"Artsisnotwhatyouseebutwhatyoumakeotherssee"

ARTS
STUDYGUIDE

[SupportmaterialandreadingsforBlock1and2]

MissCarolinaChing

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BLOCK1:MythsandLegendsCinematographics
LESSON1.0:FOUNDATION
Artisadiverserangeofhumanactivitiesincreatingvisual,auditoryorperformingartifactsartworks,
expressingtheauthor'simaginativeortechnicalskill,intendedtobeappreciatedfortheirbeautyor
emotionalpower.

LESSON1.1:EXPLORE1.1

I.

Myths

Myth
1. atraditionalorlegendarystory,usuallyconcerningsomebeingorheroorevent,withor
withoutadeterminablebasisoffactoranaturalexplanation,especiallyonethatisconcerned
withdeitiesordemigodsandexplainssomepractice,rite,orphenomenonofnature.
2. storiesormatterofthiskind:realmofmyth.
3. anyinventedstory,idea,orconcept:Hisaccountoftheeventispuremyth.
4. animaginaryorfictitiousthingorperson.
5. anunprovedorfalsecollectivebeliefthatisusedtojustifyasocialinstitution.

Originofmyth
LateLatin
.
Greek
18201830

DefinitionofMyth
Mythisalegendaryoratraditionalstorythatusuallyconcernsanevent,orahero,withor
withoutusingfactualorrealexplanations,particularlyoneconcerningwithdemigodsor
deities,anddescribessomerites,practicesandnaturalphenomenon.Typically,amythinvolves
historicaleventsandsupernaturalbeings.Therearemanytypesofmythssuchasclassicmyths,
religiousmyths,andmodernmythsetc.

CharacteristicsofMyth
Mythusuallyfeaturesrulinggods,goddesses,deities,andheroeshavinggodlikequalities,but
statuslowerthangods.Often,thedaughterorsonofagod(suchasPercyJackson)isfully
mortal,andthesecharactershavesupernaturalabilitiesandpowersthatraisethemabove
averagehumanbeings.Mythsaremostlyveryold,andhappentoruletheworld,whenscience,
philosophyandtechnologywerenotveryprecise,astheyaretoday.Therefore,peoplewere
unawareofcertainquestionslikewhythecolorofskyisblue,orwhynightisdark,orwhatare
thecausesofearthquakesetc.Thus,itwasamyththatexplainednaturalphenomenaaswellas
describedritualsandceremoniestothepeople.

ExamplesofMythfromLiterature
Example1
RomanandGreekmyths,thoughoriginallyhavenotbeenavailableinEnglish,have
deeplyinfluencedEnglishworks.DuringthetimesofancientGreeks,theyhadabeliefthat
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someinvisiblegodslikeZeushadcreatedthisworld.WereadinsuchGreeksstoriesthat
passionsforhumanscontrolledthegods,andhencegodsfoughtforthem.Likewise,Romans
alsohadbeliefsindeitieslikeGreeks.Duetomythologicalinfluences,manyliteraryauthors
refertotheGreekandRomanmythsinordertoaddmeaningstotheirworkssuchas
Shakespeare
inhisplay,
RomeoandJuliet
,usesGreekmythologywhenJulietcriessaying
that,
Gallopapace,youfieryfootedsteeds,/TowardsPhoebuslodging.
InGreekmythology,
Phoebuswasgodofthesun,andhereJulieturgesthatgodtobringhimhomehurriedly,so
thatnightcouldcome,andshemaymeethisloverRomeo.
Example2
InanotherGreekmythology,GreeksdevastatedthecityofTroyduetooutburstof
TrojanWar,whenthewifeofthekingMenelaus,HelenranawaywiththeprinceofTroy.
Apparently,Helen,averybeautifulwomanfromGreece,whowasheldresponsibleforthe
devastationofTroy.YeatsalsotriedtousethisGreekmythologyinhispoem,
NoSecondTroy,
bycreatingasimilaritybetweenHelenandMaudGonne.Healsobroughtsimilaritybetween
TrojanWarandrevolutionaryandantiBritishactivitiesofIrishmen.JustlikeHelen,Yeats
blamedandheldMaudresponsibleforcreatinghatredintheheartsofIrishmen,and
consequentlytheycauseddestructionandbloodshed.

Activity:
WatchtheTHEINCACREATIONMYTHandsummarizeitin10sentences.
Link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=75kDb2OqBWI&list=PL32257ECAC08445A3

II.

Legends

Legend
Alegend(Latin,legenda,"thingstoberead")isanarrativeofhumanactionsthatare
perceivedbothbytellerandlistenerstotakeplacewithinhumanhistoryandtopossesscertain
qualitiesthatgivethetaleverisimilitude.

OriginatedfromLatinlegendus,

legend
meanssomethingwhichoughttoberead.
AccordingtoJ.A.Cuddon,alegendisastoryor

narrative
thatliessomewherebetweenmyth
andhistoricalfactandwhich,asarule,isaboutaparticularfigureorperson.Traditionally,a
legendisanarrative,whichfocusesonahistoricallyorgeographicallyspecificfigureand
describeshisexploits.Similartoamyth,alegendcanprovideanetymologicalnarrativeoften
fillinginhistoricalgaps.

