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DEFINITION
INSIDE THE FENCE
OUTSIDE
THE FENCE
Reyes M. Barraza
Martin L. de la Rosa
Rulon Fronk
Rodney N. Hutcherson
Massoud Khavari
Paul M. Legrand II
William L. Magee
Jean-Robert Pierre
Wayne P. Schumm
Albert J. Tharnish
Terry G. Burley
Harry V. Durden Jr.
James M. Hogan
Gary A. Johnston
Steve M. Krohn
Denis R. Lemelin
Kenneth C. Malten
Craig H. Riker
David Tennent
Chung J. Wong
DOCUMENT HISTORY:
Started in 1991
First Draft 1994
Projected Completion 2006 (Oct. 30 2006)
The Committee Membership Represented
Utilities
Manufacturers
Consulting firms
Academic Institution
Research Institutions
General interest Individuals
Michael F. Banat
Steven Groom
Don G. Heald
Donald Laird
Warren Crossman
James T. Kennedy
M. Kescharvarzian
Jerry Tang
Bing C. Chan
(Trudy) P. Germann
David Insinger
Husein Hasan
Peter Moskal
Don Lott
William J. Hamilton
Joe Shepherd
Jean-Bernard Dastous
M.P. Singh
Alain Peyrot
Brian C. Koch
Gary C. Violette
Alan J. King
Mircea Iordanescu
Tom Teevin
M. E. Kozlowski
Gary Engmann
Alan B. Peabody
Don Lott
Elwood Treadwell
Jake M. Kramer
Surrendar Menrai
M. R. Kazemi
TS Spangenberg, Jr
David Ackermann
Hank Page
Subir Roy
Brad Kemp
Dale Beason
OTHERS
Rapheal O. Peters
Gino Stagliano
Clayton L. Clem
Magdi F. Ishac
Long Shan
F.C. Shainauskas
Brian Goplen
Patrick A. Calizar
Lon C. Spencer
Jean-Robert Pierre
Dick Standford
J. R. Clayton
Curt Hinkel
Dan McIntyre
Herman Kwan
Carl Johnson
BACKGROUND INFORMATION:
9
Companion Documents:
z
STATUS:
Completed PEER Review
Committee:
Chair: Henry W. Ho
Hanna Essa Abdallah,
Duane R. Alston
Michael Brown
Kamran Khan
Otto J. Lynch
William B. Mills
Jerry Tang,
Hay Yin Yu.
STATUS:
Complete Editorial Review
Complete a companion Document Coordination
Review (IEEE 693 and IEEE 605)
Ready for submittal to ASCE for publication
Should be available early next year, 2007, or
sooner
CONTENTS:
1. INTRODUCTION
2. ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT & STRUCTURE TYPES
3. LOADING CRITERIA FOR SUBSTATION
STRUCTURES
4. DEFLECTION CRITERIA
5. METHOD OF ANALYSIS
7. CONNECTIONS TO FOUNDATIONS
(NOT FOUNDATION DESIGN)
Foundations in substations should be designed
according to accepted practice, the same as foundations
designed for other structures.
IEEE 691, Guide for Transmission Structure Foundation
Design and Testing, is one source of information regarding the
design of utility type structure foundations.
8. QUALITY CONTROL AND QUALITY ASSURANCE
9. TESTING
10. CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE
WORKSHOP SCHEDULE:
Three Sections with short breaks in between
Session 1: Introduction, Chapters 1 (Into.) and
2 (Structure/Equipment Types)
Session 2: Chapters 3 (Loading), 4 (Deflections),
and 5 (Analysis)
Session 3: Chapters 6 (Design), 7 (Connections
to Foundations), 8 (Quality Control/Assurance,
9 (Testing), and 10 (Construction and
Maintenance)
1. INTRODUCTION
PARTS OF A SUBSTATION
Parts of a substation can be grouped into several categories:
(a) Site Related Facilities
(b) Bus & Equipment Outdoor
(c) Relay, Control, Metering, and Communications
(d) Control House
In general, in substations there is a site on which is located the
major circuit bus and equipment as well as a control house. The
control house contains protection, control, metering, and
communication equipment as well as equipment related to the
ancillary power systems (station service, 125vdc, etc.)
