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FEELINGS.
MORAL
John
AUTHOR
OF
"inquiries
THE
WITH
SECOND
THE
NEW-
NO.
82
EITITIOIf.
EXAMINATION
YORK
HARPER
BY
PUBLISHED
"C.
EDINBURGH
FOR
QUESTIONS
CLIFF-STREET.
1835.
f.r.s.e.
TNTELLfiCTUAIt
THE
CONCERNING
POWERS,"
FROM
d.
m.
abercrombie,
OF
STtJDKNTS.
"
BROTHERS,
nO'
^t
Enterod,
In
the
Clerk's
according
to
By
Harper
Office
of
Act
of
"
the
Congress,
the
year
1834,
Brothers,
Southern
^S"UCATlON
in
District
DfiFi;
of
New-York.
S'
PUBLISHER
In
issuing
Abercrombie
for the
with
meet
public
similar
supplying
these
works
kind,
to
with
was
render
of
academic
to
afford
of
accompanied
leges,
and Col-
Schools
of
the
Moral
Feelings,
object in
Their
apparatus
an
ing
giv-
of
this
better
useful
duties
the
of
the intention,should
on
with
and
Powers,
appendage.
them
edition
new
encouragement,
the work
enriched
use
sufficient
of
publishersannounced
the
to
since
Intellectual
Questions
the
plan
months
the
on
with
the
few
ADVERTISEMENT.
aid
the
in discharging
teacher
This
recitation-room.
to
reason
every
the
to
believe, has
met
less than
from
general approbation. In no
fifteen literary institutions
of the
twelve
first
to
has it already been
book
adopted as a textrespectability,
it treats, and
in the department of which
in
several
others they learn it is now
under
tion
considerawith
view
to its adoption.
a
How
far the furnishing the work
with
questions
with
may
have
merit,
contributed,
the
to
Treatise
on
to
say
easy
above
and
almost
but
unprecedented
the
mentioned
the
addition
Intellectual
the
;
in
to
experiment
A2
5442G3
have
so
intrinsic
popularity of
Powers,
publishers
its
to
it may
consider
been
so
entirelyto
not
the
amply
have
the
be
dition
con-
filled,
fulsue-
*^^
AbVERTISEMENT.
that
ceeded,
redeem
to
they
pledge
the
forth
send
given
the
further
without
induced,
are
the
to
and
public,
work
present
delay,
ingly
accord-
endowed
like
its
predecessor.
From
in
it
doubt
is
as
that
of
In
the
superior
the
cheerfully
in
to
in
of
the
any
the
consign
that
one
to
the
of
hands
the
this
to
ume,
vol-
of
other
rank
as
moral
the
they
which
edition
of
at
it
present
to
to
department
it
the
it
manner
themselves
supplement
former
cannot
awaits
hand
same
already
they
special
availed
the
have
classes,
whom
have
philosophy
favourable
confidence
strong
claims
their
preparation
of
for
classic
they
for
moral
learning,
equally
publishers
indebted
under
for
those
services
were
of
manual
of
chairs
seminaries
designed.
valuable
the
reception
hands
the
that
of
number
adopted
the
fact
the
and
has
manent
per-
science,
its
readers.
PREFACE.
In
to
the
former
delineate, in
and
ought
Truth.
to
the
to
these
investigate, in
and
our
the
Moral
the
and
investigation
happen
assumed
the
former
evidence
and,
that, in
are
as
were
by
["
No.
of
which
XXXVII
the
The
in
the
in
it is
admitted
stated
they
of the
regulate
moral
or
at
are
and
it may
work,
often
principles
proved,
which
length,
with
supported.
Family
of
closely
respects,
present
ner,
man-
branches
two
to
Mind,
to
as
many
A2
sequel
Human
this account,
on
as
ought
of
oflfers
now
object
conduct
our
are,
which
unpretending
which
responsible beings.
connected
his
Feelings
volitions
he
is intended
same
principles
Intellectual
Investigation
the
and
Inquiries ;
form,
principles
which
attention
public
the
in
us
volume
The
popular
the
the
trace
endeavoured
and
relating to
to
guide
to
author
simple
facts
leading
Powers,
the
work,*
Library.]
in
the
CONTENTS.
PRELIMINARY
OBSERVATIONS.
I.
SECTION
NATURE
IMPORTANCE
AND
Division
Powers
Mental
the
of
FEELINGS.
MORAL
THE
OF
SCIENCE
THE
OF
into
Intellectual
and
15
Moral
ought
which
Harmony
Causes
of
means
Interest
of
Peculiar
exist
Science
the
of
light of
of
is
Conscience,
IN
MORAL
of
First
between
Analogy
Belief, in
Classification
1.
of
Feelings
bearing
Impression
"
18
from
Revelation
20
II.
THE
OF
SCIENCE
THE
FEELINGS.
Truths,
Truths
of
16
and
"
it,
upon
Divine
and
"
Intellectual
First
interrupted,
17
Moral
the
Knowledge
TRUTHS
classes
them
SECTION
FIRST
these
between
harmony
counteracting
sources
the
this
which
by
to
Future
or
and
in
Intuitive
in
Moral
oral
Existence.
Principles
Science
Science
22
26
via
CONTENTS.
2.
Belief
in the
Great
First
3. Conviction
other
4.
existence
Cause,
and
duties
of
and
attributes of
Moral
which
Governor.
a
man
to
owes
men.
THE
PHILOSOPHY
MORAL
Analysisof
---------28
Man
as
Desires
I. The
OF
THE
FEELINGS.
