Exam:

OE4680ArcticEngineering

Date/Time:

Monday,24June2013,14:0017:00h

Name:

StudentNumber:

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ExamOE4680ArcticEngineering

Monday,24June2013,14:0017:00h

Problem1:ArcticRegionsandIceFeatures(35%)

ThelocationsgiveninFigure1showingthenorthernhemisphere,haveseenrecentoffshoredevelopmentsor
areconsideredviableforfutureoffshoredevelopments.
a. Namethe3locationsdepictedinFigure1andgiveanestimationofthewaterdepthattheselocations.
(exactdepthsarenotaskedhere,choosefromveryshallowtoverydeep)

3
1

Figure1:TheNorthernHemisphere

b.

c.

d.

e.

f.

g.

Describethetypicalicefeaturesthatyouexpecttoencounterattheselocations.
Discusstheadvantages(pros)andlimitations(cons)ofthefollowinghydrocarbonproductionconceptsfor
useinArcticconditions:
GravityBasedStructure
ShipshapedFloatingProduction,StorageandOffloadingunit(FPSO)
RetainedArtificialIsland
Whichoftheconceptsfromquestion1c.wouldyouchooseforeachofthelocationsinFigure1?Explain
whythisconceptisthebestoptionandexplainwhytheotherconceptsdonotperformoptimallyatthe
consideredlocation.Inotherwords:perareagivecommentsonall3structures.
Whatarethe4physicalicepropertiesthatinfluencethestrengthofice?
Useeachofthe4physicalicepropertiestoexplainwhyseaiceisgenerallystrongeratitssurfacethanatits
bottom.
Whenseaiceformsandgrowsitobtainsdifferentformsandshapeswhilegoingthroughthedifferent
stagesofitslife.Withrespecttothis,explainthefollowingterms:
Shuga
PancakeIce
CongelationIce

Forthedeterminationoficeactions,boththesizeeffectndthescaleeffectareofimportance.
h. Explainboththesizeeffect(onstructuralstrengthofice)aswellasthescaleeffect.

ExamOE4680ArcticEngineering

Monday,24June2013,14:0017:00h

Problem2:IceActionsduetoIceRidges(40%)

Note here that excerpts of ISO19906 and a list of parameters is given in the appendix!

Figure2ashowsalargeoilplatformthatwasrecentlyconstructedintheSwedishsectoroftheBalticSea.This
somewhatunconventionalgravitybasedstructurehasasquareshapewithawidthof32m.Themostsevere
iceactionsthisstructurehastoendurearecausedbyfirstyeariceridges.Figure2bshowssuchaniceridgein
firstyearleveliceintheBalticSea.

Figure2:a)GravityBasedStructure;b)Interactionwithaniceridge.

a.
b.

Drawacrosssectionofafirstyeariceridgeandnameitscharacteristicfeatures.
Howdoestheconsolidatedlayerforminafirstyeariceridgeandwhyisitthickerthanthelevelicein
whichtheridgeformed?

Theconsolidatedlayerofa100yearBalticSeaiceridgehasathicknessof2.4m,whilethedistancebetween
thebottomoftheconsolidatedlayerandthebaseofthekeelis13.2m.
c. Calculatetheiceactionduetothecrushingoftheconsolidatedlayeragainstthestructure.
d. UsingISO19906,determinethemaximumiceactionduetotheremainderoftheridgekeel.

Uponimpactwiththestructuretheiceridgehasavelocityof1.4m/sanditisestimatedthattheiceridge
weighsapproximately36106kg.
e. Determinethemaximumpenetrationoftheiceridge,duetoitsimpactonthestructure.
Assumeherethatareaofinteractionbetweenridgeandstructureisconstantandatitsmaximum.
f. Whatisthelimitingmechanismthatoccursduringiceridgeimpactandwhatisthelimitingmechanism
thatoccursaftermaximumpenetrationhasbeenreached?Brieflyexplainyouranswers.

Whiletheiceridgeliesstillagainstthestructure,theiceactiononthestructurefollowseitherfromtheridge
buildingactionbehindtheiceridgeorfromthedrivingforcesonthelevelicefloebehindtheiceridge.Here,
thelevelicefloebehindtheiceridgehasanareaof4km2andanaveragethicknessof1.2m.
g. Determinewhetherornottheiceridgewillremainstillagainstthestructureandcalculatethe
correspondingiceactiononthestructure.

IntheBalticSea,theaveragesalinityoftheseaicehasarangeof5to8pptandthetypicalicefloesurface
temperatureisabout16C.Assumeherethattheseawaterfreezingpointis1.93C.
h. DeterminetheflexuralstrengthfordesignpurposesaccordingtoISO19906.

Supposethatyouwouldredesignthegravitybasedstructuretohaveaslopedshapeatthewaterlineallowing
theiceridgetofailinbendingratherthancrushing.Consideraslopeangle 50 (tothehorizontal),anice
structurefrictioncoefficient 0.04 andthesamewidthofthestructureatthewaterlineasbefore.
i. Calculatethehorizontalbreakingcomponentoftheiceactionforbendingfailureoftheconsolidatedlayer
oftheiceridge.