SUBSTATIONS
The three functions of a transmission network are fulfilled through the different
types of substations shown below. A single substation may perform more than
one of these functions:
Types of Substations:
- Substations Attach to Power Stations
- Interconnect substations
- Step-down (EHV/HV, EHV/MV, HV/MV) substations
SUBSTATIONS
IEEE DEFINITION
(1) An area or group of equipment containing switches, circuit
breakers, buses, and transformers for switching power circuits
and to transform power from one voltage to another or to one
system to another (ac/dc)
(2) An assemblage of equipment for the purposes other than generation
or utilization, through which electric energy in bulk is passed for the
purpose of switching or modifying its characteristics. (A substation is of
such size or complexity that it incorporates one or more buses, a
multiplicity of circuit breakers, and usually is either the sole receiving
point of commonly for more than one supply circuit, or it sectionalizes
the transmission circuits passing through it by means of circuit
breakers.)
PURPOSE
DEFINITIONS
ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT AND SUPPORTS
PHOTOGRAPHS
SUBSTATION DESIGN
SUPPORT STRUCTURES
Switchyard Support Structures: Switchyard supports provide support for the switchyard
equipment and bus at the elevations needed to provide adequate electrical clearance from
finish grade to the bus or equipment live parts.
Supports are also used to terminate outgoing transmission or distribution line conductors
within the switchyard.
The structures include the various stands for disconnect switches, instrument
transformers, bus support insulators, surge arresters, and termination structures for
overhead or underground transmission and distribution lines. The foundations for the
structures are included with the supports.
WOOD
CONCRETE
ALUMINUM
STEEL TUBE
Disconnect Sw.
Current Transf.
SUBSTATION
EQUIP.
Power Transf.
OUTDOOR EQUIPMENT
Lightning
Arrester
Instrument Transf. PT
SUBSTATION DESIGN
OUTDOOR EQUIPMENT
S w itch ing E qu ip m e nt-T he fu nct io n o f sw itc hing equ ip m e nt is to co nnect and d isco n nect
e le m e nts o f the substatio n o r utilit y syste m fro m the rest o f the su bstatio n o r utilit y
syste m .
S o m e eq u ip m e nt used, such as the c ircu it breaker, are capable o f interru pting
(d isco nne cting) the very large qu a nt it ies o f cu rrent asso c iated w ith fau lts.
C ertain equ ip m e nt can sw itc h (co nnect o r disco n ne ct) norm a l le ve ls o f lo ad current
w herea s other equ ip m e nt can o n ly be o perated if little o r no current is flo w ing.
E q uip m e nt can be o perated electrica lly fro m a re m o te lo catio n o r can o nly be o perated
m a nua lly at the equ ip m e nt lo catio n
SUBSTATION DESIGN
BUS
Bus: The function of bus is to interconnect the high voltage portions of the various
components of the switchyard to form the required bus configuration for the
substation.
The parts of a bus layout includes rigid or strain bus conductors, the fittings used to
connect the bus conductors to the switchyard equipment, and the insulators that
support the bus conductors.
RIGID BUS
FLEXIBLE BUS
Strain bus
SUBSTATION DESIGN
OUTDOOR EQUIPMENT
DISCONNECT SWITCH
SUBSTATION DESIGN
OUTDOOR EQUIPMENT
CIRCUIT BREAKER
SUBSTATION DESIGN
OUTDOOR EQUIPMENT
CIRCUIT SWITCHER
SUBSTATION DESIGN
POWER TRANSFORMATION EQUIPMENT
SUBSTATION DESIGN
INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS
CURRENT TRANSFORMER (CT)
SUBSTATION DESIGN
INSTRUMENTATION TRANSFORMERS
Instrument Transformers: The functions of instrument transformers is to provide
low voltage or low current inputs that can be used with protective relays and
metering equipment.
These inputs are proportional to the voltage or current which exist in the substation
buses or equipment.
The equipment can include potential transformers (PTs), coupling capacitor voltage
transformers (CCVTs), current transformers (CTs), and bushing current
transformers (BCTs).