ExamplesofLegendfromLiterature
Example#1.Faust
FaustisthemajorcharacterintheclassicalGermanLegend.Accordingtothelegend,Faustwas
adissatisfiedscholar.Onaccountofhisdissatisfaction,hemakesadealwiththedevilin
exchangeofhissoul.Thedealpromiseshimalotofknowledgeandlimitlesspleasuresofthe
world.However,hemeetshistragicend,asthedeviltakeshissoulafterhisdeath.
Infact,thelegendofFaustpresentsanoverambitiousman,whosurrendershis

moral
integrity
fortheachievementofworldlypowersandsuccessforalimitedperiodoftime.Thiskindof
characterteachesusthelessonsof

moral
integrityandthevalueofethicaluprightness.
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Example#2.KingArthur
Accordingtothemedievalhistories,KingArthurwastheBritishleaderwhowasleading
Britainarmyagainsttheinvadersinthe5th

and6th

centuries.Itismainlythefolklore,whichled
tothecompositionoflegendaryKingArthursstory.Someliteraryinventionshavebeenmade
inthestory,buthistoricalexistenceofKingArthurhasalwaysbeenquestioned.Thereexista
fewhistoricalsourceslikethe
AnnalesCambrige
,the
HistoriaBrittonum
,andthewritingsof
Gildas
whichmaybeattributedtobethesourcesofthelegendofKingArthur.

E
cuadorianLegendtheStoryofCantua:

EveryoneinQuito,Ecuador,knowsthestoryofCantua:itisoneofthecity'smostbelovedlegends.Cantuawas
anarchitectandbuilderwhomadeadealwiththeDevilbutgotoutofitthrough
trickery.

(A)IndowntownQuito,abouttwoblocksawayfromthecenteroftheoldcolonialcity,isPlazaSanFrancisco,an
airyplazapopularwithpigeons,strollersandthosewhowantaniceoutdoorcupofcoffee.Thewesternside
oftheplazaisdominatedbytheSanFranciscoCathedral,amassivestonebuildingandoneofthefirst
churchesbuiltinQuito.Itsstillopenandisapopularplaceforlocalstohearmass.Therearedifferentareas
ofthechurch,includinganoldconventandanatrium,whichisanopenareajustinsidethecathedral.Itisthe
atriumthatiscentraltothestoryofCantua.

(B)Accordingtolegend,Cantuawasanativebuilderandarchitectofgreattalent.Hewashiredbythe
Franciscanssometimeduringtheearlycolonialera(constructiontookover100yearsbutthechurchwas
completedby1680)todesignandbuildtheatrium.Althoughheworkeddiligently,itwasslowgoingandit
soonbecameapparentthathewouldnotfinishtheprojectontime.Hewishedtoavoidthis,ashewouldnot
bepaidatallifitwerenotreadyonacertaindate(insomeversionsofthelegend,Cantuawouldgotojailif
theatriumwasnotcompletedontime).

(C)JustasCantuadespairedofcompletingtheatriumontime,theDevilappearedinapuffofsmokeandoffered
tomakeadeal.TheDevilwouldfinishtheworkovernightandtheatriumwouldbereadyontime.Cantua,of
course,wouldpartwithhissoul.Cantua,desperate,acceptedthedeal.TheDevilcalledinalargebandof
workerdemonsandtheyspentthewholenightbuildingtheatrium.

(D)Cantuawaspleasedwiththework,butnaturallybegantoregretthedealhehadmade.WhiletheDevilwas
notpayingattention,Cantualeanedoverandpriedlooseastoneoutofoneofthewallsandhidit.Asdawn
brokeonthedaytheatriumwastobegiventotheFranciscans,theDevileagerlydemandedpayment.
CantuapointedoutthemissingstoneandclaimedthatsincetheDevilhadnotfulfilledhisendofthedeal,
thecontractwasvoid.Foiled,theangryDevildisappearedinapuffofsmoke.

(E)Therearedifferentversionsofthelegendwhichdifferinsmalldetails.Insomeversions,Cantuaisthesonof
thelegendaryIncaGeneralRumiahui,whofoiledtheSpanishconquistadorsbyhidingthegoldofQuito(also
allegedlywiththehelpoftheDevil).Accordingtoothertellingofthelegend,itwasnotCantuawhoremoved
theloosestone,butanangelsenttohelphim.Inyetanotherversionofthelegend,Cantuadidnothidethe
stoneonceheremoveditbutinsteadwroteuponitsomethingtotheeffectof"Whoeverpicksupthisstone
acknowledgesthatGodisgreaterthanhe."Naturally,theDevilwouldnotpickupthestoneandwastherefore
preventedfromfulfillingthecontract.

DifferenceBetweenaLegendandaMyth
Therearemarkeddifferencesbetweenthetwoterms.Legendsaremadeupstories,whilemythsarestorieswhich
answerquestionsabouttheworkingofthenaturalphenomenon.Mythsaresetinoldentimes,evenin
prehistorictimes.However,legendsarestoriesaboutpeopleandtheiractionsordeedstheyperformtosave
theirpeopleornations.Thepeoplementionedinlegendscanbetheones,whohavelivedintherecenttimes

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orintheknownhistory.Thelegendsaretoldtoserveaspecificpurpose,canbebasedonfacts,buttheyare
notcompletelytrue.Peoplementionedinalegendmighthavenotreallydonewhatthestoryofthelegend
relates.Insomecases,legendschangethehistoricalevents.KingArthur,BeowulfandQueenBoadiceaare
somepopularEnglishlegends.However,itisalsoimportantthatsomeofthestoriesabouttheKnightsofthe
RoundTableandMerlintheMagicianmaynotbetrue.Thecommonpointbet

FunctionofLegend
Inliterature,thefunctionofalegendistopresentthestoryofhumanactionsinsuchaway
thattheyareperceivedtruebytheaudience.Actionsarepresentedasiftheyhavetakenplacewithin
humanhistory.Foritsaudiences,alegendhastoincludehappeningsthatarenotoutsidetherealmof
possibility,butitcanincludemiracles.Changehascertainlyoccurredinlegendsovertimegivingthema
freshness,vitalityandrealistictaste.Onthecontrary,alargenumberoflegendsfunctionintherealm
ofuncertainty;neitherbelieved,nordoubtedbytheaudiences.

