Static structural finite-element analysis of crane based on FEM

Abstract: Finite-element analysis is an effective numerical

simulation method to analyse and calculate the complex
structure. This paper Introduced the basic theory of
finite-element analysis, and chose the QTZ630 tower crane as
as the analysis object, using the finite-element analysis
software ANSYS10.0 to realize the finite-element analysis of
whole machine, then gave the reasonable explanation to the
analysis results.
Keywords: finite element method; tower crane;
finite-element analysis.



,1752'8&7,21

0RGHUQGHVL JQP HWKRGVKD YHV RPHH[FO XVLYH

UHTXLUHPHQWVR QWK H GHVLJQR IP DFKLQHS URGXFWV ZKLFK
LQFOXGHW KH GHYHORSPHQWIU RPVW DWLFGHVL JQW RG\ QDPLF
GHVLJQ IURPUR XWLQH GHVLJQWRUHOLDE LOLW\G HVLJQ
3DUWLFXODUO\RQWK H GHVLJQ RIODUJHP HFKDQLFDOVWUXFWXUH
XVLQJWKHVWDWLFGHVLJQIURPWKHEHJLQQLQJKDV  UHDFKHGWKH
DUHDVL QZ KLFKW KHG\ QDPLFGHVL JQ KDVEHH QD GRSWHG
EURDGO\ QDPHO\ WKHG\Q DPLFVWUHQ JWKSURE OHPR I
PHFKDQLFDOSURGXFWVKDVEHHQWKHPDLQSUREOHPLQLQWHQVLW\
GHVLJQ
'\QDPLFORDGRIW RZHUFUDQHVDQGW KHLUSDUWVDUHODUJH 
LQJHQ HUDOEHVLGHVLWLV HDVLHUWREULQJ DE RXW IDWLJXH
GDPDJHLIWK HORDGLV IUHTXHQW6RWRDYRLGWKHGDPDJHLQ
WKHWRZHUFUDQ HVLWLVQ
HFHVVDU\WRFDUU\
RXWWKH
ILQLWHHOHPHQWDQ DO\VLVLQ W KHWRZHUFUDQ HV WRHQ VXUH VRPH
G\QDPLFSHUI RUPDQFHL QW KH ZRUNLQJ SURFHVVR IWKHWRZHU
FUDQHV, QW KLVZD\ VFL HQWLILF JXLGDQFHFD Q EH SXWR QW KH
GHVLJQ SURGXFWLRQ DQG XVHRIW KHWRZH UFUD QHVIURP
WKHRUHWLFDODQGSUDWLFDOVLGHWKXV WKHHFRQRP\DQGXVHRI
VHFXULW\FRXOGEHLPSURYHGWKDWPD\FRQWULEXWHDORWWRWKH
FRQVWUXFWLRQL QGXVWU\D QGH YHQW KH GHYHORSPHQWR IW KH
ZKROHQDWLRQDOHFRQRP\>@


),1,7((/(0(17$1$/<6,6

)LQLWHHOHPHQWDQDO \VLVFD Q EH GLYLGHGL QWRW KH

IROORZLQJVWHSV>@
7KHGLVFUHWL]DWLRQRIWKHVWUXFWXUH
6FDWWHULQJD H QJLQHHULQJVWUXFWXUHW RD F RPSXWDWLRQ
PRGHO FRPSRVHGRI  VRUWVR IHO HPHQWVWKLVVWHS LVFDOOHG
HOHPHQWVXEGL YLVLRQ (OHPHQWVDUHF RQQHFWHG E\HOHP HQW
QRGHZLWKHDFKRWKHU WKHVHWWLQJVSURSHUWLHVDQGQXPEHU
RIWKHHOHPHQWQRGHVKRXOGEHGHFLGHGE\WKHQDWXUHRIWKH