SUBSTATION DESIGN
POWER SYSTEM CONTROL: REACTIVE POWER EQUIPMENT
SHUNT CAPACITOR BANK
SUBSTATION DESIGN
REACTIVE POWER EQUIPMENT
Reactive Power Compensation Equipment: Large quantities of capacitive or reactive
power are used for power factor improvement or voltage control.
They limit fault current on buses or distribution lines, and supply low impedance tuned
paths to ground for harmonic voltages (which are nuisance voltages occurring at
frequencies above 60 hertz).
The typical equipment used for reactive power compensation includes capacitor banks
and reactors, installed individually or in combinations.
Series Capacitors
9Used (typically at 230kV
and above) to improve
power transfer
capability by
compensating for
voltage drop along a
transmission line.
9If desired, load
distribution between
lines can be enhanced.
9Series capacitors can
also force more power to
flow over the line with
larger conductors when
parallel lines have
different conductor
sizes.
SUBSTATION DESIGN
LIGHTNING AND SURGE PROTECTION
ROD GAPS
LIGHTNING ARRESTOR
SUBSTATION DESIGN
LIGHTNING AND SURGE PROTECTION
Lightning and Surge Protection: The purpose of lightning and surge protection
equipment is to protect the switchyard and control building from being struck by
lightning, and to protect the insulation system of the switchyard equipment from
transient, high voltages entering the substation from the transmission or distribution
systems.
These transient voltage waves can be caused by lightning strikes to the transmission or
distribution lines, or from switching of the transmission system.
The equipment for lightning and surge protection include the shielding masts and wires
installed within the switchyard, rod gaps, and the surge arresters installed within the
switchyard.
SUBSTATION LAYOUT
DIAGRAMS
SUBSTATION LAYOUT
DIAGRAMS
THREE PHASE ACTUAL ARRANGEMENT
SUBSTATIONS
TYPES OF SUBSTATIONS
SUBSTATIONS:
Substation Types
SUBSTATIONS:
Substation Types
SUBSTATIONS:
Substation Types
- Transmission Substation which can step-down or step-up voltage to interconnect the network
SUBSTATIONS:
Substation Types
SUBSTATIONS:
Substation Functions
- Isolate a faulted line or other component from the rest of the utility system
SUBSTATIONS:
Substation Functions
- To allow for the addition of capacitors or reactors for electrical system control
SESSION 2:
Chapter 3, Loading
Chapter 4, Deflections
Chapter 5, Analysis
Wind
Wind Maps
Maps
ASCE 7-05
3 Second Gust
F = Q kz V2 IFW GRF Cf A
Where:
F = Wind force in the direction of wind, pounds, (Newtons).
Q = Air Density Factor, default value = 0.00256, (0.613 SI), defined in
Section 3.2.5.1.
kz = Terrain Exposure Coefficient, defined in Section 3.2.5.2.
V = Basic Wind Speed, 3-second gust wind speed, mph, (m/s)
defined Section 3.2.5.3.
IFW = Importance Factor, defined in Section 3.2.5.4.
GRF= Gust Response Factor (Structure and Wire), defined in
Section 3.2.5.5.
Cf = Force Coefficient, defined in Section 3.2.5.6.
A = Projected wind surface area normal to the direction of wind, square
feet (square meters).
