:

589/15

608/15

609/15
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:
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-

 611/15

1.
1.1

. .

. ,
,
,
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,

.

.
. ,
, .
,

 .
,

.
(, ),
,
.

.

1.2

.
,
.
,
,

,

.

,
,
, .
, ,
.
, , :
, ,
...

,

, ,
. ,
, ,
: .

.

. ,


. A. Hrenikoff R. Courant 50-
60-.
,
,
K. Feng
.
,

. 60-
70-
. .H.Argyris
, R. W. Clough
''''.
software NASTRAN (Nasa Structural Analysis).
SAP (Structural Analysis Program).

 Cook 1974.
, .

1.3
,
, ,
,
, . ,
, ,
, ,
.

.

,
:
- ,
, .
,
.
-
, .
.
-


.
.
,
.
.

1.4


,
:
1. ( ) -
.
.

() ,
.
2. -
.
.
,
.

.
3. -
,
.

. ,
.
.
4. -

.

1.5

. .

 ,
:
1) ;
2) ;
3) ;
4) ;
5) ;
6) p .
. ,
, ,
.
,
.

,
.

. , ,
.
,
.
.
,
, ,
.

,
.
,
,
.
,
, ,
.

1.6

,

:
-
-
-
-

.


.
.
,
, .
,
.
:
1.



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,
.

-
- (

, .
,


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. )
-
-

,

.
( ).

.

, .
.
,

.

. , ,
, .
2.


,

,
.

2.

1,2,3
, 1,2,3
.

u
qi
v,
i, :

[]

qi =

ui
vi

6
, 2 .
u v
, 6
:

u= 1 + 2 x+ 3 y
1+ 2 x + 3 y

:
u=

[]

u= u
v

:
=

1 x
0 0

y 0
0 1

0 0

x y

= 1 2 3 1 2 3
u= x,y

1,2 3,
qi =

1 xi
0 0

yi 0
0 1

q=C

1 x1
0 0
1 x2
0 0
1 x3
0 0

y1
0
y2
0
y3
0

0 0
1 x1
0 0
1 x2
0 0
1 x3

0 0

xi y i

0
y1
0
y2
0
y3

: C=

q=C

(i=1,2,3) , .

=C1 q

C1

C =

a1 0 a 2 0 a3
b1 0 b 2 0 b 3
1 c 1 0 c 2 0 c3
2 0 a1 0 a2 0
0 b1 0 b2 0
0 c1 0 c2 0

0
0
0
a3
b3
c3

[ ]
1 x1

y1

2 = 1 x 2
1 x3

y2
y3

a1=x 2 y 3 x3 y 2
b1= y 2 y 3
c 1=x 3x 2

C1

1,2,3.

u= 1 x
0 0

=C q

y 0
0 1

u=

a 1 0 a2 0 a3
b 1 0 b2 0 b3
0 0 1 c1 0 c2 0 c3
x y 2 0 a 1 0 a 2 0
0 b1 0 b2 0
0 c1 0 c2 0

0
0

][ ]

u1
v1
0 u2
a3 v 2
b3 u3
c3 v3

[]

u1
v1
1 a1 +b1 x +c 1 y 0 a 2+b 2 x+ c 2 y 0 a3 +b 3 x+ c3 y 0 u2
u=
2 0 a 1+ b1 x+ c 1 y 0 a2 +b 2 x+ c2 y 0 a3 +b3 x +c 3 y v 2
u3
v3

u=N q

N :
N

N1 0 N2 0 N3 0
0 N1 0 N2 0 N3

:
Ni

1
a +b x+ ci y
= 2 ( i i
),

i=1,2,3
Ni

.
:

0
0
=[ ]

][

q
N1 0 N2 0 N3 0 1
q
0 N1 0 N2 0 N3 2
q3

: =B q

b 1 0 b2 0 b3 0
1
B= 2 0 c 1 0 c 2 0 c 3 ,
c 1 b1 c 2 b2 c3 b3

B=LN

B
.

CST .

h, :
k=

BT D B dV

h B D B dx dy

B DB

 D=

[ d ij ]

D=

d 11 d 12 0
d 21 d 22 0
0
0 d 33

k,
2x2:

k=

k 11 k 12 k 13
k 21 k 22 k 23
k 31 k 32 d33

B :
B= [ B 1 B2 B3 ]

B i=

[ ]

bi 0
1
0 ci
2
c i bi

i=1,2,3

k ij =BTi D B j h i , j=1,2,3

Bi

D ,

:
k ij =

h bi d 11 b j +c i d 33 c j b i d 12 c j +c i d33 b j
4 ci d 21 b j +bi d 33 c j c i d 22 c j +b i d33 b j

, D

[ ]

1
E 1
D= 1 2
0 0

0
0
1
2

, :

k ij =

Eh
bi b j+ c i c j b i c j+ c i b j
2
4 (1 ) c i b j + b i c j ci c j + bi b j

1
2

:
Q=

N T F dV + N T p dS

[ ]

Fx
h d x d y =h
Fy

Q=

NT

F x =const F y =const

Qi

[ ]

[]

Fx

Fy

N1 0
0 N1
N2 0 F x
d d
0 N2 F y x y
N3 0
0 N3

[ ]

[ ]

Fx
F
h
h N i d x d y = x
(a i+ bi x +c i y )d x d y
Fy
Fy 2

x y ,

x d x d y= y d x d y=0
:
Qi=

[ ]
Qx
Qy

[ ] [ ]

ai F x F x

=
= 2 Fy 3 Fy


x y
, x y. ,
:
=D ( t )=D B qD t =H qt D
:

H =

d 11 b1 d12 c 1 d 11 b2 d 12 c2 d 11 b3 d 12 c 3
d 21 b1 d 22 c 1 d 21 b2 d 22 c 2 d 21 b 3 d 22 c3
d 33 c 1 d 33 b1 d 33 c 2 d 33 b 2 d 33 c 3 d 33 b3

.
, .

