The Effects of

Childhood Bullying
By Olivia Litteral
Fitness and Wellness APA

Lopes, B. C. (2013). Differences Between Victims of Bullying and Nonvictims on Levels of

Paranoid Ideation and Persecutory Symptoms, the Presence of Aggressive Traits, the Display of
Social Anxiety and the Recall of Childhood Abuse Experiences in a Portuguese Mixed.. Clinical
Psychology & Psychotherapy, 20(3), 254-266. doi:10.1002/cpp.800

My first article had to do with an experiment done in Portugal dealing with

61 subjects, some bullied as children and some not. The purpose was to find or
disprove a link between childhood bullying and future problems managing anger,
and possible threats of child abuse and experiences of threat and subordination
within the family, along with the importance of bullying experiences in clinical
practice: anger management and the relationship between aggressive temperaments
and persecutory ideation. Subjects chosen were either diagnosed with
schizophrenia or social/anxiety disorder. It discusses social structures made by
humans; some people being dominate personalities while others are more
subordinate. This source holds a lot of authority, as it was done and produced by a
group of psychologists and sociologists and comes from the Clinical Psychology &
Psychotherapy journals. It was published in 2013, so it is pretty accurate and
current, and therefore relevant still in 2015. Its very objective, and is basically a
scientific article tracing the actual experiment.

Sansone, R. A., Lam, C., & Wiederman, M. W. (2013). Victims of bullying in childhood,
criminal outcomes in adulthood. International Journal Of Psychiatry In Clinical Practice, 17(1),
69-72. doi:10.3109/13651501.2012.693185

My second article centers on the connection between childhood bullying and

later criminal records. 377 patients were examined, all having committed crimes
dictated by the Federal Bureau of Investigation. As a result, about 45% selfreported being victims of childhood bullying, specifically with males. The journal
breaks up the experiment by method, results, and conclusion, in a scientific but
easy to understand way. It breaks down every single probability and statistic in a
clear, informative way. It was published by the International Journal of Psychiatry
in Clinical Practice, so it holds a great deal of authority. It was published in
February of 2013, so it is relevant and accurate. Its scientific method makes it
objective and solely informative.

Sesar, K., Barii, M., Panda, M., & Dodaj, A. (2012). The relationship between difficulties in
psychological adjustment in young adulthood and exposure to bullying behaviour in childhood
and adolescence. Acta Medica Academica, 41(2), 131-144. doi:10.5644/ama2006-124.46

My third article discusses the later affects childhood bullying has on

different individuals throughout adult-hood. They had 249 college students
complete the Retrospective Bullying Questionnaire and Trauma Symptom
Checklist. The results showed that those students who were exposed to childhood
bullying were very psychologically different in adjustment than those who were
not. They had much higher levels of anxiety, depression, sleeping problems, and
dissociative and traumatic symptoms. They questioned about three different
periods of age- first to fourth grade, fifth to eighth grade, and then the high school
period. It was published in the Acta Medica Academica, the Academy of Sciences
and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It was published in 2012, so its still fairly
current. Its also a very scientific article, using a scientific method of examining
that makes it objective to the subjects.

Hertzog, J. (2006). [PACER]. Retrieved 2015, from National Bullying Prevention

Center website: http://www.pacer.org/bullying/about/media-kit/stats.asp
This website is for a foundation, National Bullying Prevention Center,
which was started in 1977. PACER is an organization that is dedicated to
awareness and prevention of bullying, and offers many programs for adults and
children alike. It's very credible, listing all of its sources for statistical data clearly
with each article. All of its data is up to date and the website is updated and
managed daily by credible people with years of experience in this field. I've used
several other government websites to verify the information on PACER's website,
as well.

U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. (n.d.). What is bullying? Retrieved
November 17, 2015, from http://www.stopbullying.gov/ website:
http://www.stopbullying.gov/what-is-bullying/definition/
This website is a government-run website, which is managed by the U.S.
Department of Health & Human Services, which is a very credible source when it
comes to mental/physical health and well being. I used this to get a governmental
definition of bullying, not just a dictionary definition because bullying and cyber
bullying are such rapidly evolving things.
This website probably holds the most authority out of all of my resources, simply
because it is run by the federal government. It's extremely accurate and constantly,
consistently updated. It's objective because it isn't just a foundation solely for the
cause of bullying like Stand for the Silent would be. It is run by the government,
using the best and most recent statistics in mental and physical health of any age
group.

Movieclips. (2014, October 10). Bully (6/9) Movie CLIP - Brink of Violence (2011)
HD [Video file]. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/7y8pbljhMQs
This documentary is an excellent resource; however I only ended up really
using this one clip from the movie to prove a point about how far these bullied
children will go, and what it can criminally do to the rest of their lives. This
documentary is somewhat biased, as its sole purpose is to inform, change, and
inspire change when it comes to America and bullying. However, it holds authority
in the fact that it uses actual children and families and their stories, which is
undeniable support to my argument. It's also accurate, as it was only made within
the last two years.