G SRF = 1 + 3 .6 ( ) E S (B S )
0 .5
)/ k
(Eq. 3-3)
Where:
= 0.75 Wire Supporting Structures (Dead-end and Line Termination)
Table 3-4a Structure Response Factor, GSRF, Wire Supporting Structures, = 0.75
Height, h (ft)
Exposure B
Exposure C
Exposure D
33
1.17
0.96
0.85
> 33 to 40
1.15
0.95
0.84
> 40 to 50
1.12
0.94
0.84
> 50 to 60
1.08
0.92
0.83
> 60 to 70
1.06
0.91
0.82
> 70 to 80
1.03
0.89
0.81
> 80 to 90
1.01
0.88
0.81
> 90 to 100
1.00
0.88
0.80
Table 3-4b GSRF, Flexible Non-wire Supporting Structures, < 1Hertz, = 1.0
Height, h (ft)
Exposure B
Exposure C
Exposure D
15
1.59
1.20
1.02
> 15 to 33
1.48
1.15
0.99
> 33 to 40
1.37
1.11
0.96
> 40 to 50
1.33
1.08
0.95
> 50 to 60
1.28
1.06
0.94
> 60 to 70
1.25
1.05
0.93
> 70 to 80
1.22
1.03
0.92
> 80 to 90
1.19
1.02
0.91
> 90 to 100
1.17
1.00
0.90
Ice
Ice Maps
Maps
ASCE 7-05
Seismic
Seismic Maps
Maps
NEHRP - 2003
Sa
FE =
W IFE
R
Where:
FE
R
IFE
Sa
USD
4.5
3.0
2.0
1.5
2.0
1.0
2.0
1.3
ASD
6.0
4.0
2.7
2.0
2.7
1.3
2.7
1.7
1.25
2.0
1.0
FIRST SUPPORT
Deflection Loads
Where the structural designer has not developed specific loading
conditions for deflection analysis, the following minimum load
conditions may be used as a basis for deflection analysis. A load
factor of 1.0, applied to the dead weight, is used with the deflection
load cases.
0.78
0.50
0.50
RIGID
BUS
DESIGN
Bus Loading - Horizontal Bus Forces
Fault Force on a cylindrical surface:(IEEE 605 formula)
The magnetic fields produced by fault currents cause forces on the bus
conductor. The bus conductor and its supports must be strong enough to
withstand these forces.
Decrement Factor Formula:
Fsc
C (Df 2Isc )2
(D)
Structure/Equipment
Structure/Equipment Support
Support Loads
Loads
Loading Conditions
Wire
Loaded
Structures
Switch and
Other
Interruption Rigid Bus Equipment
Supports
Supports Supports
NESC*
Extreme Wind/Hurricane
Seismic
Short Circuit
N **
Operational
Deflection
* Other Codes
APPLICATION OF LOADS
The following loading conditions should be considered for checking substation structure
stresses:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
NESC (other State or Local Regulatory Codes), Sections 3.2.12 and 3.2.13
Extreme Wind, Section 3.2.5
Combined Ice and Wind, Section 3.2.6
Earthquake, Section 3.2.7
Short Circuit (combined with other load conditions when considered appropriate),
Section 3.2.8
6. Construction and Maintenance, Section 3.2.9
7. Equipment Operational Loads, Section 3.2.2
The following loading conditions should be considered for checking substation structure
deflections:
1. Wind, Section 3.2.11.1
2. Combined Ice and/or Wind (Operational), Section 3.2.11.2
3. Equipment Operation Loads, Section 3.2.2.2
Case 1
Case 2
Case 3
Case 4
4. DEFLECTION CRITERIA
Class A structures: support equipment with mechanical mechanisms
where structure deflection could impair or prevent proper
operation. Examples are group operated switches, vertical reach
switches, ground switches, circuit breaker supports, and circuit
interrupting devices.
4. DEFLECTION CRITERIA
Class B structures: Support equipment without mechanical
mechanisms, but where excessive deflection could result in
compromised phase-to-phase or phase-to-ground clearances,
unpredicted stresses in equipment,
fittings, or bus. Examples
are support structures for rigid
bus, surge arresters, metering
devices (such as CTs, PTs, and
CCVTs), station power
transformers, hot-stick
switches/fuses, and wave traps.
4. DEFLECTION CRITERIA
Class C structures: Support equipment relatively insensitive to
deflection, or are stand-alone structures that do not support any
equipment. Examples are support
structures for flexible
(stranded conductor) bus, masts
for lightning shielding, and
dead-end structures for incoming
transmission lines. Deflection
limitations for these structures are
intended to limit "P-delta" stresses,
wind-induced vibrations, and
visual impact. (Not in SG6).
Deflection
Direction
Structure Classes
Class A
Class B
Class C**
Horizontal (1)
Vertical
L/200
L/200
L/100
Horizontal (1)
Horizontal
L/200
L/100
L/100
Vertical (2)
Horizontal
L/100
L/100*
L/50
VERTICAL
MEMBER
SPAN
CLASS A STRUCTURES
1/100 OF THE
VERTICAL SPAN
EXAMPLES
Group Operated Switches
Vertical Reach Switches
Ground Switches
Breaker Supports
Circuit Interrupting Devices.