 .

.

: Nx, Ny, Nxy :

,
xy
x, y

. :
Nx= hx

Ny= h y

Nxy= h

, z,
. , ,
, z = h/2
,

.

zx , zy

xy

.
o

()

 xz-
zy-

dx

dy

x-
, dxdy:
Nx
x

Nxy
y

+X=0

,
y- , dxdy:

Ny
y

Nyx
x

+Y=0

z :
Nxy = Nyx

.



.
,
Hooke- :

1
= E h ( Nx Ny)

=-

xy

1
( Ny Nx)
Eh

( Ny + Nx)
Eh
2 (1+ )
Nxy
E h

u , v , w x,y,z :

u
x

v
y

w
z

xy

u v
+
y x

x,

y,

xy

. .

y,
:

v
y

u
x

U
V
x
+
2
2 =
x y y x
y2

y
x2

xy

u v
+
y x

x y

:
3 U
3 V
2 xy
+
=
2
2
x y y x x y
,
, :
2 x
y2

2 y
x2

xy
x y

.
:
Nx
x
Ny
y

Nxy
y

+X=0

Nyx
x

+Y=0

(NxNy)
y2

( NyNx)
x2

N xy
= 2(1+ ) x y

.
,
.
F (Airy- ) :
2 F
x y

= - Nxy

 X, Y
U,

.

U
x

X= -

Y= -

U
y ,

2 F
( Nx 2 U )
x
y

2 F
( Ny 2 U )
y
x

=0

=0

:
Nx=

2 F
y2

+U

Ny=

2 F
x2

+U

Nx, Ny
:
4

F
4
x

F
+ 2* x 2 y 2

F
4
y

+ (1- )*(

:
=

2
2
x

2
2
y

F + ( 1 ) U=0

U U
+ 2
2
x y ) = 0

 ,

. X Y
, :
F=0

r .

,
X = Y=0
F=0 , .
:
Nx=

2 F
y2

Ny=

2 F
x2

F
Nxy x y

,
.

,
:
W =

Z
K

je

W =

4 W
x4

4W
+ 2* x 2 y 2

4 W
y4 ,

2 1 1 2 2 w 1 w 1 2 w
W = ( r 2 + r r + r 2 2 )( r 2 + r r + r 2 2 )
,
w F
:

2 1 1 2 2 F 1 F 1 2 F
( 2+
+
)(
+
+
) =0
r r r r 2 2 r 2 r r r 2 2

F x y r .

F F r F
F
1 F
=
+

sin+
cos
=
y r y y
r
r
F
F F
2 F
2 F
1 F
1 F
=
=
sin +
sincos
sincos+
cos +
cos
y y y r
r r
r
r
r
`

Nr=

0, Nx

Nr , cos 1, sin

F 1 F 1 F
=
+
y r r r

0 :


2 , Nx N
N=

, cos

0, sin 1 :

F F
=
y
r

Nr=

0, Nxy

Nr

F 1 F 1 F 1 F
=
+
=
(
)
x y r r r r r

,

:
F=(

Nr =

d 2 1 d d2 F 1 dF
+
)(
+
)
d r 2 r dr d r 2 r dr

1 dF
r dr

N =

d2 F
dr2

=0

Nr = 0

:
d 4 F 2 d 3 F 1 d 2 F 1 dF
+

+
=0
dr 4 r dr 3 r 2 dr 2 r 3 dr
:
F = D + Alnr + Br2 + Cr2lnr
A,B,C,D .

:
1
Nr = A r 2
1
N = - A r 2

+ 2B + C(1+ 2lnr)

+ 2B + C(3+ 2lnr)

Nr = 0

, 1 m .
,
.

 :
r=5m
Nr = -10 N/m

r = 10 m
Nr = 0 N/ m

, ,

.
:
r =

du
dr

u
r

=0

u .

u=

d
du

r
+ r dr = r
dr

Hooek- :
1 (
r
E

r =

1 (
r )
E

:
r

1
Nr
E h (

N

)

1
N
Nr

)
E h (

,
:
N
Nr
(1+ (

+r(

d N
d Nr

dr
dr )=0

, B, C
:

2(1+

A C
+ +
r3 r
)(C- A
+2 r
2

A C
=0 C=0
( r 3 r

:
Nr =

1
dF

r
dr

N =

d2 F
dr 2

=-

=
A
r2

A
r2

+ 2B

+ 2B

Nr = 0 ( )
:

A
52

+ 2B = -10 N/m

A
10 2

+ 2B = 0 N/m

0.04A +2B = -10

0.01A + 2B = 0

A = - 333.3333

B = 1.6667

:
333.3333
2
r

Nr = -

N =

333.3333
2
r

+ 3.3333

+ 3.3333

Nr = 0

, :
r

1
Nr
E h (

u=

r
N
r= E h (

N

)

1
N
Nr

)
E h (

Nr )

,
,
.