've used, but has a lot more content as
well. This will be especially useful for my inquiry, and I may look for another like this for my last
AB.

AB 7-Reflection: Overall this was a good read and a useful argument for answering my
inquiry question. I was planning on using more formal information for this last one, but when i
came across this post i had to use it. I think this AB will provide me with a powerful point, even
though I wont be able to write extensively on it.

Stratton, Kathleen R. Immunization Safety Review: Measles-mumps-rubella Vaccine and Autism.

Washington, D.C: National Academy Press, 2001. Internet resource.

Immunization Safety Review: Measles-mumps-rubella Vaccine and Autism, published by

the Washington, D.C: National Academy Press, by Kathleen Stratton, Ph.D., is written primarily
as a response to the suggestions that the MMR vaccine could be a cause for autism, as some
studies have pointed out with some data. Possible reasons for a link between the MMR and ASD
(autism spectrum disorder) consist mostly of the findings from a case study in 1998, that resulted
in many people and parents concluding that a link exists. A plausibility assessment was done to
test the claims from the 1998 case study, and it was concluded that no support for an association
on a population level between MMR immunization (Stratton 6). The text also suggests that

research regarding causes of ASD requires consideration of all possible etiologies. This means
that before drawing a conclusion, there are a lot of other possible causes for autism than the
MMR vaccine.
A consistent body of epidemiological evidence shows no association at a
population level between MMR vaccine and ASD.
There is no relevant animal model linking MMR vaccine and ASD.
However, the committee notes that its conclusion does not exclude the

possibility that MMR vaccine could contribute to ASD in a small number of

children, because the epidemiological evidence lacks the precision to assess rare
occurrences of a response to MMR vaccine leading to ASD and the proposed
biological models linking MMR vaccine to ASD, although far from established,
are nevertheless not disproved.
At this time, the committee does not recommend a policy review of the
licensure of MMR vaccine or of the current schedule and recommendations for
administration of MMR vaccine.
The text is a good source of evidence that refutes the claims made linking some vaccines
to autism. Also, the book was published in 2001, which is much closer to the date of the studies
that link vaccines and autism, which shows me that there were strong arguments against the
anti-vaccine movements even then. Because the text is based on facts and medicine, it is valid
to show support for my argument, and also displays arguments against opposing views.

Feng, Shuo, Benjamin J. Cowling, and Sheena G. Sullivan. "Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness by
Test-negative Design Comparison of Inpatient and Outpatient Settings." Elsevier 34.14
(2016): 1643-647. Web.

Influenza vaccine effectiveness by test-negative design Comparison of inpatient and

outpatient settings was published by Elsevier. The article is based on research with the purpose
to assess whether influenza VE (vaccine effectiveness) estimates differ between inpatient and
outpatient settings (Feng et. al.). The researchers aimed to assess VE by examining studies that
were published by other medical journals. The final results of the study showed that the VE of
the influenza vaccine had no differences between outpatient and inpatient studies, when using the
test negative design.
We found similar VE estimates in test-negative studies done in hospitals versus
outpatient clinics.
Influenza vaccination coverage was much higher in hospital controls compared
to outpatient controls.
Influenza virus was more commonly detected among outpatients compared to
inpatients, in test-negative studies.

 We found no differences in VE estimates between inpatient and outpatient

settings by studies using the test-negative design. Further research involving direct
comparisons of VE estimates from the two settings in the same populations and years
would be valuable.
I found this information helpful because it provides evidence based on many sources,
compiled into one study. The findings of the study show that the flu vaccine is effective, and
analyzes its effectiveness in different settings and uses different methods of research. I think this
will help with proving some of my initial points, but not really refuting arguments, because it
doesnt really provide that much information, therefore I dont really have much to talk about.

Heather McPhillips, Edgar K. Marcuse, Vaccine safety, Current Problems in Pediatrics, Volume
31, Issue 4, April 2001, Pages 95-121, ISSN 0045-9380,

Current Problems in Pediatrics is a journal with a wide range of topics related to

pediatric medicine. Because this is a scholarly journal written mainly for those in the medical
field, the authors of the article and study, who are medical doctors, are professionals in the
pediatric field with much experience and achievement. Vaccines are majorly responsible for
increasing the public health of the nation. The main purpose of the study, according to the article,
is to better understand the vaccine safety system in the United States (McPhillips and
Marcuse).
The article describes the decline of diseases, such as wild polio, as proof that vaccines
have prevented disease in the population when applied widespread. Sweden is an example of
how doubt in vaccine safety causes increased occurrence of disease. In the 1950s, Sweden began
vaccinating for pertussis, and thus the rate of pertussis decreased. However, in the 1970s
pertussis had little occurrence and doubt began to rise on vaccine safety. As the rate of vaccine
coverage decreased, the rate of pertussis in young children increased much. The article also
discusses the controversy of the MMR vaccine and autism, and states that press coverage was to
blame for the belief of a link, not the authors of the study.
Finally, they determined that their large, population-based,
controlled study did not support an association between MMR vaccine and
autism.
Physicians are a trusted source of vaccine safety information.
As the societal experience of the morbidity from these vaccinepreventable diseases disappears, more attention will inevitably be placed on
adverse events temporally associated with vaccines, whether they be proven or
merely alleged.