Moral
Being
The
"
35
Affections
"
and
Self-
love.
Will.
II. The
III. The
Moral
The
Moral
IV.
the
Principle,
Relation
Conscience.
of
Man
towards
Deity,
PART
THE
or
DESIRES
I.
AFFECTIONS
THE
"
AND
"
SELF-LOVE.
SECTION
THE
I.
DESIRES
1. Desire
of the Animal
JJ. Desire
of Wealth
"
48
Propensities
-
Avarice
44
44
IX
CONTENTS.
Page
3.
Desire
of Power
4.
Desire
of
Superiority Emulation
6.
Desire
of
Society
of Esteem
7. Desire
of
Desire
of
Desire
of Action
"
45
"
6. Desire
8.
Ambition
"
Approbation
or
46
47
50
51
-----
---------62
due
Regulationof
SECTION
THE
47
Knowledge
Moral
Improvement
Importanceof
the Desires
53
II.
AFFECTIONS
56
...
I. Justice
57
Justice
to
3.
Justice
to the
4.
Justice in
of others
of Action
the Freedom
5. Justice
to the
6. Justice
to the
Opinions of
Feelingsof
and
others
"
others
Condition
Benevolence
towards
the
3. Benevolence
towards
the Character
60
and
acter
Char-
Candour
-
62
63
64
65
the Distresses
of others
67
others
68
Reputationof
and
duct
Con-
others, ^includingForgivenessof
"
Injuries
4. Benevolence
-----------68
towards
Feelingsof others
improving the Moral
of others
--------70
the
towards
5. Benevolence
Condition
III. Veracity
Love
60
-----
Benevolence
1. The
of others
towards
of
1. Benevolence
2.
---------61
II. Compassion
60
of others
Reputationof others
estimatingthe Conduct
of others
Integrity
"
70
-----
of Truth
"
in the
receptionof
69
it
71
3f
CONTENTS.
2.
"
3.
Promises
IV.
76
Friendship,
V.
Love,
Gratitude
and
Patriotism
VI.
The
The
76
-----77
Domestic
Affections
Defensive
78
------
Affections,
Resentment
Important
73
Angee,
Jealousy,
----------81
Influence
produced
Exercise
the
upon
of the
Affections,
By
By
Feeling
of
Attention
83
Habit
86
Moral
of
the
Affections
Happiness
"
Approbation
attached
the
to
Exercise
-----------89
arising
from
Influence
of
due
Temper
of
Exercise
tions
Affec-
the
--------92
SECTION
III.
SELF-LOVE
Sense
in which
Tendency
Morbid
of
the
a
Exercise
disinterested
True
of
Conduct
is
term
it,
"
employed
Rational
and
96
Self-love
Selfishness
and
96
------
Self-denial
97
100
------
...
101
XI
CONTENTS
PART
^itsOriginfrom
Simple Volition,
"
Affections
Operation of
of the
one
Desires,
103
-------------
Causes
Moral
of these
Nature
Page
103
WILL
THE
OF
or
11.
on
Causes, and
the Will
Source
104
-----
Diversity
of the
108
their
"
1.
109
Knowledge
and
Truths of Natural
2. Attention
Its Influence
3. Moral Habits
Origin
of
Practical Conclusions
Influence
of Moral
of Habits
Habits
of
upon
Derangemeat
Character
Divine
Aid
in
118
-121
-125
Operationcalled Faith
PART
THE
of
correcting
Derangement
OF
112
correcting
InjuriousMoral Habits 120
from these Principles.
Important
of
Necessityand Probability
Moral
116
Progress
Harmony.
Influence
Decisions.
Moral
on
Religion.
-
and
Moral
Means
Revealed
MORAL
126
III.
OR
PRINCIPLE,
SCIENCE
CON129
Proofs
of the Existence
of
Principle
Natuie
of
Conscience
as
distinct
the Mind
of its Operationas
129
the
regulating
Principle
-
13^
Kli
CONTENTS.
Analogy
between
Its Influence
in
Attributes
of
Knowledge
from
the
of
the
Mental
---------134
this
Source
135
------
with
Attributes
the
Actual
137
Christian
Process
Influence
to
Influence
this
Moral
Comparison
Of
Power
Regulating
lost
or
only
---139
the
Condition
of
141
-------
the
upon
in
Judgment
gard
re-
144
Truth
of Attention
Distinctions
Origin
System
Theories
Idea
of
of
of Mandeville
and
Moral
-
Vice
140
151
Wollaston
154
Utility
Selfish System
v-System of Paley
of these Systems, in not ing
acknowledgDefect
the Supreme
Authority of Conscience
System of Dr. Smith, or Theory of Sympathy
System
Province
^ 11,
"
Of
the
of
of Reason
Harmony
op
of
Consistency
Harmony,
which
"
it is
Defects
opposed
arisingfrom
of
154
155
157
160
162
1 63
167
Fbelinos
Moral
Character
^and
Decisions
in Moral
the
14"
-------153?
and
of Clarke
op
Morals
Virtue
III.
Immutability
and
our
PART
TO
and
of
Decisions
in Moral
Origin
the
removed
Revelation
by which
impaired
is
of
this
APPENDIX
"
the Moral
of
Impression
an
Divine
arisingfrom
Conscience
^I.
131
of Man
Difficulties
by
Reason
conveying
the Deity
derived
Comparison
State
it and
this
Ctt"^iacter
to
171
Xm
CONTENTS.