Activity
Basedonthereading,completethefollowing
1. Forthefollowingsubheadingswritethecorrespondingletterthatmatchestheparagraph.(2.5
points)
___VariationsontheLegend___CantuasTask

___TheAtriumofSanFranciscoCathedral___ADealWiththeDevil___AMissingStone

2. Butgotoutofitthrough
trickery
.Definethewordtrickery.(1point)

3. WhatwasCantuasprofession(1point)

4. WhywouldtheDevilneverpickupthestonethatCantuaremoved.(1point)

5. Indesperationofachievingyourgoals,wouldsellyoursoultothedevillikeCatuadid?Justify
youranswerwithtworeasons.(1.5point)

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6. thecontractwasvoid.Whatisthemeaningofthissentence?(1point)

7. ExplaintworeasonswhytherecouldbevariationstothelegendofCantua.(1point)

8. Basedonthereadingdefinitionofanatrium,drawanatrium(1point)

9.CompareandContrasttable

Myths

Legends

TheIncaCreationMyth

ThestoryofCantuna

Whataretheyabout?

Basedonfacts

Evidencethateventsoccurred/
peopleexisted?

Whenandwheredidithappen?

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GoingFurther:

WatchthevideoHinducreationstoryLink:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y9yWwFWpbRo&index=8&list=PL32257ECAC08445A3
2. Basedonthevideo,write10shortsentencesthatsummarizethemainpointsofthevideo
3. Watchthevideo.THEEGYPTIANCREATIONMYTHLink:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g9ZZFCIncA0&list=PL32257ECAC08445A3&index=3
4. Basedonthevideo,write10shortsentencesthatsummarizethemainpointsofthevideo

1.

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LESSON1.2:EXPLORE1.2

I.Communication

Communicationissimplytheactoftransferringinformationfromoneplacetoanother.

Althoughthisisasimpledefinition,whenwethinkabouthowwemaycommunicatethesubject
becomesalotmorecomplex.Therearevariouscategoriesofcommunicationandmorethanonemay
occuratanytime.

Thedifferentcategoriesofcommunicationinclude:
SpokenorVerbalCommunication
:facetoface,telephone,radioortelevisionandother
media.
NonVerbalCommunication
:bodylanguage,gestures,howwedressoractevenourscent.
WrittenCommunication
:letters,emails,books,magazines,theInternetorviaothermedia.
Visualizations
:graphsandcharts,maps,logosandothervisualizationscancommunicate
messages.

TheCommunicationProcess
Amessageorcommunicationissentbythesenderthroughacommunicationchanneltoareceiver,
ortomultiplereceivers.
Thesendermustencodethemessage(theinformationbeingconveyed)intoaformthatis
appropriatetothecommunicationchannel,andthereceiver(s)thendecodesthemessageto
understanditsmeaningandsignificance.

Misunderstandingcanoccuratanystageofthecommunicationprocess.
Effectivecommunication
involvesminimisingpotentialmisunderstandingandovercominganybarrierstocommunicationat
eachstageinthecommunicationprocess.

Aneffectivecommunicatorunderstandstheiraudience,
choosesanappropriatecommunication
channel,honestheirmessagetothischannelandencodesthemessagetoreduce
misunderstandingbythereceiver(s).

Theywillalsoseekout
feedback
fromthereceiver(s)astohowthemessageisunderstoodand
attempttocorrectanymisunderstandingorconfusionassoonaspossible.
Receiverscanusetechniquessuchas
ClarificationandReflection
aseffectivewaystoensurethat
themessagesenthasbeenunderstoodcorrectly.