This scholarly article addresses points about vaccine safety and different cases and
examples that display public opinion and the change in public health. I think this is useful
because it helps to display my argument in ways that present scientific fact and historic
examples. The article shows several trends of vaccine efficacy and the prevalence of disease.
Also, different opinions are pointed out and explanations are made of how wrong information
has affected peoples belief and public health.

Chapman, Ashley. "Manipulated by Fear - Voices For Vaccines." Voices For Vaccines. N.p., 07
Mar. 2016. Web.

Voicesforvaccines.org is a place where physicians, public health professionals, parents,

and patients advocate for the use of vaccines. Chapman tells a personal story of how she was
persuaded to stop vaccinating her daughter at the age of one. While Chapman began immunizing
her daughter according to the recommended schedule, she became anti-vaccine when her
daughter was one because of what she describes as the anti-vaccine crowd on the internet. The
main reasons Chapman describes for not vaccinating her children is fear.
While Chapman was afraid to have her child vaccinated, not having her vaccinated was
also something fearful. Several years after deciding not to have her daughter vaccinated,

Chapman was surprised to learn that her child was ill with a disease called croup, which is
similar to pertussis, and is vaccine-preventable. After her daughter healed, Chapman decided to
rethink her position on vaccines and explore pro-vaccine information on a Facebook page.
Because of her experiences and decision to update her children's immunizations, Chapman says
that for the first time since [she] stopped vaccinating [her] kids, [her] mind is at ease.
A few years later we had another child. This time, we chose to not
vaccinate him at all. It was a decision based entirely on fear. This fear was
regularly fed by the anti-vaccine movement.
When they asked Is she up to date on her immunizations? I
responded with a trembling No. Seeing her so extremely sick, I realized I
needed to re-think my choice not to vaccinate her.
I finally realized how devastating my choice not to vaccinate
could have been for my familyand other families as well.
This article is a good example of viewpoints on both sides of my argument, because the
author has changed her opinion from against vaccines to for vaccines. This is especially helpful
because I think most people feel the way she does in that they dont really know a lot about how
vaccines work, they just pick a position based on what they have been told or what they have
Stone describes his experience of seeing other people suffer around the world because they
couldn't access vaccines, and makes a point to discuss how important vaccines are for children
and everyone else.
seen on social networks. This personal testimony about someone's experience is helpful in trying
to persuade someone in a pro-vaccine way, more so than scientific data and information from
public health agencies. I think that using this, with the facts that are presented in other ABs will
make my thesis more interesting and enjoyable to read.

Stone, Cosby, Jr. "Vaccines and Autism: One Doctors Personal Story." Voices For
Vaccines. N.p., 18 Oct. 2015. Web.

Dr. Stone, the author of this article, is a physician with experience researching vaccine
safety. Stone writes mainly to educate people on vaccine safety, particularly pointing out the
controversy with vaccines and autism. Dr. Stone gives his familys personal experience, pointing
out that he and his siblings always received their vaccines. In 1987 Stones mother gave birth to a
fourth child who has autism spectrum disorder. Stone describes first learning of the studies that
insist there may be a link between autism and vaccines, but was never really persuaded to believe
so.
Dr. Stone outlines three conclusions that he has made after years of study. The first is that
autism is not caused by vaccines. Stone states that the literature on the subject of vaccines and
autism is robust, with study after study showing no link between those who have autism and
whether or not they got vaccinated. His second conclusion is that he does vaccinate all his
pediatric patients according to the recommended schedule. Finally, I have seen a child suffer

severe harm in the United States from a neck abscess and orbital abscesses caused by a bacteria
called Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib).
I have seen the swollen, tender glands resulting from a mumps outbreak in an
orphanage and worried for all of the children about the consequences of pancreatitis,
sterility, and encephalitis.
Vaccines are very safe and meet the goal of providing protection against disease,
with rare adverse events (Maglione et al., 2014). They are certainly safer than being
unvaccinated, by a long shot.
This article does a great job at meeting two of my goals for my inquiry: it gives
someone's personal account of their experiences, and it also gives the professional opinion of a
physician with experience in research related to vaccines. I think the story about Dr. Stones
sister is important to include with his medical knowledge and opinion, because it allows the
reader to connect with him on a personal level, but then learn something from his professional
experience.