PART
OF
THE
IV.
MORAL
THE
TOWARDS
View
of
the
Divine
Character
MAN
OF
RELATION
DEITY
in
175
...
reference
^^
to
lation
Re-
this
175
Regulation
of
of
Moral
which
Feelings
ought
to
arise
out
it:"
Habitual
1.
Effort
Presence,
Feelings
2.
Submission
3.
Sense
of
and
and
the
to
Moral
and
Conduct
Moral
of the
Means
of
Imperfection
and
with
Mercy,
Gratitude,
Character
176
Providence
181
and
Guilt,
Reliance
on
arising
18J.'
Condition
this
of
out
Love
and
Affection,
Feelings
184
it
18S
cultivating
and
Operation
of Faith
Province
of
for
ISf;
of
Nature
Appointments
Moral
the
Aid
Sense
4.
it
by
vine
Di-
of the
sense
regulate
to
Character
Supplication
Divine
cultivate
to
176
Faith
of
in the
of
Philosophy
tne
Moral
IdO
ings
Feel190
Truths
Its
Province
Influence
of
Errors
Certain
Harmony
the
which
Moral
of
Faith
its
are
on
in
the
the
regarding
Christian
Feelings
immediate
more
Condition
Moral
Scheme
Faith
Truth
of
-
with
Object
-
Christianity
-
the
Philosophy
-
...
197
199
203
206
of
208
OBSERVATIONS.
PRELIMINARY
I.
SECTION
AND
NATURE
is to
Man
moral
as
the
of
to
not
exert
condition
other
sentient
eminent
degree
and
the
selfish
over
him.
But
new
of
feels
individual,
of
relations
we
contemplate
open
on
our
man
view,
wants
is
moral
which
in
for
only
that
to
the
on
exist
personal
as
is,
relations
his
may
hour
the
that
"
on
lives
the
beyond
enjoyments
when
who
man
directed
either
or
arise
however,
be
may
kind,
They
beings.
their
which
influence
any
in the
observes
operations,
extrinsic
he
powers,
conclusions
cultivation,
an
of the
little
facts,
mental
of
state
truths
do
as
moral
to
high
entirely
such
These
them.
in
even
the
traces
intellectual, and
an
intellectual
of
knowledge
and
connexions,
as
his
By
being.
acquires
out
contemplated
be
OP
FEELINGS.
MORAL
THE
SCIENCE
THE
OF
IMPORTANCE
an
self,
himor
passing
being,
present
i0
PRELIMINARY
OBSERVATIONS.
rcaslder"tiop.scif.mightierimport.
occupyinga placein
high duties
to
in certain relations to
perform.
We
find him
placed
Governor, who
great moral
this system of things,
and
presidesover
for which
state of being,
him.
to prepare
find him
in which
filland
We
We
to
future
the
is intended
present scene
find him possessed of powers
feel these relations,and of
qualifyhim to
calculated to guide him throughthe solemn
principles
which attend his state of moral discipline.
responsibilities
which
These
two
constitution
we
be
"
of
the
mental
with
must
economy
other.
each
harmonize
and
operate
co-
Knowledge, received
of sensation
and
tellect
through the powers
simple inwhether
relatmg to external things or to
mental
phenomena, and conclusions derived from
these throughthe powers
of reasoning,
ought all to
contribute to that which is the highest
state of man,
his purityas a moral being. They ought all to lend
their aid towards the cultivation of those principles
"
"
18
PRELIMINARY
OBSERVATIONS.
moral
historylong past,
Hence
and
of every
thingthat
perhaps forgotten.
and
tends
and
to
calm
reflection,
withdraw
us
from
the
to
indeed,
and
itself,
we
from
by
causes
another
each other.
in
exemplified
see
the mind
which
to
in
oflf,
is cut
its intercourse
actingupon
work
have
the
The
many
firstof these,
affections,in
greateror
the external
with
less degree,
world,
bodilyorganization.In
described
many
remarkable
to its inherent
manner
very striking
its inde{"endent
existence.
a
and
powers
This subjectis
one
reflections of
of
the
interest,and suggests
specting
important kind, re-
intense
most
and
of the
the powers
properties
it leads us
to
principle.In particular,
thinking
a
period
which
duction
even
we
are
by the intaughtto anticipate
of intellectual science, when, the bodily
frame
and reasoning
being dissolved,the thinking
shall exercise its peculiarfaculties in a
essence
higherstate of being. There are facts in the mental
phenomena which give a high degree of probability
to the conjecture,
that the whole transactions of life,
with the motives
vidual,
and
moral
historyof each indibe recalled by a process of the mind
may
OF
PHILOSOPHY
and
itself,
placed,as
Were
him.
before
at
MORAL
19
FEELINGS.
singleglance,distinctl
realize such
to
we
should
condition, we
THE
mental
fail to
contemplatethe
feelings
very different
not
recalled, with
so
impressions
from those by which we
are
.aptto
be misled
amid
l^otives, which
viewed
are
value.
bore
once
aspect of importance,
with
more
adaptedto their true
feelings
that authority,
moral principle
recovers
the contests of passion,had been obscured
The
which, amid
lost ; each
or
an
act
and each
emotion
is
seen
moral
character of
new
in relation
to
then
being;
the whole
and
and wondrous
when
import,
One,
Incomprehensible
that
past is contracted
that the
are
the
views
which
to
come
would
fallof
These
empires,
"
are
all the
of
history
or
"
the world,
"
of all human
ever.
be considered
pursuitswhich
is
is
him
seen
who
is to exist for
therefore,must
who
is
by which man
pared
moral being. Comphenomena of nature,
relations,but this
on
open
viewed
governor.
point,and
into
"
moral
as
assumes
That
the
ence,
sci-
highest
contemplatesman in
as
20
"preliminary
observations.
things. With
its importance,
we
must
the
to the
investigation
of
principles
mere
natural
mountable.
feel these difficultiesto be insur-
should
science,we
confine
we
have
and which
gous
knowledge,to which nothinganaloof phy^ical
be found in the history
science,
will prove infallible guides,if we
resign
ourselves
to
two
of
sources
is to
the truth.
discover
and
the
These
are
lightof
making
this statement,
delicate
ground,
"
and
the
"
divine
am
that
sincere
desire to
of
light
revelation.