SUREOHPQHFHVVLW\IRUGHVFULEHWKHVKDSHVKLIWIRUPDQG
WKHSURJUHVVRIFDOFXODWLQJ
6HOHFWWKHGLVSODFHPHQWPRGH
7KHNH\RIWKHILQLWHHOHPHQWDQDO\VLVLVWR VHOHFWD
SURSHUGLVSODFHPHQWIXQFWLRQLQWKLVVWHSQRWRQO\GRHV
LWRSHUD WHHDVL O\EXW DOVRFDQDSSURD FKWKH VPRRWK
SDUWPHDQZKLOHFRQYHUJHQFHRIIUHHGRPVRIHOHPHQW
DQGWKHVROXWLRQFDQEHUHDOL]HG7KHSRO\QRPLDOFDQ
PHHWWK HUH TXLUHPHQW RIW KHG LVSODFHPHQWI XQFWLRQ
8VLQJW KH QRGDO GLVSODFHPHQWWRH[SUHVVW
KH
H[SUHVVLRQRI WKHGLVS ODFHPHQW RIDQ\ SRL QW LQWKH 
HOHPHQWWKHPDWUL[IRUPLV 

^ f ` > N@^G`

          

$PRQJDERYH 
^ f ` LVWK HG LVSODFHPHQWD UUD\RID Q\SRLQWLQW KH
HOHPHQW

^G` LVWKHGLVSODFHPHQWDUUD\RIHOHPHQWQRGH
> N @  LVVKDSHIXQFWLRQLWVHOHPHQWLVWKHIXQFWLRQ
e

RISRVLWLRQFRRUGLQDWH
 $QDO\]HW KHP HFKDQLFDOSURSH UWL\RIW KH
HOHPHQW
'LVSODFHPHQW IXQFWLRQF DQEHDQD O\]HG LQ
PHFKDQLFDOSURSHUW L\ DIWHUEHL QJ FKRVHQLWP DLQO\
FRQWDLQVWKUHHSDUWV
$FFRUGLQJWRWKHGLVSODFHPHQWH[SUHVVLRQ
XVLQJ JHRPHWULFHTXDW LRQW RGHUL YHW KHH [SUHVVLRQE\ 
ZKLFK WKHQRGDOGLVSODFHPHQW H[SUHVVHVWKH HOHPHQW
VWUDLQ

^H ` > B@ ^G `e          
$PRQJDERYH
^H` LVWK HVWUD LQDUUD\ RID Q\SR LQWL QWK H
HOHPHQW
> B@ LVHOHPHQWVWUDLQPDWUL[
$FFRUGLQJWRWKHVWUDLQH[SUHVVLRQXVLQJ
FRQVWLWXWLYHHTXDWLRQWRGHULYHWKHH[SUHVVLRQE\ZKLFK

WKHQRGDOGLVSODFHPHQWH[SUHVVHVWKHHOHPHQWVWUDLQ

>V @ > D@ ^H` > D@> B@ ^G `    

$PRQJDERYH
>V @ LVWKHVWUHVVPDWUL[RIDQ\SRLQWLQWKHHOHPHQW

> D@ LVHODVWLFPDWUL[UHODWHGWRWKHPDWHULDO

*DWKHULQJDOOW KHHOHPHQWHTX LOLEULXPHTX DWLRQW R

HVWDEOLVKWKHHTXLOLEULXPHTXDWLRQRIWKHZKROH 
7KURXJKEULQJLQJWRJHWKHUWKHVWLIIQHVVPDWUL[RIHYHU\
QRGHD QGH TXLYDOHQWQ RGDO IRUFHP DWUL[L QWRW KH ZKROH
VWLIIQHVVP DWUL[DQG WR WDOOR DGDUUD\ WKHHTX LOLEULXP
HTXDWLRQV RI WKHZKROHVWUXFWXUHFDQEHHVWDEOLVKH
G
$VVXPLQJWKHGLVSODFHPHQWRIWKHD GMDFHQWHOHPHQWVRQWKH
FRPPRQQR GHWKHZKR OH HTXLOLEULXPHTXDW LRQVFD QE H