Matthew F. Daley, Jason M. Glanz. "Straight Talk about Vaccination." Scientific

American. N.p., 1 Sept. 2011. Web.

The entry from Scientific American, a magazine/website with much scientific based
content in an easier way to read, has a main goal of educating parents about vaccines before they
have a child. Both authors work for Kaiser Permanente's Institute for Health Research in Denver,
Daley being a physician and researcher, and Glanz an epidemiologist.
The opening of the article begins with recent examples of children dying from diseases
like whooping cough, because they were not vaccinated. Another example given states that in
the first six months of 2011, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recorded 10 measles
outbreaksthe largest of which (21 cases) occurred in a Minnesota county, where many children
were unvaccinated because of parental concerns about the safety of the standard MMR vaccine
against measles, mumps and rubella (Daley and Glanz 2011). The article then goes on to insist
that parents being misinformed by the press, internet, and other sources is to blame largely for
anti-vaccination ideals.
The article then discusses how pediatricians may encourage parents to have their children
vaccinated, which sometimes is not successful. Daley and Glanz then introduce some of their

own research and findings to support vaccine safety. The article also discusses the US system of
studying the safety of vaccines, and how it is not funded at all by vaccine manufacturers.
Our investigations looked at hundreds of thousands of children in
Colorado and compared the risk of various vaccine-preventable diseases in
children whose parents had refused or delayed vaccines, compared with children
whose parents had had them vaccinated. We found that unvaccinated children
were roughly 23 times more likely to develop whooping cough, nine times more
likely to be infected with chickenpox, and 6.5 times more likely to be hospitalized
with pneumonia or pneumococcal disease than vaccinated children from the same
communities.
Clearly, the parental decision to withhold vaccination places
youngsters at greatly increased risk for potentially serious infectious diseases.
This system can both test specific hypotheses and perform general
monitoring of the safety of newly licensed vaccines. As a new theory arises, it can
be rigorously tested.
The article does a good job at outlining specific concerns for vaccines, but also counters
those with research and study evidence. This article is aimed at educating parents, and does a
good job at that by showing proof of recent outbreaks due to unvaccinated children. Overall I
like this article and think it will be useful for my argument.

Forsyth, Jen. "Stop Using my Children to Scare Parents out of Vaccinating." Voices For
Vaccines. N.p., 27 Jul. 2014. Web.

The author of this post, Jen Forsyth, has two children with autism spectrum disorder and
is a community advocate. Jen begins by saying that she hadn't planned on being an advocate for
vaccines, but now she believes that advocating for vaccines and autistic individuals are, in many
cases, becoming one and the same, and I have no choice but to fight (Forsyth 2014).
Forsyth describes the disproved study that attempted to link the MMR and autism, and
how many people are still persuaded by such information. Jen describes her upset with the way
people use autism to scare people away from getting vaccinated. Jen even states that the antivaccine community has a hatred for all things autism.
Jen then talks about what life is like with autistic children. How they interact with others
at school, do homework, and sometimes have aggressive behavior. She also introduces some of
her children's success: one of her son's recent achievements as a hockey player, and the other as a
soccer player. Jen continues to make her argument by insisting that her children are normal, and
not sick. She makes the plea that people stop using autistic individuals to scare people away from
vaccines.

 Multiple times a year we have to draw up new treatment plans, new IEPs, start
calling people out when things are not done the way we need them, making sure no one is
trying to circumvent the younger childs service dog, etc. Its a tiring process, and I really
dont need anything else added to it.
In addition, there are plenty of fringe groups, crunchy parenting boards, Facebook
communities, and high-priced celebrity doctors more than willing to prey on those beliefs and
scare parents out of vaccinating their children.

But the big thing, every time on every group or thread, is autism. Autism is a
scourge. Autism is a tragedy. Autism is taking our children away. My autistic child is
damaged, I was told, and vaccines are to blame. The more I read, the angrier I became.
Sadly, there are those who do believe the anti-vaccine hype, so that means it is
the responsibility of the rest of us to speak up.
This blog post is effective in that it is persuasive and eye opening, however it is largely opinion
based. It does bring in some facts that are addressed by my other sources, so bringing these
points together will be useful. Jen has a good argument for her point, that her children are used to
scare parents away from vaccines, which is helpful because this is a new point that I havent
explored until now.