In
that I tread
aware
will consider
some
science,
con-
on
an
from the
a departure
as
writings
of philosophical
strict course
inquiry.This opinion,
with truth ;
is entirely
I am
at variance
satisfied,
take the induction
if we
and, in every moral investigation,
of sound philosophy,
alongwith the dictates
of conscience
and the lightof revealed truth,we
the sacred
appealto
to constitute
manner,
one
parts
uniform
of
which
to establish and
and
nious
harmo-
tend, in
illustrateeach
in
investigation
moral
to
be to him
the
Could we
a
thingsnot seen.
suppose
the knowledge
doubts respecting
person thus entertaining
suppHedby the telescope,yet proceedingin a
its truth,he would
candid manner
to investigate
revelation of
PHILOSOPHY
OF
MORAL
THE
FEELINGS.
2.
observations themselves
perceivein the telescopic
developedwhich are calculated to remove
principles
his suspicions. For, in the limited knowledge
which is furnished by vision alone, he finds difficulties
which
he cannot
explain,
apparent inconsistencies
which
he
the
he cannot
cannot
extended
more
these
yields,
which
together
and
the
seemed
universe
unconnected
appears
discordant ;
beautiful system of
one
or
order and
of revelation,which
within,aided
it is
shines upon
on
discover
the truth,we
which is
guidanceof the light
by that hghtfrom heaven which
the
resignourselves
as
to
tivated
pathof the humble inquirer.Culthe science is fittedto
these principles,
the
22
PRELIMINARY
the most
OBSERVATIONS.
while it will
impart
understanding.It
strengthto the most common
terminates
barren
but tends
in no
speculations,
to promote peace on
earth, and good-will
directly
It is calculated both to enlargethe
men.
among
and to elevate and purify
ings,
the feelunderstanding,
and thus to cultivate the moral being for the
life which is to come.
It spreadsforth to the view
and brighter
becomes
which
smoother
a course
as
the farther it is pursued; and the rays which illuminate
who is
the pathconverge
in the throne of Him
engage
powerfulmind,
eternal.
SECTION
OP
FIRST
IN
TRUTHS
II.
THE
MORAL
The
knowledge
intellectual
These
may
of
receive
we
is referable to
powers
be distinguished
by the
articles of belief.
use
OF
our
THE
FEELINGS.
which
knowledge,
active
PHILOSOPHY
and
The
mental
intuitive
former
or
through our
two
names
classes.
of
quired
ac-
fundamental
procured by the
in collecting
facts,
is
powers,
the deductions
tracingtheir relations,and obsei-ving
\vhich arise out of particular
combinations
of them.
These constitute the operations
which I have referred
to in another
work,
and
investigation,
under
the heads
processes
of
of processes
reasoning.
of
The
FIRST
TRUTHS
MORAL
IN
23
SCIENCE.
fullexercise of them
considered
mind, and
persons of sound
their duties in various situations
capableof discharging
yet
are
of lifein
But
other
to
the
creditable and
knowledge
of every
useful
which
is of immediate
source
men
as
we
derive
and essential
degree; and,
could engage,
manner.
from
the
importance
without it,no
vidual
indi-
with
These
former
They
are
are
the
work, under
not, like
our
principles
the
name
knowledge
no
man
either
observation
or
They
with
are
has
dependsupon
to
recourse
his
that of other
own
men.
constitution,
arising,
in every sound
certainty,
mind ; and, while they admit of no
proof by prof cesses
of reasoning,
brought
objections
sophistical
againstthem can be combated onlyby an appealto
a
of
feeling
absolute
the consciousness
of every man,
and to the absolute
conviction which forces itself upon the whole mass
of mankind.
implantedin
to guide him
principles
the mind of
in his intellectual
and
24
PRELIMINARY
OBSERVATIONS.
of any acquired
physicalrelations,independently
knowledge,we might naturallyexpect to find him
with principles
endowed, in the same
manner,
adapted
to his more
importantrelations as a moral being.
We
cerns,
expect, that,in these highconmight naturally
he would
own
be
of knowledge
he
which
his
not
pression
Imthroughinstruction received from other men.
ingly
adaptedto this importantend we accordfind developedin a remarkable
-and
manner,
they are referable to that part of our constitution
which holds so important
a
place in the philosophy
of the mind, by which we
perceivedifferences in the
moral aspectof actions, and approve or disapprove
The
convictions deof them as rightor wrong.
rived
"
from
this
the
occupy
placein the moral system, that firsttruths,or
articles of belief, do in the intellectual.
source
to
seem
same
tive
intui-
Like
direct
proofsby processes
of reasoning; and when
sophistical
ments
arguthem, the onlytrue answer
are
broughtagainst
consists in an appealto the conscience of every uncontaminated
utmost
mind.