.*

PD[LPXPZRUNLQJ



0

,QGHSHQG

$GKHUHQFH

HQFH



0

URSH

0

URSH 

0

5RWDWLRQVSHHG



UPLQ

5DGLXVFKDQJLQJVSHHG



UPLQ

%DODQFHZHLJKW



.*

U NJP  7KHILQ LWHHOHP HQWP RGHOR IW KHWR ZHU

FUDQHLVVKRZQLQSLFWXUHLQZKLFKWKH47=WRZHU
FUDQHLVVFDWWHUHGLQ WRP RUHWK DQ E HDPH OHPHQWV
DQGQRGHV

> @^ ` > @

F            
REWDLQHGDVIROORZ K G
 6ROYHWKHGLVSODFHPHQWRIXQNQRZQQRGH
7KHXQNQRZQ GLVSODFHPHQWFDQ EHREWDLQHGE\VROYLQJ
WKHVLP XOWDQHRXVHTX DWLRQ'XULQJVROY LQJW KHOLQ HDU
HTXDWLRQLWVFKDUDFWHULVWLFVKRXOGEHFRQVLGHUHGWRFKRRVH
WKHSURSHUFDOFXODWLRQPHWKRG
 &DOFXODWHWKHHOHPHQWVWUHVV
$IWHUHY HU\HOH PHQWVWLIIQHVVP DWUL[HT XDWLRQL V
FRQILUPHG WKHZKROHV WLIIQHVVH TXDWLRQVFDQEH 
HVWDEOLVKHGWKHQLPSRUWWKHERXQGDU\FRQGLWLRQVWRREWDLQ
WKHQRGDO GLVSODFHPHQWE\VROYL QJH YHU\VLP XOWDQHRXV
HTXDWLRQWKXVWKHLQWHUQDOIRUFHDQG GHIRUPDWLRQFDQ EH
REWDLQHG

3LFWXUH)LQLWHHOHPHQWPRGHORI47=WRZHUFUDQH


 3URFHVVWKHERXQGDU\FRQGLWLRQV
 3URFHVVWKHUHVWUDL
7KHWRZHU ERG\LVFR QQHFWHGWR WK HIR XQGDWLRQE \
DQFKRUEROWVVR FRQVLGHULQJWKDWWKHERWWRPFDQEHDU
WKHE HQGLQJP RPHQW DQGU HVWUDLQW QRG HV DQG 
IUHHGRPGHJU HHVWKHSL QVK DIWO LQNEHW ZHHQW KHP DVW
VHFWLRQVRIW KHFUD QH ERG\FDQ EH UHJDUGHGDV UL JLG
FRQQHFWLRQWKHFR QQHFWLRQEHWZHHQWK HWRZHU KDWDQG 
WKH SLYRWLQJVX SSRUWLVFRQ VROLGDWLRQWKHFRQQ HFWLRQ
EHWZHHQW KH SLYRWLQJV XSSRUWDQG W KHW RZHU ERG\L V
FRQVROLGDWLRQERWKWK HFRQ QHFWLRQ EHWZHHQWK HOLIWLQJ 
EHDPDQ GWK HS LYRWLQJVXSS RUWDQ GWK HFRQQ HFWLRQ
EHWZHHQWKHSLYRWLQJVXSSRUWDQGW KHEDODQFHEHDPDUH

67$7,&6758&785$/),1,7((/(0(17$1$/<6,62)
72:(5&5$1(

 %DVLFSDUDPHWHUV
7KHFRQFUHWHVWXG\REMHFWRIWKHSDSHULV47=WRZHU
FUDQHWKLVWRZHUFUDQ HLV XSSHUFDUULDJ H URWDWLRQ MDFNXS
WRZHUFUDQHPDLQSHUIRUPDQFHSDUDPHWHUVDUHDVWDEOH
7DEOHWKHFDSDELOLW\SDUDPHWHU
Value