1/200 OF THE
HORIZONTAL SPAN
(ANY DIRECTION)
CLASS B STRUCTURE
EXAMPLES
Support structures for rigid bus
Lighting/surge arresters
Metering devices
(such as CTs, PTs, and CVTs)
Station power transformers
Hookstick switches/fuses
Line/wave traps
1/100 OF THE
VERTICAL SPAN
(ANY DIRECTION)
1/200 OF THE
HORIZONTAL SPAN
(VERTICAL DIRECTION)
1/100 OF THE
HORIZONTAL SPAN
(HORIZONTAL DIRECTION)
CLASS C STRUCTURES
1/50 OF THE
VERTICAL SPAN
EXAMPLES
Support structures for flexible
(stranded conductor) bus
Masts for lightning shielding
Dead-end structures for
incoming transmission lines.
1/100 OF THE
HORIZONTAL SPAN
(ANY DIRECTION)
LIN E
END
CLASS
DEFLEC TIO N C
SW ITC H
CLASS
DEFLEC TIO N A
Rotational limitations
Some equipment and rigid bus designs may be sensitive to rotation of supporting
members in addition to the deflection of the member. Equipment manufacturers should
be consulted as to any rotational limits which may be necessary to ensure reliable
operation.
Lightning masts and other tall, slender structures
In certain cases the structure type, design loads, and the lower deflection limits for Class
C structures can result in a flexible (low stiffness) structure. These structures can be
subject to potentially damaging wind-induced oscillations. Such structures can be
susceptible to fatigue cracking and failure.
Rigid Bus Conductor Deflection Criteria
In order to obtain an acceptable appearance, it is recommended that the vertical
deflection of rigid bus conductors (aluminum or copper tubing or shapes) be limited to
L/200 of the span length. This criterion should be applied with the dead weight of the
rigid bus, with dampers and no ice.
5. METHOD OF ANALYSIS
STRESS CRITERION VS. DEFLECTION CRITERION
MODEL
Truss and Frame Models
Finite Element Model
STATIC ANALYSIS METHOD - OVERVIEW
Approximate Analysis
First Order and Second Order Elastic Analysis
First Order Inelastic Analysis
DYNAMIC ANALYSIS METHOD - OVERVIEW
Steady State Analysis
Eigenvalue Analysis - Natural Frequencies and Normal Modes
Response Spectrum Analysis
ANALYSIS METHOD - RECOMMENDATION
Static Analysis
Earthquake Analysis
Dynamic Analysis of Short Circuit Events
Session 3:
Chapter 6, Design
Chapter 7, Connections to Foundations
Chapter 8, Quality Control and Quality Assurance
Chapter 9, Testing
Chapter 10, Construction and Maintenance
6. DESIGN
GENERAL
STEEL
CONCRETE
ALUMINUM
WOOD
SEISMIC
BASEPLATE
6. DESIGN: GENERAL
9 Specific guidelines for member design and fabrication are not
included in this guide. This guide refers to other documents for
design guidelines and will note any exceptions.
9 Ultimate Strength Design (USD) and Allowable Stress Design
(ASD), Ultimate strength design is recommended.
9 Ultimate Strength Design (USD): Factored design loads with
stress levels up to yield strength or buckling capacity of the
material and strength resistance factors, also referred to as LRFD.
9 Allowable Stress Design (ASD): Unfactored design loads and
limits stress levels to a value which is less than the yield strength
of the material. The 1/3 increase in the allowable stress for short
duration loads, such as wind and seismic events, is not
recommended for substation structures.
6. DESIGN: STEEL
9 ANSI/ASCE (1997) Standard 10, Design
Transmission Structures (ASCE Standard 10)
of
Latticed
Steel
6. DESIGN: CONCRETE
9 Reinforced Concrete Structures
ACI 318 Building Code Requirements of Reinforced Concrete
9 Prestressed Concrete Structures
PCI Design Handbook, Precast and Prestressed Concrete by
the Prestressed Concrete Institute
9 Prestressed Concrete Poles
ASCE Guideline for the Design and Use of Prestressed
Concrete Poles
6. DESIGN: ALUMINUM
9 Aluminum structures should be designed and fabricated in
accordance with the Aluminum Association Specifications for
Aluminum Structures, using stresses for building type structures.