This
no
is
importance;
practical
well
consideration
and
it will
of the
probably
intended
ing
arguments, respectthe first principles
of moral
truth,have been
manner
as
were
inconclusive,in the same
attempts
to establish firsttruths
by processes of reasoning,"
because the line of argument adopted in regardto
them
of which they are
not susceptible.
was
one
The force of this analogyis in no degreeweakened
26
PRELIMINARY
OBSERVATIONS.
remedy
introduced
the evils
and
fixed
uniform
of moral
standard
it is of
in the mental
Keeping
been
in whom
man
in view
the
conscience
has not
economy
distinction which
has
now
ciples
appear, that the firstprintruth,which are impressedupon the
arise in
or
constitution,
part of its original
it by the most simpleprocess of reflection,
are
chiefly
mind
as
following.
I. A deep impressionof eontmued
existence,
of a state of beingbeyond the present life, and
the
"
or
"
of that
as
II. A
The
beingof
we
infinite
have
from
reasoning,
^en
event
in connexion
must
of his moral
have
retribution.
of the existence
great moral
belief in this
arises,
as
of
of moral
conviction
of
"
state
Governor
and
tendence
superin-
of the universe,
infinite purity.
and
perfection
an
Our
adequatecause.
attributes is fixed,with
sense
conviction of
moral feelings.
or
equalcertainty,
upon the conscience
The
indeed, of the existence
impression,
of one
is found in
and rulingintelligence
supreme
among
Of
mankind.
IN
TRUTHS
FIRST
the
"
the same,
"
sublime
of God
he
as
is
of truth, certain
essential
infinite power
wisdom,
The
eternal existence.
and
summum
27
SCIENCE.
and
philosophy,
of the ancient
attributes are
MORAL
and
ancient
to
sages rose
of his nature, while theyfeltthe
conceptions
an
African
chief to
of the
one
there is a God
who
"
made
sickness,and
prosperity,
missionaries, I
"
lieve
be-
gives
him."
III. A conviction
and
benevolence, which
his fellow-men
and
nature
of certain duties of
and
an
qualityof
Every
man,
in
his
depende
rightor wrong, infrom
resulting
consequences
case,
to other
or
men.
again,expects the
this reciprocity
on
founded
is
feeling
one
own
others ; and
offices from
same
to
owes
as
them
man
intuitive perception
of the
actions
of all the
of
every
veracity,
justice,
would
"
that
and
further,that
to
Being he
homage of the
certain
a
immediately,
distinct from
moral feelings,
entirely
which he owes
relative morality
to his
owes,
more
this
the duties of
fellow-men.
28
PRELIMINARY
The
OBSERVATIONS.
consideration
of these
important
objectsof
to
occur
us
in various
parts
conscience
of the
of them
not
appeal,
we
of mankind.
mass
the truth
to
Neither do
regulatedmind.
For
go abroad
among
inquirewhether the impression
we
nations to
savage
of them be universal-;for this may
be obscured
communities, as it is in individuals,
by a course
degradation.We
moral
in
of
appealto
of reflection,
he
moment
We
appealto
the consciousness
is to
come.
It appears
to
be
pointof
the utmost
practical
them
of mankind.
as
calculated
For, if we
do
to
influence
not
believe
the
mass
them
to
FIRST
arise,in this
TRUTHS
IN
29
SCIENCE.
MORAL
by the spontaneousexercise
of every incorrupted
mind, there are onlytwo methods
by which we can suppose them to originate
;
the one
is a direct revelation from the Deity,
the other is a process of reasoning
or of investigation,
to that by which
called,analogous
so
properly
in natural
we
acquirethe knowledgeof any principle
We
science.
believe that theyare derived
cannot
from revelation,
find the belief
because
we
entirely
where no revelation is known, and because
existing
find the sacred writers appealing
to them
we
as
in the mental constiof conviction existing
tution
sources
manner,
"
of every
There
man.
is
an
obvious
ity,
absurd-
which are
again,in supposingthat principles,
to regulate
the conduct of responsible
should
beings,
be leftto the chance of beingunfolded by processes
of reasoning,
in which different m'^ds may
arrive
and in regardto which many
at differentconclusions,
of following
are
incapable
put any argument at all.
What
is called the argument a prio.
for the existence
7
and attributes of the Deity,foi mstance, conveys
littlethat is conclusive
is
to most
minds, and
to
servatio
obincomprehensible.The same
entirely
to those well-intended and
may be applied
able arguments, by which the probability
of a future
tion
state is shoNvn from analogyand from the constituof the mind.
founded
These
on
are
chiefly
three considerations,the tendencyof virtue to produce
happiness,and of vice to be followed by
misery, the unequaldistribution of good and evil
in the present life,and the adaptation
of our moral
facultiesto a state of being very differentfrom that
many
"
"
C2
30
PRELIMINARY
OBSERVATIONS.
in which
we
in these
arguments calculated
at
are
of
condition
our
there
and
to
elevate
moral
as
is much
scope
ceptions
con-
of
beings,and
for which
is much
our
we
are
for the
tined
des-
highest
of
of reasoning,in showing the accordance
powers
these truths with the soundest
inductions
of true
all their truth and
philosophy.But, notwithstanding
all their utility,
it may be doubted whether theyare
to any
of
state
foundation
the
one
being.