&RQVLGHULQJW KHSUDFWLFDOVHUY LFHFRQG LWLRQWKLV

SDSHUF KRRVHVW KHGD QJHURXVZ RUNLQJF RQGLWLRQL Q
ZKLFKWKHPD[LPXPDPSOLWXGHLVPOLIWLQJFDSDFLW\
LVNJDVW KHFDOFXODWLRQZRUNLQJFRQGLWLRQWRFDUU\
RXW6WDWLFVWUXFWXUDO ILQLWHHOHPHQWDQDO\VLV RI47= 
WRZHUFUDQH
 )LQLWHHOHPHQWPHWKRGDQDO\VLVPRGHO
7KH WRZHUFUDQHXVHV  WKHPDWHULDO RIZKLFK WKH
HODVWLFLW\(; *3D3RLVVRQ
VUDWLR P GHQVLW\

> K @ LVWKHHOHPHQWVWLIIQHVVPDWUL[
e
^F` LVHTXLYDOHQWQRGDOIRUFH

Name

PD[LPXPOLIWLQJFDSDFLW\

/LIWVSHHG

$PRQJDERYH



.10

/LIWKHLJKW

^F` > K @ >G @             

e
T
> K @ > B@ > D@> B@ dxdydz     
e



$PSOLWXGH

 8VLQJY DULDWLRQ SULQFLSOHWR HVWDE OLVKWK H

H[SUHVVLRQE HWZHHQWK HQRGDOI RUFH RQW KHQRG HDQ GWKH
QRGDOGL VSODFHPHQW QDPHO\ WKHHOH PHQWHTX LOLEULXP
HTXDWLRQ
e

5DWHGOLIWLQJPRPHQW

Unit



KLQJHMR LQWV+RLVWLQJ SRLQWVRQWK HGUDZ EDUVDUHDO O

UHJDUGHGDVKLQJHMRLQWV
 3URFHVVWKHORDG
$FFRUGLQJWRWKHGHVLJQVSHFLILFDWLRQVRIWRZHUFUDQH
*%7GXULQJWKHDQDO\VLVDQGFDOFXODWLRQRI
WKHWRZHUFUD QH WKHVHOIORDG OLIWLQJFDSDFLW\URWDWLRQ
VWDUWEUDNHLQHUWLDORDGDQGZLQGORDGVKRXOGEHFRQVLGHUHG
LQHY HU\FDOFX ODWLRQ ZRUNLQJFRQG LWLRQ .LQGV RI
FDOFXODWLRQORD GDQGF RHIILFLHQWVRIWKHWRZHUF UDQHD UH
JLYHQDVIROORZ>@
, 6HOIORDG3J
6HOIORDGLVJUDYLW\RIWKHPHWDOVWUXFWXUHPHFKDQLVP
SRZHURUHOHFWULFGHYLFHV
RIWKHW
RZHUFUD QH WKH
DFFHOHUDWLRQRIJUDYLW\FD QEH DSSOLHGWRWKHVW UXFWXUH E\
DSSO\LQJWK H GHQVLW\WR WKHP DWHULDO ZKLFKFD Q EH
FDOFXODWHGE\WKH$16<6SURJUDP
,, OLIWLQJFDSDFLW\DQGWK HOLIWLQJFDSDFLW\FRHIILFLHQW