ExamOE4680ArcticEngineering

Monday,24June2013,14:0017:00h

Problem3:DynamicIceStructureInteraction(25%)

Todeterminethedynamicinteractionbetweenthestructureandtheiceridgefromproblem2,
wemodeltheirinteractionaccordingtoFigure3.Theiceridgehasamassmomentofinertia J andthe
resistanceoftheleveliceagainsttherotationoftheiceridgeismodelledbyarotationalspring kr .Notehere
thatthemassoftheiceridgewaspreviouslygivenbythemassmridge.

Figure3:Dynamicinteractionbetweentheoilplatformandaniceridgeandassociatedparameters.

Initially,basedonobservations,itwasproposedthatthedynamicbehaviourofthecrushinginteraction
betweentheiceridgeandthegravitybasedstructureiswellresembledbyasinglespringkcr.Furthermore,
itwasproposedthattherotationoftheiceridgemaybeneglected.
a. Whatisthetypeofmodellingappliedhere?Explainwhyandgiveashortexplanationofthismodelling
approach.
b. Determinethenaturalfrequencyoftheoilplatform(i.e.withouttheridge)anddeterminethenatural
frequencyoftheinteractionbetweenthestructureandtheridge.
c. Whatmodeorregime,describingthedynamiccrushinginteraction,doyouexpecttooccurhere?Explain
whyandgiveashortdescriptionofthetypicaldynamicbehaviourforthisregime.

FrommeasurementsrecentlydoneattheBalticSea,itwasfoundthat
thebehaviourofthecrushinginteractionbetweenridgeandstructure
canbeimprovedbydescribingthecrushingloadusingtheforce
indentationdiagramdepictedtotheright.Fromthesemeasurements,
itwasalsofoundthattherotationofridgesplaysanimportantrolein
theinteractionbetweenstructuresandiceridges.
Theequationofmotionfortherotationoftheiceridgeisfoundas:
J kr M t

Here,M(t)isthetimedependentmomentappliedontheiceridgeduetoitsinteractionwiththestructure.
d. Whatisthetypeofmodellingappliednow?Explainwhyandgiveashortexplanationofthismodelling
approach.
e. Determinethenaturalfrequencycorrespondingtotherotationoftheiceridge.
f. Whatmodeorregime,describingthedynamiccrushinginteraction,doyouexpecttooccurnow?Explain
whyandgiveashortdescriptionofthetypicaldynamicbehaviourforthisregime.

Asafirstindicationofthedynamicinteractionbetweenridgeandstructureduringimpactoftheiceridge,we
mayassumethecrushingloadtobeconstant,i.e.timeandindentationindependent,andequaltoFcr=90MN.
g. Assumingtheinitialconditions t t 0 ,derivetheexpressionfortherotation t .
h. Determinethemaximumrotationoftheiceridgeindegrees,duringitsimpactonthestructure.Assume
herethatatypicalimpacteventtakesapproximately8seconds.

ExamOE4680ArcticEngineering

Monday,24June2013,14:0017:00h

Appendix:ExcerptsfromISO19906andadditionalparameters

Globaliceactionsduetocrushing:
Basedonvariousfieldstudies,theglobalicepressurecanbedeterminedas:

h w
pG C R cons

h1 hcons

(A.821)

With:

Globaliceactionsduetobending
Althoughthetotalloadtofailiceinbendingalsoincludeslifting(orsubmerging),clearingandothercomponents,themain
partofthebendingloadisgivenbythehorizontalbreakingload.Thehorizontalbreakingload HB isfoundas:

ExamOE4680ArcticEngineering

Monday,24June2013,14:0017:00h

Globaliceactionsduetoridges

Ridgebuildingaction

ExamOE4680ArcticEngineering

Monday,24June2013,14:0017:00h

BrineVolume:

CompressiveStrength

FlexuralStrength
Basedonalargenumberofsmallscaletests,theflexuralstrength f ofseaicedecreaseswithincreasingbrine
volume,whichincludestheeffectoficetemperature,andisgiven(inMPa)as:

f 1,76e 5,88 vb
(A.880)

Where vb isthebrinevolumefraction.

ExamOE4680ArcticEngineering

Monday,24June2013,14:0017:00h

Dragequation
Influiddynamics,thedragequationiscommonlyknownas:

Fd 12 CdV 2 A

Where
Fd

V
A
Cd

isthedragforce
densityoftheconsideredmedium
velocityoftheconsideredmedium
referencearea
dragcoefficient

OverviewofParameters:

Parameters
MetoceandatafortheBalticSea

Unit

Va

19

m/s

Currentvelocity

Vw

3,7

m/s

Airtemperature

Ta

16

PhysicalandMechanicalproperties

Densityseawater

1024

Salinityseawater

Sw

35

ppt

Seawaterfreezingpoint

Tfr

1,93

Dragcoefficientseawater

Cd,w

0,002

Densityseaice

911

Youngsmodulusseaice

kg/m3

kg/m3
GPa

Poisson'sratioseaice

0,3

Airdensity(at16C)

1,37

kg/m3

Dragcoefficientair

Cd,a

0,025

9,81

m/s2

vridge

1,4

Standardgravity

Iceridgeparameters
Ridgevelocity
Ridgemass
Keelporosity

Value

Windvelocity

Symbol

m/s
6

mridge

3610

30

kg
%

Keelcohesion

kPa

Angleofinternalfrictionangle

30

Ridgebuildingcoefficient

Slopedstructureparameters

Coneangle

50

Icestructurefrictioncoefficient

0,04