IGCSE - Extended Mathematics

Transformation

Content:
Reflection (M): Reflect simple plane figures in horizontal or vertical lines;
Rotation (R): Rotate simple plane figures about the origin, vertices or midpoints of edges of the figures,
through multiples of 90;
Enlargement (E) : Construct given translations and enlargements of simple plane figures;
Shear (H) &Stretch (S)
Their combinations (if M(a) = b and R(b) = c the notation RM(a) = c will be used;
Invariants under these transformations may be assumed.) Identify and give precise descriptions of
transformations connecting given figures.
Describe transformations using co-ordinates and matrices (singular matrices are excluded).
Transformation:
The word transform means "to change." In geometry, a transformation changes the position of a shape on a
coordinate plane. That means a shape is moving from one place to another.
The original shape of the object is called the pre-image and the final shape and position of the object is the image
under the transformation.
Isometry : Isometric transformation is a transformation that preserves congruence. In other words, a transformation in
which the image and pre-image have the same side lengths and angle measurements. The following transformations
maintain their mathematical congruence Reflection (Flip) ,Translation (Slide), Rotation (Turn).

Transformation
Effect ( Image )

Matrix
1. Identity
Matrix

Example
No Effect , Image Remains Same

This transformation matrix is the identity

matrix. When multiplying by this matrix, the

point matrix is unaffected and the new matrix

is exactly the same as the point matrix.

2. Reflection

Reflection in the X axis

This transformation matrix creates a
reflection in the x-axis. When multiplying by
this matrix, the x co-ordinate remains
unchanged, but the y co-ordinate changes
sign.

3. Reflection

Reflection in the Y axis

This transformation matrix creates a
reflection in the y-axis. When multiplying by
this matrix, the y co-ordiante remains
unchanged, but the x co-ordinate changes
sign.

4. Rotation

180 degrees Rotation

This transformation matrix creates a rotation
of 180 degrees. When multiplying by this
matrix, the point matrix is rotated 180
degrees around (0,0). This changes the sign of
both the x and y co-ordinates.

5. Reflection

Reflection on y = x line
This transformation matrix creates a
reflection in the line y=x. When multiplying by
this matrix, the x co-ordinate becomes the y
co-ordinate and the y-ordinate becomes the x
co-ordinate.

6. Rotation

90 degrees clock wise rotation

This transformation matrix rotates the point

matrix 90 degrees clockwise. When
multiplying by this matrix, the point matrix is
rotated 90 degrees clockwise around (0,0).

7. Rotation

Anti-clockwise rotation 90 degrees

This transformation matrix rotates the point
matrix 90 degrees anti-clockwise. When
multiplying by this matrix, the point matrix is
rotated 90 degrees anti-clockwise around
(0,0).

8. Reflection

Reflection in the line y = -x

This transformation matrix creates a
reflection in the line y=-x. When multiplying
by this matrix, the point matrix is reflected in
the line y=-x changing the signs of both coordinates and swapping their values.

9 .Enlargement

Enlargement of scale factor

This transformation matrix is the identity
matrix multiplied by the scalar 6. When
multiplying by this matrix, the point matrix is
enlarged by a factor of 6 in the x and y
directions.

10.Enlargment
This transformation matrix is the identity
matrix but T1,1has been enlarged by a factor of
7 and T2,2 has been enlarged by a factor of 0.
When multiplying by this matrix, the x coordinate is enlarged by a factor of 7, whilst
the y co-ordinate is enlarged by a factor of 0.

This transformation matrix is the identity

matrix but T1,1has been enlarged by a factor of
a and T2,2 has been enlarged by a factor of b.
When multiplying by this matrix, the x coordinate is enlarged by a factor of a, whilst
the y co-ordinate is enlarged by a factor of b.

11. Enlargment

12. Enlargment

This transformation matrix creates a rotation

and an enlargement. When multiplying by this
matrix, the point matrix is rotated 90 degrees
anticlockwise around (0,0), whilst the x xoordinate of the new point matrix is enlarged
by a factor of -5 and the y co-ordinate of the
new point matrix is enlarged by a factor of 7.
13. Streatch

Horizontal axis stretch

k 0
0 1

Stretch, scale factor k parallel to the x- axis

13. Streatch

Vertical axis stretch

1 0
0 k

Stretch, scale factor k parallel to the y-axis

14. Shear

Shear parallel to the x-axis

1 k
0 1

The matrix corresponds to a shear parallel to

the x-axis. Points on the x-axis do not move,
whilst points on the line y = 1 are translated k
units to the right.

15. Shear

Shear parallel to y axis

1 0
k 1

The matrix corresponds to a shear parallel to

the y-axis. Points on the y-axis do not move,
whilst points on the line x = 1 are translated k
units up.