,9 :LQGORDGRIOLIWLQJORDG
$FFRUGLQJWR WKHG HVLJQVS HFLILFDWLRQVZKHQWKH
ZLQGZDUGDUHDRIWKHOLIWLQJLWHPVFDQQRWEHHQVXUHG
WKHZLQGORDGVWKDWDFWRQW KHLWHPVDUHFDOFXODWHGDV 
SHUFHQWRIWKHUDWHGOLIWLQJFDSDFLW\DQGDFWRQWKHLWHPV
KRUL]RQWDOO\L QW KH GLUHFWLRQW KDW GRHV EDGW RW KH
FRPELQDWLRQRIWKHORDGVZKLOH LWVYDOXHFDQQRWEH
ODUJHUWKDQ1VRWKHZLQGORDGRIORDGLVHTXLYDOHQW
WR hOLIWLQJOR DGWKHOLIWLQ JOR DG RI ZLQGOR DGLV
DSSOLHG RQDYH UDJHWR WKHIRXU FRQWDFW SRLQWVEHWZHH Q
WKHZKHHOVRIWKHWUROOH\DQGWKHOLIWLQJEHDPV 
9 5RWDWLRQ LQHUWLDORD GVFD XVHGE\ VWUXFWXUH
DQGFRQFHQWUDWHGPDVV
7KHKRUL]RQWDOLQHUWLDORDGVFDXVHGE\WKHVHOIOR DG
RIW KHOLIWLQJ EHDPVWUXFW XUHDQGOXIILQJP HFKDQLVP
WUROOH\ OLIWLQJOR DGLQIOXHQ FHWK HZKR OHDQJX ODU
DFFHOHUDWLRQZKLFKJRHVDURXQGWKHWRZHUFHQWUDOVKDIW
 7KHFDOFXODWLRQUHVXOWDQGDQDO\VLVRIWKHIL QLWH
HOHPHQW
$FFRUGLQJWRWKHDERYHERXQGDU\FRQGLWLRQRQWKH
FRQGLWLRQWKDWWKHDFFXUDF\RIDQDO\VLVFDQEHHQVXUHG
WRVLP SOLI\WK HDQ DO\VLV LQW KHVWD WLFVWUXFWXUDO
ILQLWHHOHPHQWDQDO\VLVRIW RZHUFUD QHVW UXFWXUHWKH
ZLQGORDGDQGLQHUWLDORDGFDQEHLJQRUHGEHVLGHVWKH
EDODQFHORD G FDQEHVLP XODWHGE\FRQFH QWUDWHGORD G
7KHUHVXOWLVREWDLQHGDVIROORZILJXUHJLYHWKH
ILQLWHHOHPHQWPRGHORIWKH47=WRZHUFUDQHZKRVH
ZRUNLQJ FRQGLWLRQ LVGDQ JHURXVX QGHUZKL FK WKH
PD[LPXPUDQ JHL V P OLIWLQJO RDGLV NJ
DFFHOHUDWLRQRIJUDYLW\LV1NJDIWHUEHLQJORDGHG
DOVR WKHGLVSODFHPHQWGLVWULEXWLQJFRQGLWLRQDQGVWUHVV
GLVWULEXWLQJFRQ GLWLRQDUH JLYHQ&RQ VLGHULQJW KDWWK H
PDVVRIHDFKSDUWLVGLIIHUHQWZKHQPRGHOLQJGLIIHUHQW
GHQVLWLHVVKRXOGEHD SSOLHGWRHDFK SDUWRUHO VHWKH
UHVXOW RIW KH VWDWLFVWUX FWXUDODQ DO\VLV ZLOOE H TXLWH
GLIIHUHQW ZKHQWK H GHQVLW\R IWKHOLIWLQ J EHDPLV 


'XULQJW KH SUDFWLFDOZRUNL QJSU RJUHVVRI  WKH WRZHU
FUDQH WKHOLI WLQJ ORDGGLVDS SHDUVI URP WKH JURXQG
VXGGHQO\VLPXOWDQHRXVO\WKHOLIWLQ JOR DGZRX OG EULQJ
DERXWV WULNHWR WK HW RZHU FUDQH WKHVW ULNHFDQ P DNH
DGGLWLRQDOG\QDPLFORDGVWRWKHVWUXFWXUHRIWKHWRZHUFUDQH
,QWKHGHVLJQVSHFLILFDWLRQVRIWRZHUFUDQHWKHLQIOXHQFHRI
WKHG\QDPLFORDGVLVUHDOL]HGE\PXOWLSO\LQJWKHOLIWLQJORDG
E\WKHG\QDPLFORDGFRHIILFLHQWRIWKHOLIWLQJORDGZKLFKLV
ODUJHUW KDQ 7KHP HWKRGW R VHOHFWW KHF RHIILFLHQWL VD V
IROORZ
ZKHQ VK PV M     