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CommunicationChannels
Communicationtheorystatesthatcommunicationinvolvesasenderandareceiver(orreceivers)
conveyinginformationthroughacommunicationchannel.
CommunicationChannels
isthetermgiventothewayinwhichwecommunicate.Thereare
multiplecommunicationchannelsavailabletoustoday,forexamplefacetofaceconversations,
telephonecalls,textmessages,email,theInternet(includingsocialmediasuchasFacebookand
Twitter),radioandTV,writtenletters,brochuresandreportstonamejustafew.
Choosinganappropriatecommunicationchannel
isvitalforeffectivecommunicationaseach
communicationchannelhasdifferentstrengthsandweaknesses.
Forexample,broadcastingnewsofanupcomingeventviaawrittenlettermightconveythe
messageclearlytooneortwoindividualsbutwillnotbeatimeorcosteffectivewaytobroadcast
themessagetoalargenumberofpeople.Ontheotherhand,conveyingcomplex,technical
informationisbetterdoneviaaprinteddocumentthanviaaspokenmessagesincethereceiveris
abletoassimilatetheinformationattheirownpaceandrevisititemsthattheydonotfully
understand.
Writtencommunicationisalsousefulasawayofrecordingwhathasbeensaid,forexampletaking
minutesinameeting.
EncodingMessages
Allmessagesmustbeencodedintoaformthatcanbeconveyedbythecommunicationchannel
chosenforthemessage.
Wealldothiseverydaywhentransferringabstractthoughtsintospokenwordsorawrittenform.
However,othercommunicationchannelsrequiredifferentformsofencoding,e.g.textwrittenfora
reportwillnotworkwellifbroadcastviaaradioprogramme,andtheshort,abbreviatedtextused
intextmessageswouldbeinappropriateifsentviaaletter.
Complexdatamaybebestcommunicatedusingagraphorchartorothervisualisation.
Effectivecommunicatorsencodetheirmessageswiththeirintendedaudienceinmindaswellas
thecommunicationchannel.Thisinvolvesanappropriateuseoflanguage,conveyingthe
informationsimplyandclearly,anticipatingandeliminatinglikelycausesofconfusionand
misunderstanding,andknowingthereceiversexperienceindecodingothersimilar
communications.Successfulencodingofmessagesisavitalskillineffectivecommunication.
DecodingMessages
Oncereceived,thereceiver/sneedtodecodethemessage.Successfuldecodingisalsoavital
communicationskill.
Peoplewilldecodeandunderstandmessagesindifferentwaysbaseduponany
Barriersto
Communication
whichmightbepresent,theirexperienceandunderstandingofthecontextofthe
message,theirpsychologicalstate,andthetimeandplaceofreceiptaswellasmanyother
potentialfactors.
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Understandinghowthemessagewillbedecoded,andanticipatingasmanyofthepotentialsources
ofmisunderstandingaspossible,istheartofasuccessfulcommunicator.
Feedback
Receiversofmessagesarelikelytoprovidefeedbackonhowtheyhaveunderstoodthemessages
throughbothverbalandnonverbalreactions.
Effectivecommunicatorspaycloseattentiontothisfeedbackasittheonlywaytoassesswhether
themessagehasbeenunderstoodasintended,anditallowsanyconfusiontobecorrected.
Bearinmindthattheextentandformoffeedbackwillvaryaccordingtothecommunication
channelused:forexamplefeedbackduringafacetofaceortelephoneconversationwillbe
immediateanddirect,whilstfeedbacktomessagesconveyedviaTVorradiowillbeindirectand
maybedelayed,orevenconveyedthroughothermediasuchastheInternet.

Activity:

1. Useadiagraminordertosummarizethecommunicationchannels

2. ExplaininyourownwordsthemeaningofthefollowingMEMES.

____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________

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____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________

GoingFurther

1.BasedonthefollowingquotePEOPLEMAYHEARYOURWORDS,BUTTHEYFEELYOURATTITUDE
Explain
withexamplesasituationinwhichpeoplehaveheardyourwordsandfeltyourattitude.(2.5
points)

2.BasedonthefollowingquoteToeffectivelycommunicate,wemustrealizethatweareall
differentinthewayweperceivetheworldandusethisunderstandingasaguidetoour
communicationwithothers
State
fivewhatelementscanmakeusperceivetheworlddifferentand
thushaveaneffectincommunicationwithothers.(2.5points)

3.BasedonthefollowingquoteMOSTPEOPLEDONOTLISTENWITHTHEINTENTTOUNDERSTAND
THEYLISTENWITHTHEINTENTTOREPLY.
Explain
ifyouagreeornotwiththequoteandsupport
withdetails/examplesyouranswer.(2.5points)

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4.Createyourownquotethat
states
whatcommunicationis:(2.5points)

LESSON1.3:KNOW1.1

I.

WhatisCinema?

Cinema,ormotionpicture,istheartofmovingimages;avisualmediumthattellsstoriesandexposes
reality.Createdintheduskofthe19thcentury,cinemaistheworldsmostrecentartform.Itisalso,by
far,theworldsmostcomplex,collaborative,andcostlyartisticexpression.

Attheirinception,thefirsttwoversionsofthefilmcamera(thekinetographanditsEuropean
counterpart,thecinematograph)wereusedtorecorddailyeventssuchasatrainarrivingatastation
andanelephantbeingelectrocuted.
Documentaryfilmmaking
wasthenbornandtremendously
explored.Averagemenwereinstructedonhowtousetherecentlycreatedcameraandhiredto
undertakejourneysaroundtheglobeandcaptureexoticimageslikethepyramidsinEgyptandthe
waterfallsinNiagara.

II.

WhatDoesaCinematographerDo?

Haveyoueverwatchedamovieandstumbleduponashotthatwassobreathtakingyouthoughtto
yourself,"Wow,thatwasgorgeous!"?Well,behindthatgorgeousanglewasacinematographer.
Perhapsnotnecessarilyoperatingthecamerabutatleast"painting"thelook.Here'swhatthe
cinematographerdoes.PublishedbyGabeMoura,onJune2,2014

Thecinematographeror
directorofphotography
(DP)isthepersoninchargeofactuallyshootingthe
film.Heistheheadofthecameraandlightingdepartments,andassuchhehasabigroleinthemaking
ofanymovie.Asearlyas
preproduction
,theDPhastomakesomecrucialdecisionsaboutthe
look
and
feel
ofamovie:isitgoingtobecolororblackandwhite?Aretheyshootingdigitalorfilm(thelatteris
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becomingrarerandrarer)?Ifcolorisused,willthecolorsbevibrantandsaturatedorfadedanddull?
Isthecameragoingtobeomniscientandbewhereveritneedstobe,orisittiedtoacharacter,always
showingtheirPOV?Aretheygoingforamore
realistic
tone,ora
expressionistic
one?