It must
be
admitted, at least,that
of mankind.
to
But
estabUsh
every
are
degree,and
we
aim
to
therefore
intended
of
men
expect them
evidence
to rest upon
should
theyare
importance to
the
which
of Butler never
reached the
reasonings
of the gray-haired
ear
piouspeasant ; but he needs
and certain
not their powerfulaid to establish his sure
hope of a blessed immortality.It is no induction of
logicthat has transfixed the heart of the victim of
deep remorse, when he withers beneath an influence
pation
unseen
by human eye, and shrinks from the anticiof a reckoningto come.
In both, the evidence
is within, a part of the original
constitution
of every rational mind, plantedtliere by Him
who
unanswerable
"
framed
the wondrous
conscience
put away
This
is the power
which
authority
him, it pleadsat once
with
from
fabric.
an
no
man
for his
of
can
own
future existence,and
omnipotentand
MORAL
IN
TRUTHS
FIRST
31
SCIENCE.
attributes of
ever-present Deity. In
an
healthy
the man
its
state of the mored
feelings,
recognises
dominion.
Amid
the degradation
claim to supreme
it stillraises its voice, and asserts its right
of guilt,
to govern the whole man
; and, thoughits warnings
its claims
and
disregarded,
are
his inmost
within
that cannot
accuser
of
or the conviction
distinctions,
conduct
There
be
an
Similar
of
an
disallowed,it proves
that never
is quenched.
avengingspirit
observations apply to the uniformity
of
and
stilled,
moral
soul
have
which
man
his fellow-men.
to
owes
certain line
been
that the
manner
fixed and
to be
as
the
one
of
principles
recognisedby the consent
defined
conviction
that
as
been
series of
lengthbrought into
him to the knowledgeor
at
expects from
men,
duty
of mankind,
which
hardened
appear
as
as
an
solute
ab-
recognised
are
criminal,whose
circumstances
which
exposf"
them
oi
veracityand justice,
He
himself upon their mercy.
recognisessuch principlesas a part of the
throws
perhapseven
thus
relative
in the
Certain
constitution,by
by
The
bodilyqualities.
life has
disposedof
mentioned.
now
our
be
questionmay
he
the blind man,
when
has missed his way, asks direction of the firstson
perhe meets,
presumingupon the latterpossessing
moral
constitution,
just as
"
as
sense
belongingto
every
to
sound
him, he stillconsiders
man.
In
defending
32
OBSERVATIONS.
PRELIMINARY
his
objectis
to
frame
excuses
facts,or
nition.
recog-
same
disprovethe alleged
to
for
his conduct;
he
never
which
by
the
he
be
must
demned,
con-
out
proved againsthim. Withindeed, thus universally
principles,
nised,
recog-
if the facts
such
are
system of human
thingswould
laws
Human
go into confusion and ruin.
restrain or punishgross acts of violence
may
and
injustice
; but theycan
methods
by which
neighbour,or promote his
of others.
There
berless
providefor numinjurehis
may
never
a
own
man
interest at the
in fact, but
pense
ex-
very
few cases
for by any human
which
be provided
can
institution ; it is a principle
within that regulates
the
whole moral
In its extent and importance,
economy.
when
it may
be
guide
the
of man,
which
likened to those great principles
of the universe, contrasted
movements
results
or
by
for their
own
expect to
move
well
propel a
comet
by
preserve
the semblance
without
those
which
every
form
the
as
all the
which
men
devices
cular
produce parti-
convenience
a
and
planetby machinery,
of steam,
power
of order in the moral
the
fundamental
part of the
one
of
principles
as
to
world,
rectitude
constitution
original
of
being.
each
man
has
the consciousness
ot
these
that
rational
Further,
with
compared
might as
are,
PHILOSOPHY
OF
THE
When
MORAL
directed
by
which
every
motives
we
consider
^to
the
they
I.
II.
His
In
seem
the
from
of
different
of
these
moral
his
actions
resolve
same
estimating
form
we
condition
of
alone.
elements
the
When
which
themselves
It is
motives,
that
intelligentand
an
to
the
that
the
the
phenomena
means
is from
is first
principles.
very
have
separately
economy
internal
from
respecting
not
extemd
however,
one,
we
and
mdividual,
following:
his
guish
distin-
attention
our
the
as
principles,it
oi
judgment
agent,
of
proceed
may
that, when
and
being,
actions,
judge
we
to
action
moral
his
to
famiUar
our
as
principles which
the
analyze
we
man
FEELINGS.
enter
responsible
into
the
"
actual
conduct,
determining
principleis
his
will,
ot
or
his
actions.
conduct,
the
simple volition.
immediate
He
wills
56
ANALYSIS
"
MORAL
THE
FEELINGS.
unless it
and
act,
some
OF
be
by physical
preventedby
it. These alone can
fere
interto perform
inability
the determination of his
with a man
following
will,or simplevolition.
objectsof
III. The
referable
two
to
actions
and
to
"
with
connected
are
will
two
distinct mental
conditions,
In
to the act of voUtion.
previously
tion
regardto objectsto be obtained, this mental condiIn regardto actions towards others,
is Desire,
The
desires and affections,
therefore,
it is Jiffection,
hold a place in the mind
previousto volition.
the mental
of them
From
state
one
originates
leads to volition,
which, under certain regulations,
The
a certain act.
or
to our
act, which is
willing
exist
which
then
in certain conduct
of
affections
our
The
desires and
as
which
them
which
volition,consists either in
the objectdesired,
attaining
towards other men,
out
arising
mental
towards them.
feelings
efforts towards
certain
or
result of the
the
our
we
has
or
affections,
therefore,may
be
sidered
con-
the
extensive
influence
on
our
conduct
in
This is
regardto both these classes of emotions.
which
leads us
to seek
our
own
Self-love;
tection,
procomfort, and advantage. It is a sound and
of action when kept in itsproper
principle
legitimate
place;when allowed to usurp an undue influence,
THE
OF
ANALYSIS
37
FEELINGS.