ZKHQ VK PV M     

$PRQJD ERYH VK  LVWK H OLIWLQJVS HHG:KH Q
DQDO\]LQJWKH VWUXFWXUDOVW DWLFIR UFHRIWRZHUFUDQ HWKH
OLIWLQJOR DGZK LFKLVLQ W KHZD\R IFRQ FHQWUDWHG IRUFH
VKRXOGEHDSSOLHGRQWKHPRYLQJWUROOH\RQDYHUDJHW RWKH
FRQWDFWSRLQWEHORQJLQJWRWKHFUDQHMLE
,,, :LQGORDG
:LQGORDGLVWK HORDGWKDWHPHUJHVZKHQWKHZLQGDFWV
RQWKHURGSLHFHVRIWKHFUDQHMLE7KHSUHVVXUHORDGZKLFK
LVHTXLYDOHQWWRWKH ZLQGORDGRIHDFK EDULVORDGH GRQWKH 
VWRVV VLGHRIURGSLHFHV 7KHFDOFXODWLRQ RIWKHZRUNLQJ
ZLQGO RDG RIWKH URG SLHFHVV KRXOGEH UH IHUHGW RW KH
UHOHYDQWUHJX ODWLRQVLQ GHVLJQVSHFL ILFDWLRQVR I WRZHU
FUDQH

Fw

NJP WKHFDOFXODWLRQUHVXOWLVJLYHQLQWKHILJXUH
LWFDQEHXVHGLQFRPSDUDWLYHDQDO\VLV

CwPwA              

$PRQJDERYH
C w LVZLQGSUHVVXUHFRHIILFLHQWVHOHFW

Cw



LVFDOFXODWLRQZLQGSUHVVXUHVHOHFW Pw 3D
)RUWKHURGSLHFHVLQIURQWURZ $LVWKHZLQGZDUGDUHD
SHUSHQGLFXODUWRWKHZLQGGLUHFWLRQ)RUWKHURG SLHFHVLQ
EDFNWURZ$
Pw


)LJXUH)LQLWHHOHPHQWPRGHORI47=WRZHUFUDQH
DIWHUEHLQJORDGHG



8QGHUDERYHZRUNLQJFRQGLWLRQWKHFDOFXODWLRQUHVXOW
RIWKHFRUUHFWPRGHOLV

)LJXUH6WUHVVGLVWULEXWLQJFRQGLWLRQRI47=WRZHUFUDQH

$VVKRZQLQILJXUHZKHQWKHOLIWLQJEHDPKDV
WKHVDP HGHQVL W\WKHGL VSODFHPHQWRIW KH ERRPSRL QW
XQGHUWK HVDPHZR UNLQJFR QGLWLRQUHDFKHVQ HDUO\ 
PHWHUZKLFKR EYLRXVO\ JRHVDJDL QVWW KHIDFW ZKLOH
OLWWOHFKDQJH  KDVWD NHQ SODFHEHW ZHHQWKHWZRVWUH VV
GLVWULEXWLRQFR QGLWLRQ WKLVVKRZVW KDWVWUHVVLV 
LQVHQVLWLYHW RW KH GHQVLW\RIW KHOLIWLQJ E HDPZK LFKDV
ZHOOPHHWVWKHWKHRU\ RIPDWHULDOPHFKDQLFV YLHZHG
IURPWKHVLGH LWFHUWDLQO\SURYHVWKDWWKHILQLWHHOHPHQW
PRGHORIWKH WRZHUFUD QHLVFRUUHFW DQG OD\DVR OLG
IRXQGDWLRQIRUWKHODWWHUPRGHODQDO\VLV%HFDXVHRQFHD
IDLOXUHP RGHO LVHVWDE OLVKHGWKHUHVX OWRI WKH PRGHO
DQDO\VLVZLOOEHQRWH[DFW