Thesearejustsomeofthequestionscinematographershavetodealwith,andusuallytheydontt
makethesedecisionsalone.The
Director
isstillthecreativetyrantwhohastooverseeandapprove
ofanyaspectoftheproduction.Butonaset,directorandcinematographerarelikebestfriends.One
supportstheother,andtogethertheyshouldbeawelloiledmachine,soefficientthattheycan,when
theplanetsalign,readeachothersmind.

Letusrememberthatmoviesarenotplays.Thepowerof
cinematographyconsistsofevokingemotionsofdelight,sadness,
humor,andfearthroughthemasteryofacinematicsyntaxthathas
beendevelopedformorethanacentury.Shotsizes,angles,and
movementsaretheheartofanexceptionalcamerawork,which,
combinedwithalightingcraftedtoenhanceemotions,formthe
essenceofcinematography.

AsSeenattheMovies
LifeIsBeautiful
(Lavitabella,1997,RobertoBenigni)isagreatexampleofamoviethatincorporates
twoverydifferentlooks.Ifyoudontknowthemovie,sufficetosayforourpurposesthatthestory
takesplaceduringtheWorldWar2inItaly.
ThefirsthalfofthemovietakesplacebeforeGuidosfamilyissenttoconcentrationcamps.Youcan
seeintheframebelowhowthelookispredominantlybrightandcolorfulduringthisfirsthalf:
Incontrast,thelookofthefilmafterGuidosfamilyissentto
concentrationcampsbecomespredominantlydarkerandmore
monochromaticasshownintheframebelow:
Thedifferenceintoneandfeelarealsorootedinthe
production
design
ofthesetwoshots.Noticethatthefirstframeismore
embellishedwithcolorfulandcomicelementssuchastherain,the
redpillow,thecaronthesteps.Althoughthedirectorhasto
approveofalltheseelements,thecinematographercanalways
recommendthem.
TheCinematographersCraft
ThewordcinematographycomesfromtheGreekroots
kinema
(movement)and
graph
(writing).A
goodcinematographerdoesmorethanmerelylightasceneormovethecamera.Hestudiesthescript
andcreatesanelaboratelightingsetupandcameraworkthatprovokeemotionsandstrengthenthe
plot.Hecommunicatesacharactersdream,hope,despair,orjoybasedonwherecameraandlights
areplaced.

Thedirectorofphotographyisoftencalledapainter,andhiscanvasisthescreen.Hisbrusharethe
actors,thelights,thelocation,theset,theprops,etc.ThesearetheelementstheDPcancontrolto
makeeachandevery
shot
.Andtheshot,bytheway,isthe
smallestuni
tofthefilm,thebuildingblocks
ifyouwill.AndlikeLego,somecanbesmallandredshapedlikebrickwhileotherscanbebigandblue
shapedlikeanautomobile.Itshowthesepiecesarecombinedthatmatter.

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Activity:
1. Summarizetheroleofthecinematographerinadiagram.

2. Evaluatetheroleofthecinematographer.

Goingfurther:
1. Reportthrough8picturesfeelingsofpeopleinyoursurroundings.Writeasmallinterpretation
ofwhatcouldhavehappentothemtomakethemhavethoseexpressionsintheirfaces.

III.ElementsofFilm

Youdon'tneedtogotofilmschooltorecognisethekeyelementsofgreatmovies.
Thesesameelementsarepresenttimeandtimeagaininthegreatmovies,likeKingKong,TheOutlaw
JoseyWales,SheWoreAYellowRibbon,McCabeandMrs.Miller,MeetMeinSt.Louis,It'sA
WonderfulLife,SunsetBoulevardandTouchofEvilandtheyareworthhighlighting:

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1.Thesemoviestendtohaveastrongsinglelinewithoneoverridingproblemorgoalfortheheroto
givethestorydrive,momentum,andasenseofpriorities,orintheextreme,asenseofthefirstcause.
2.Thesefilmsoccasionallydigressfromthatstronglinetoallowthefilmto"breathe".Thatis,theyplay
withthestructuretocommentonwhatishappening,tocausetheviewerstorethinktheir
expectations,andtopresentactionsorwordsthatmakeanabstract,orthematic,point.
3.Thesefilmsusuallyhaveheroeswithamoralproblem.Theherocommitsorfailstocommitactions
thathurtotherpeople.Thesearecharacterswithmoralflaws,andthestoriesdrivetowardthe
momentwhentheherouncovershisorhermoralblindness.
4.Perhapsthemostcrucialelementofgreatfilmsisthattheaudiencebelieveswhateachisfighting
about.Evenmoreimportant,thesemoviesattachentireclustersofvaluesandbeliefstothetwo
antagonists.Thegreatmoviessetup,aroundasinglecentralopposition,anarrayofotheroppositions
thatgrowuntiltheyhavenationaloreveninternationalimplications,andpresenttheessential
predicamentsofhumanlife.
5.Thegreatmovieshavepowerful,condensedopeningsthatpresentthecrucialpatternsofthestory
andthenslowlybringthesepatternstothesurfaceandexploretheminanexplicitway.Bytheendthe
audiencehasasenseofthepatternsofthoughtandvaluesthatcauseproblems,notjustforthese
particularcharactersbutforanyoneanywhere.
6.Thesemoviesmakeamoralargument.Theyshowaheroandanopponenttakingactionstoreach
theirgoal,andthenjustifyingwhattheydowithargumentsthattheaudiencecanjudge.
7.Thesemoviesdon'tjustpresentaheroandanopponent.Theyshowauniqueanddetailedworld.In
thisworld,largerforcesareatwork,valuesandworldviewsaremadeclear,andwhathappensinthe
storiesaffectsothercharacterswho,thoughminor,arefullhumanbeings.
8.Thegreatmoviesshowgreatambition.Theyaskthekeyquestion:whatmakesagoodlife?Theygive
variousanswers,someofwhichmaynotbevalid,buttheyforcetheaudiencetoseetheirownlivesin
thiskindofgrandway.Andthatistheonlywaythatmeaningfulchangeispossible.
9.Thegreatmoviesusuallypresentaworldthatworksrelativelynomatterhowhardwetrytomakeit
absolute.Thesefilmsdonotsaythatnothingexists,nothingistrue,nothingisgood,ornothingisright.
Buttheyexploreindetailthewaythatmeaning,truth,good,andrightbendashumanbeingschange
andfacenewcircumstances.Inthislife,thesefilmssay,ahumanbeingeithercreatesvaluefromwhat
isavailableordies.