MORAL
degreewith
material
IV.
We
have
next
desire is not
every
or,
interferes
attend
to
followed
by
other
duty to
our
to
men.
the fact,that
actual
voHtion
wards
to-
the object
;
obtaining
does
not
it.
act, in the
or
we
he may
himself
with
go another
the determination
to
according
present
to the
bringsus
to
;
the desire
mind,
of
principles
is actually
decided,
or
is
to it. This
opposition
the utmost
portance
impractical
which
principles
the
affection which
in
or
subjectof
and the
determination
therefore,
by which
either
When,
step backwards
our
sequences,
forbearance.
mind
are
thus
decide the
referable
to
two
heads.
(1.)The
of
determination
or
decision may
arise out
certain state
powers
of them
one
influence
a predominating
acquired
in the moral
system. This usuallyresults from
shall see in a
as
habit,or frequentindulgence,
we
ample,
subsequentpart of our inquiry.A man, for exthat the
but perceive
may desire an object,
has
38
ANALYSIS
MORAL
THE
OF
FEELINGS.
attEimment
which
men
this is the
or
in the eyes
love of
predominating
is anxious
he
regardto
to
stand
character.
In the
same
of other
tion,
approbamanner,
may
by
not
but
ceive
per-
it,or
dangerin gratifying
would
or his interest
promote his reputation
nevolen
actingupon it ; he may experiencea bebe
anger,
but
affection,
interfere too
much
with
his
personalinterest
or
comfort.
(2.) The
of
duty,or
determination
an
from
nature.
every consideration of a personal
is the JVLoral Principle,
Conscience : in
or
mind
in
state
of moral
health, it is the
This
every
supreme
the
preservingamong
regulatingprinciple,
moving powers a certain harmony to each other,and
to the principles
of moral rectitude. It often excites
which
to conduct
requiresa sacrifice of self-love,
with
from interfering
and so prevents this principle
the sound
It regulates
exercise of the affections.
the desires,and restrains them by the simplerule of
the affections in th
: it directs and
purity
regulates
same
manner
by the highsense of moral response
and
OF
ANALYSIS
moral
the whole
maintains
it thus
: and
bilitj
39
FEELINGS.
MORAL
THE
order and
harmony
system.
character,
One
in
of
the circumstance
one
man
inferior
of
also
acquirea knowledge of
we
very
or
the moral
measures
viduals
excite three indi-
for example, to
endeavouring,
to
know,
that in
of
act
some
one
usefulness,
have
we
appear
V.
heads
to bear
The
are
of
another
with
man
there is
But
his fellow-men.
though,in
the moral
of the
in connexion
in
feelings,
to
be
inquirydevoted
emotions
Deity.
reference
considered
to
conscience.
we
obtain from
The
to this
in
themselves,
are, the
These
come
distinct
point of view,
practical
relation,will therefore
department
connected.
arise out
of
regulation
reason
it
his interest.
these ;
theyare much
and
make
can
we
from
which
upon
to
come
we
duty ; in another to
have
approbation; while we
the third,unless
any impressionon
of
sense
ment
tempera-
learn
to adapt our
different men,
and
in our transactions with them.
accordingly
of
In
Thus
selfish nature.
motives
the
and
of
light
40
ANALYSIS
OF
THE
MORAL
FEELINGS.
This
the
of the principles
which constitute
analysis
indicates the further division of
moral
feelings
our
inquiryin
manner
following
"
I. The
"
"
Will.
II. The
Moral
III. The
The
IV.
the
or Conscience.
Principle,
moral
relation of
towards
man
the
Deity.
These
constitute what
of man,
principles
decide
be
may
those which
or
his conduct
as
moral
being.
In connexion
class of
which
feelings,
with
are
and
responsible
may
called
passiveor
be
necessary
in such
them
to the active
When
which
have
an
to
one
confidence,
which
we
call
it,we
attaining
us
When
to
abandon
we
their relation
pointout
it,we
feel desire.
no
If
of
we
reach,we
our
of the
forms
of that
state
of mind
for the
attainment.
obtain the
joy; if we are
again^we have
or
than enumerate
leaves
as
to
more
principles.
account
on
objectpresents qualities
exertions.
our
as
wish to obtain
we
reason
in
do
manner
hope;and
experience
us
to
object,we experience
pleasure
feel regret. If
we
disappointed,
the prospect of
some
evil which
PART
OF
THE
DESIRES,
AFFECTIONS,
THE
AND
SELF-LOVE.
SECTION
DESIRES.
THE
Desire
mind
on
immediate
is the
towards
movement
object which
an
which
of
account
I.
we
presents
wish
to
of the
act
or
quality
some
it.
obtain
The
is determined
by the views,
particularcase
In
habits, and moral
dispositionsof the individual.
this manner,
one
regard an
object as
may
person
above
to
every
another
other
appears
principleswhich
form
character, belong
In
be
forming
of the
one
to
are
subsequent part
desired.
our
of the desires,
the nature
Those
of
of the various
which
may
sequently
con-
in human
great differences
classification
guided simply by
which
The
be
inquiry.
we
must
objects
specified
44
DESIRES.
the most
as
and
prevalent,
the most
be distinguish
separate,may
as
to
clearly
heads.