)LJXUH'LVSODFHPHQWGLVWULEXWLQJFRQGLWLRQRIWKH47=WRZHUFUDQH



)LJXUH6WUHVVGLVWULEXWLQJFRQGLWLRQRI47=WRZHUFUDQH

&21&/86,21

)LQLWHHOHPHQWDQ DO\VLVLVDL
PSRUWDQWG HVLJQ
SURFHGXUHVD PRQJW KHP RGHUQ GHVLJQ SURFHGXUHV
WKURXJKWK HIL QLWHHOHPHQWD QDO\VLVWKHV HFXULW\ DQG
UHOLDELOLW\R IW KH GHVLJQSURS RVDOFDQ  EH YHULILHG7K LV
SDSHUW DNHVW KHW RZHUF UDQHDVW KHVW XG\ REMHFWDQG
REWDLQVWK H UHVXOWR IWK HVWUHVVG LVWULEXWLRQFRQG LWLRQ
XQGHUWK H GDQJHURXVZR UNLQJFRQG LWLRQ WKHUHVX OW
VKRZVW KDWW KHGHVL JQ SURSRVDOP HHWVW KHUH TXHVWI RU
XWLOL]DWLRQ

$VVKRZQLQILJXUHZKHQWKHWRZHUFUDQHLVXQGHU
WKHZRUNLQJFRQGLWLRQWKDWWKHPD[LPXPUDQJHLVPWKH
OLIWLQJFDS DFLW\LV NJWKHP D[LPXPGLVSODFHP HQWLV 
PPDQGRQ WKHERRPSRLQWWKLVDJUHHVWRWKHIDFW
7KHPD[LPXPVWUHVVLV03DZKLOHWKHDOORZDEOHVWUHVV
RIWKHPHWDOPDWHULDO4RIWKHWRZHUFUDQHLV0SD
LWFDQEH NQRZQW KDWWKLVW RZHUFUD QHP HHWVWKHGHVL JQ
UHTXLUHPHQWRIW KH VSHFLILFDWLRQDQG VRPHP DWHULDOLV
VDYHGE\WKHWRZHUFUDQH
8QGHU WKHVDPH ZRUNLQJFR QGLWLRQWKHFDOFXODWLRQ 
UHVXOWRIWKHPRGHOLQ ZKLFK HDFKSD UWRIWKHOLIWLQJEHDP 
KDVWKHVDPHPDVVLV

5()(5(1&(6
>@
>@
>@

>@
>@

)LJXUH'LVSODFHPHQWGLVWULEXWLQJFRQGLWLRQRIWKH47=WRZHUFUDQH



7RQJ-LDQJG\ QDPLFVWU XFWXUHDQ DO\VLV DQGU HVHDUFKRI7 RZHU

FUDQH>'@ 6KDQGRQJ8QLYHU VLW\RI 6FLHQFHDQG7 HFKQRORJ\

4LDQJ)HQJ0XOWLREMHFWLYH2SWLPL]DWLRQRI%RRPIRU)ODWWRS
7RZHU&UDQH$L PLQJDW'\QD PLF3HUIRUPDQFH>'@6RXWK:HVW
-LDRWRQJ8QLYHUVLW\
4LDQJ< LQ6KLMLD R&KHQ0 DQ]KRQJ-L0 RGHO $QDO\VLVRI 
7RZHU&UDQH6 WUXFWXUH%DVHGRQ$ 16<6> -@-285 1$/2) 
&+21*4,1*- ,$1=+881 ,9(56,7<

6KXGRQJ;X 7KHDSSOLFDWLRQRI ILQLWHHOH PHQWWHFKQRORJ\ DW
VWUXFWXUHDQDO \VLVRI  7RZHUFUDQ H> -@& 216758&7,21
0$&+$1,=$7,21
*%7'HVLJQUXOHVIRUWRZHUFUDQHV>6@%HL-LQJ
&KLQD6 WDWH%XUH DXRI4XDOLW\ DQ G 7HFKQLFDO6XSHUYLVLRQ