Activity:
1. Chooseonemovieforeachoftheelementsthatwereadthatmakesmoviegreat.Explainthe
reasonsbehindyourchoice.

Criteria

Movie

Explanation

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LESSON1.4:KNOW1.2

I.

MainCharacters
Moviestellstoriesaboutpeople.Ineveryscript,thewriterhastocreateonecharacter(orasetofcharacters)that
theaudiencewillrootfororhate.Thisspecialcharacterisknownasthe
maincharacter
,oftenreferredtoas
theprotagonist.Heorshewillbethecharacterwithmostobstaclesandnormallytheonewithmostscreen
time.
Creatinginteresting,realisticcharactersisanartinitself.Tofindtherightdoseofbelievabilityandnoveltytomix
togetherandformanexciting,plausiblecharacterranksasoneofthehardesttasksinscreenwriting.
Decadesago,thenormdemandedmaincharacterstobegoodguysontherightsideofthelaw,likeJamesBondor
WillKane.Nowadays,however,thewriterhasenormousfreedomtouseantiheroesorevencrooksastheir
maincharacters.
OceansEleven
(1960,2001),forinstance,romanticizesthecriminalsandturnsthemintothe
protagonists.
Scriptscanbecategorizedbythenumberofmaincharacterstheypresent.Thenextsectionexaminesthemost
commonpossibilities:

II.OneMainCharacter
Althoughmostscreenplayscountdozensofcharacters,asageneralrule,thestoryrevolvesaroundonlyone
character.Evenromances,inwhichthestorywouldntexistwithoutthesignificantother,havejustonemain
character.
LoveStory
(1970),forinstance,openswithOliverBarrettIV,alone,mourningthelossofhisloved
one.Heisthecharacterthatfacesmorephysicalandpsychologicalchallengesthroughoutthemovie.
Insomefilms,themaincharacterisquicklynoticeable,suchasin
TheGraduate
(1967).Boththetitleofthemovie
andthefirstsequencesleavenodoubtthatBenBraddock(DustinHoffman)isthemaincharacterinthat
picture.HeistheonereturningtoLA,dealingwithhisparents,worryingabouthisfuture,andavoidingMrs.
Robison(AnneBancroft).Thestoryistoldfromhisperspective,andeveryscenelinkstohimorhisobjectives
orhisproblems.
Inothermovies,thetruemaincharacterisovershadowedbysecondarycharactersuntilthetimecomesforthe
protagonisttoreachhisintendedpurpose.ThishappensinFrancisCoppolas
TheGodfather
(1972),which
openswithafranticpledgetoDonCorleone(MarlonBrandon),oneoftheheadsoftheItalianmafiainNew
York.Atthemoviesverybeginning,hisson,MichaelCorleone(AlPacino)seemslikeaminorrole.Infact,heis
consideredbyothermafiafamiliesasaciviliandisinterestinmobbusiness.OnlywhenDonismurdered,is
Michaeldraggedintohisdadsaffairsasamobster.

Activity:
1. Youarehiredtowriteascripttotellpeopleaboutyourlife.Writeadescriptionofyourselfas
themaincharacterofafilm.
2. Choose2maincharactersofamovieandtellusaboutthestrengthsandweaknessesina
diagram

II.Symbolsandmessages
Symbol:athingthatrepresentsorstandsforsomethingelse,especiallyamaterialobject
representingsomethingabstract.

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Activity
1. CreateaPicturedictionary.

2. Writeanencodedmessageforthepersonthatyoulovethemostusingthesymbolsyou
created.

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GoingFurther:
Basedonthefollowingarticle15FamousMoviesThatHaveSubtleHiddenMeanings.Inatimeline
placethe15moviesnames,theyeartheyweremade,theplotin1sentenceandalsowhat
theyarereallyabout.

http://www.tasteofcinema.com/2014/15famousmoviesthathavesubtlehiddenmeanings/

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LESSON1.5:Appreciate

I.

Aestheticvalue

Aestheticvalue
isthe
value
thatanobject,eventorstateofaffairs(mostparadigmaticallyanartwork
orthenaturalenvironment)possessesinvirtueofitscapacitytoelicitpleasure(positive
value
)or
displeasure(negative
value
)whenappreciatedorexperienced
aesthetically
.

Activity:
1. Createacriteriatoappreciateafilm.

2. Evaluateyourfavoritemoviebasedonthecriteriayoucreated

GoingFurther:
1. State3factorsshapeyouraestheticperspective?