6. DESIGN: WOOD
Ultimate Strength Design
9 IEEE Standard 751, Design Guide for Wood Transmission Structures
9 National Electric Safety Code (NESC)
9 National Standard ANSI O5.1 can be used for wood pole stresses with
the NESC 0.65 reduction factor (Grade B Construction, Table 253-1)
Allowable Stress Design
9 International Building Code (IBC), 2003
6. DESIGN: SEISMIC
A structure defined by IEEE 693 as a first support is the single
structural element upon which the equipment is supported. The first
support can be a steel pedestal supporting a cantilever type piece of
equipment, such as a surge arrester. The first support can also be a
structural member (component) within a support structure.
6. DESIGN: SEISMIC
9 Allowable Stress Design
The 1/3 increase in allowable stress for seismic loads is not
recommended for substation structures.
3
2
1
3
3
(a)
3
(b)
2 1
1
2
1
3
3
(c)
(d)
tmin
6
=
b F or F
eff y
b
(BL c + BL c +...+BL c )
1 1
2 2
k k
7. CONNECTIONS TO FOUNDATIONS
INTRODUCTION
ANCHOR MATERIALS
ANCHOR ARRANGEMENTS
EXAMPLES
7. CONNECTIONS TO FOUNDATIONS
9 Anchor Bolt Design (Headed Anchors or Straight Length Deformed
Reinforcing Bars)
9 Ultimate Strength Design approach to calculate the required cross
sectional area of an anchor bolt is based on: ACI 349 Code
Requirements for Nuclear Safety , ASCE 10 "Design of Latticed Steel
Transmission Structures," and Shipp, J.G, Haninger, Design of Headed
Anchor Bolts, Engineering Journal, American Institute of Steel
Construction. 1983. Also references ACI 355.
9 Cast-in-place headed bolts are the recommended anchor bolt type
9 Design Considerations Concrete: ACI 318 Appendix D
9 Stub angle and direct embedded structures can also be used
in substations. These types of anchorage are covered by
ASCE 10 (Latticed Steel Structures) and ASCE 48 (Tubular
Pole Structures)
ANCHOR MATERIALS
ASTM F1554, and bolts manufactured from ASTM A36 Steel
ANCHOR ARRANGEMENTS
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
9 Anchor Bolts With Base Plate on Concrete Or Grout
TENSION AREA
Pu
Aa =
fdt
As = Aa + Av
Av =
Vu - ( )(Pcm)
[( )(fy )]
Vu
Av =
[( )(fy )]
REQIURED DIAMETER
d =
( 2)
1
s 2
+
0.974
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
9 Base Plate Supported By Anchor Bolts With Leveling Nuts
As = Aa + Ab + Av
Mu
Ab
5
= ( h)(Vu )
8
1
2 3
5hVu
=
2
f
Av = Vu
[()( f )]
y
REQUIRED DIAMETER
d =
( 2)
As 1 2
0.974
+
fy
EXAMPLES
1.
GENERAL
QC = Fabricator, QA = Purchaser
STEEL STRUCTURES
ALUMINUM STRUCTURES
CONCRETE STRUCTURES
WOOD STRUCTURES
SHIPPING
General Topics
Materials
Welding
Fabrication Inspection
Visual Inspection
Specific Inspection Methods Of Welds
Test Assembly
Structure Coating
Wood Treatment
9. TESTING
CONSTRUCTION
Engineer(s) should anticipate
construction loads imposed on
the structure.
MAINTENANCE
Engineer(s) should consider
accessibility of equipment for
maintenance and/or operation.
WORKER SAFETY
All structures and equipment inaccessible with bucket trucks or small ladders,
should be considered for climbing with a fall protection device. IEEE-1307,
Trial Use Guide for Fall Protection of the Utility Industry, is one source of
information for worker safety during climbing of utility structures.
THE END