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LESSON1.6:Create

I.

Project
InyourASSIGNEDGROUP.Youwillcreateashortfilmthatexplainsoneofthefollowingtopics
1. ThevaluesofUENS:Love,Faith,KnowledgeandTruth.
2. Theimpactofconsumingunhealthyfood.
3. ThelifeofoneworkerofUENS

Criteria/points

2.5Points

1.5points

0points

A.Theteam

Theteamfollowsinstructionsandorganisation.
Thedressingisappropriate.Doesnotmakeany
actthatdeserveacallbecauseofdisciplinary
actions.

Thecriteriais Itdoesnot
partially
complywith
reached.
thecriteria
atall.

B.Theimpactof
thevideo

Thevideoisappropriatetobeshowninaschool
website.

Thecriteriais Itdoesnot
partially
complywith
reached.
thecriteria
atall.

C.
Communication

Communicationprocessisclear.Verbal
communicationisfluent.

Thecriteriais Itdoesnot
partially
complywith
reached.
thecriteria
atall.

D.Theelements
ofthefilm

Theelementsofthefilmareidentifiedclearly.It
includesamessagethatiseasilyidentifiable

Thecriteriais Itdoesnot
partially
complywith
reached.
thecriteria
atall.

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BLOCK2:MovementsDance

LESSON2.1:Explore2.1

I.

Dancehistoryandorigins

Historyofdanceisfilledwithinterestingeventsthatshapeditsfoundations,inventorsthatcreated
newstyles,periodsoftimewhendanceandmusicwereputintheforefrontofinnovations,
whichallenabledittobecomethepopularsocialpastimeoftoday.
HistoryofDance
Historyofdancecloselyfollowsthedevelopmentofhumanrace.Sincetheearliesttimesofour
existence,farbeforethecreationoffirstmoderncivilizations,danceservedasanirreplaceable
wayofexpressinghumanthoughtandemotion.Asourcivilizationtraveledthroughmillennia,
dancewasmodifiedtothepointofbeingpopularmeansofexpression,health,communication
andcompetition.
ElizabethanDance
Duringtheperiodoftimein16thcenturythatistodayrememberedasanElizabethanEra,dance
andmusicreceivedunprecedentedattention,advancementandrefinementthatalloweditto
becomeoneofthemostpopularwaysforsocializationandexercise,andafoundationforthe
creationofallmoderndances.
DanceinReligionandMythology
Connectionbetweendanceandreligionandmythscanbeobservedfromthedawnofour
civilizationtothemoderntimes.Hereyoucanfindouthowdanceinfluencedthereligion
ceremonies,becamestorytellingdeviceindescribingtalesofgodsandmyths,orinsomecases
becomeveryintegralpartofsomereligions.
HistoryofBallroomDancing
HistoryofballroomdancingstartedwiththeriseofEuropeanrenaissancein16thcentury.Ever
sincethen,traditionofballroomdancingexpandedacrossentireworld,pushingalongitspath
creationofmanypopulardancesthatareinusetoday.
HistoryofTango
Oneofthemostfamousandpopulardancesofmodernhumanhistoryiswithoutadoubttango
energetic,sensualandpassionatedancethatwasborninthesuburbsofBuenosAiresinlate
19thcentury.HereyoucanfindoutmoreabouthistoricaloriginsandexpansionofTango
acrossentireworld.
HistoryofWaltz
EversinceitfirstappearedontheballroomsofVenice,Waltzmanagedtorevolutionizethewaywe
dance.Hereyoucanreaddetailedaccountsofthewaywaltzwascreated,movedfromfolk
rootstoroyalballrooms,andhelpedtokickstartneweraofsocialdancesandmusicstyles.
HistoryofSalsa
SalsaistheLatinAmericandancethatmanagedtorevolutionizethewaywedanceandmoveone
thedancefloor.Hereyoucanfindouteverythingyouneedtoknowabouthistoryofsalsa,its
origins,popularityinCuba,andspreadingtoUnitedStatesandtherestoftheworld.

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Activity:
1. Pickyourfavoritedanceandexplainwhatfeelingsproduceinyouwhenyoudanceit.Support
youranswerwithexamples.

Goingfurther:

Workingroupstoresearchaboutthetypeofdanceyouwouldwanttoselectforyourfinalproject.

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LESSON2.2:Explore2.2

I.DanceTradition
Dancehasbeencalledtheuniversallanguage;youliveinaworldthatdances.Takealookatthe
mapoftheworldanditscontinents(figure8.1).Geographershaveidentifieddistinctnatural
andphysicalfeatures(ecosystems)inregionsthroughouttheworld.Studyingageographic
regionthatsupportshumancultureisalsoknownasculturalgeography.Withinthese
geographicregionsarespecificculturalregionsoftheworld.

Regionsoftheworld.

Ineachoftheseculturalregionsarecountries,peopleofvariousracialandethnicgroups,andtheir
culturalvalues.Theirartsincludedancesfromaboriginalsorfirstpeople(theoriginalpeople
whoinhabitedthelandsincemillenniaago)whomigratedtotheseregionsbecauseofwar,
famine,economichardship,orotherreasons.Thecommonelementsofcultureincludethe
following(Blankenshipinpress):
Itisawayoflife,learnedandsharedwithfuturegenerations.
Itchangeswithtimeandissymbolic.
Theeconomydrivesaculture.
Cultureisacommunityorsocietysknowledge,beliefs,values,customs,andcommonheritage.If
youweretolookattheculturalgeographicareasoftheworld,youwouldencounter
commonalitiesanddifferencesthatmakeeachcountryorregionunique.Peoplehavemany
differentviewsaboutdefininganddescribingdancefromgeographicorculturalregionsofthe
world.Somepeopleconsiderdancesfromacrosstheseregionstobeexamplesofworlddance,
whileothersmightcallthesedancesculturaldance.Regardlessofwhereyouliveintheworld,
youparticipateindancesthatreflectalotoralittleoftheculture.

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Mexico

Mexicohasawealthofnaturalandculturalresources,withdiverselandscapesfrommountainsto
jungles,andhistorictraditionsreachingbackmorethan3,000years.Mexicandancecaptures
therhythm,emotion,andmovementofavibrantsocietywithaheritagerichintradition.

America

TheUnitedStatesisacountryofvastnaturalandculturalresourcesandispopulatedbypeople
fromavastvarietyofculturalheritage.Sinceprehistorictimes,NativeAmericanshavedanced
toexpresstheirtraditionsandculturalvalues.Contemporaryurbandanceformsbeganto
expresssocialchangesintheUnitedStatesduringthelatter20thcentury.

Europe

Europeisahugecontinentwithmanynationalitiesandtheirdances.Chapter7(FolkDance)
containsavarietyoffolkdancesfromcountriesthroughoutEurope,Russia,andother
countries.

Africa

Africaisthesecondlargestcontinentintheworldwith54countries.Africanpeopleandcultures
representadiversityofeconomicandsocialstructureswithvariousbeliefs,religions,andarts.
ForcenturiesAfricanculturaldancehascapturedthespiritoflifeevents,communityand
spiritualbeliefs,andidentitiesoftribesandclansofvariousregions.

InAfrica,danceisanintegralpartofceremonies,festivals,andrites.Africandancesaredonein
manycountriesthroughouttheworld.

India

Indiaistheseventhlargestcountryintheworld.Fornearly3,000years,dancearthasexistedin
IndiaandisasignificantaspectinIndianculture.ClassicalIndiandanceincludesawiderangeof
formsandstylesthatreflectvariousgeographiccenters,history,andtraditions.

Japan

JapanisagroupofislandsofftheeastcoastofAsia.Accordingtolegend,Japanwasfoundedinthe
7thcenturyBCE.JapaneseculturaldancesrelatetoreligionsandsocialerasinJapanesehistory.
Japaneseculturaldanceformsandstylesspanhistoricalcourtdances,religiousdances,and
traditionalfolkdances.InJapan,danceremainsanintegralpartofhistoricaltheatrical
entertainment.

Activity

Explainthefollowingstatement:Cultureisaboutparticipatingasacommunity;itcanberelatedto
ritual,spiritual,andlifeeventsandcelebrations.

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Explainthefollowingstatement:Culturecanbedefinedasawayoflifethatislearned,sharedwith
futuregenerations,andchangeswithti

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LESSON2.3:Know2.1

I.

Elementsofdance

Activity:
Writethenameofonedancevideothatyoulike.
Analysethatvideobasedonthechartofelementsofdance

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LESSON2.4:Know2.2

I.Danceattiresandtheircontributiontodanceperformance

Activity:
1. Designasketchofdressattire
2. Buildthedressattirewiththematerialsyoubrought

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LESSON2.5:Appreciate
Activity:
1. Watchandtry.
2. Compareandcontrastthefollowingdances:

Dance1
Clothing

Dance2

Occasion/purpose
ofused

Clothing

Dance3

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LESSON2.6:Create

I.

Project
InyourASSIGNEDGROUP.Youwillcreate1minutechoreographythatreflectsa
mixtureofAT
LEAST2differentculturedances.

Criteria/points

2.5Points

1.5points

0points

A.Theteam

Theteamfollowsinstructionsandorganisation.
Doesnotmakeanyactthatdeserveacall
becauseofdisciplinaryactions.

B.The
choreography

ThedanceiswellrehearsedbyALLthemembers. Thecriteriais Itdoesnot

partially
complywith
reached.
thecriteria
atall.

C.
Communication

Thedancemovementsareappropriatewiththe
musicandreflecttheideaofmixingatleasttwo
differentcultures.Thecommunicationshould
flowwiththedancemovements.

Thecriteriais Itdoesnot
partially
complywith
reached.
thecriteria
atall.

D.Clothing

Thedressingisappropriateandshowsthatyou
tookcaretoprepareaswellasitcomplieswith
respectfulbehaviourgivenbyoursociety.

Thecriteriais Itdoesnot
partially
complywith
reached.
thecriteria
atall.

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Thecriteriais Itdoesnot
partially
complywith
reached.
thecriteria
atall.


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BIBLIOGRAPHYANDSOURCES:

http://www.dictionary.com/browse/myth
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Legend
http://literarydevices.net/legend/
http://www.skillsyouneed.com/general/whatiscommunication.html
http://www.elementsofcinema.com/screenwriting/maincharacter.html
http://www.dancefacts.net/dancehistory/
http://www.humankinetics.com/excerpts/excerpts/discoveringculturaldance
https://www.google.com/search?q=DANCE+ATTIRE&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0a
hUKEwiLu_H6rnMAhXDHB4KHb4NDGUQ_AUIBygB&biw=1306&bih=698#tbm=isch&q=DANC
E+ATTIRE+CULTURE&imgrc=pvkIyDaynyIGoM%3A
http://fitforafeast.com/dance_cultural.htm

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