I. The
in
possess
common
animals, are
planted
im-
quire
importantpurposes ; but theyreto be
kept under the most rigidcontrol,both
of reason
and the moral
principle.When they are
allowed to break throughthese restraints,
and become
of action, they form a character
leading
principles
in
for
us
the lowest
and
moral;
in the scale,whether
it is
intellectual
impossibleto contemplatea
degraded condition
of
moral
rational and
oi
more
being.
The
accumulated
wretchedness
follow the
tion,
degradaguilt,
course
of the libertine,
whatever
within the reach of
comes
blasting
influence,and extendinga demoralizing
power
"
his
alike to him
wrong.
which
Thus
human
no
and
and
as
which
inflicts and
law
This is
take
to
desire of Wealth,
morbid
our
be
suffer the
of evils,of
adequatecognizance,
views, in
Supreme
commonly
is perhapsjustly
to
excess
to
properly
class
any
therefore raise
thoughavarice
the
can
those who
to
is constituted
peculiar
manner,
II. The
;
who
Moral
cial
spe-
ernor.
Gov-
called Avarice
be
regarded
of the propensity.
abuse
or
in
considered as originating
PROPENSITIES
ANIMAL
the desii'e to
WEALTH
the
possess
of
means
45
POWER.
"
procuringother
But, by
gratifications.
thingitself;and
it often
kind of
in
enjoyment.
remarkable
It is
which
propensity
may,
ter,
charac-
manner,
strength
acquiring
by
generally
accompanied by a
which considers
nothing as
contracted
selfishness,
unworthy that
be made
to the rulingpassion.
to contribute
can
This may be the case
the propensity
when
is
even
regulatedby the rules of justice
; ifitbreak through
mean
or
it leads to fraud,extortion,deceit,and
this restraint,
to
leadinga
the
the exercise
to live for
man
calculated
means
III. The
the love of
more
of the
to
himself,and
promote his
desire of Power,
"
less extensive.
studyonly
to
interest.
own
Ambition.
or
ruling, of givingthe
or
affections,
benevolent
law to
When
This is
circle whether
it becomes
the
comfort
who
and
braves
queror,
safety. This we see in the conand privation,
difficulty,
every danger,
of power
sacrifices for it every
personalcomfort,
The principle,
however,
perhapshealth and peace.
tion,
another form, which, according
to its direcassumes
may aim at a higherobject.Such is the desire
who
46
DESIRES.
of
exercising
power
of usefulness
oppressed;
; of
of
power
of
others,and
mind, and
one
or
eloquence,to
far to
calculated
into sound
is
an
sentiments
speciesof
exalted and
to carry
power,
virtuous
benefit to others
itis exerted.
wherever
IV.
This
gratifying
by
; of persuading
men
of the
pleadingthe cause
the opinionsof
influencing
guidingthem
of
multitude,by arguments
deeds
the minds
over
The
desire
of
Emulation.
or
Superiority,
It is a propensity
acquirementof superiority.
of extensive influence,and not easily
confined within
the bounds of correct principle.It is apt to lead to
for the accomplishment
of its object;
undue
means
and every real or imagined failure tends to excite
it requires
hatred and envy.
Hence
the most careful
and, when much encouraged in the
regulation,
lignant
mayoung, is not free from the dangerof generating
passions. Its influence and tendency,as in
jects
other desires,depend in a great measure
the obon
it is directed.
It may be seen
in the
who seeks to excel his associates in the gayety
man
of his apparel,
the splendourof his equipage,or the
to which
luxuryof
his table.
It is found
fox-hunt,
"
or
in him
whose
fearless rider at
to
perform some
proud
a
ple-chase
stee-
other
seeks to be
who
influence him
may
high pursuit,calculated
some
his country
benefit upon
V.
The
desire of
to
in
distinguished
confer a lasting
human
on
or
47
ESTEEM.
SOCIETY
SUPERIORITY
Society.
kind.
sidered
con-
nent
by most writers on the subjectas a promiof human
nature, showing itselfat all
principle
periodsof life,and in all conditions of civilization.
In persons shut up from
it has manifested
men,
to animals
exist without
if the human
as
object on
some
intended
feelings
to
bind
of
intercourse, in the
"
which
could
not
exercise the
to
his fellows.
It is
in civil society
and
social
to
man
men
mind
ties of
and
friendship,
closer union
of the domestic
weaknesses
the still
circle.
It is necessary
for the exercise of all the affections ; and even
our
There
would
if there
were
none
to
admire
; and
of
other
men.
rank
or
even
the misanthrope
wealth,
to whom
his
this principle
YI.
The
This is a
is in many
desire
of
of
principle
Esteem
extensive
most
Approbation.
influence,and
worthyand useful
of human
character.
displays
Though inferior to
the highsense
itmay yet be conof moral obligation,
sidered
seeks
a laudable
principle,as when a man
the approbation
of others by deeds of benevolence,
or patriotism,
publicspirit,
by actions calculated to
instances
the
and
of
source
"
"
48
DESIRES.
munities
com-
In the
healthyexercise of
desires the approbationof the good ; in
it,a man
of it,he seeks merelythe praise
the distorted use
of
a
by deeds of a frivolous or even
party, perhaps,
vicious character,aims at the applauseof associates
whose praiseis worthless.
Accordingto the object
or
"
to which
itis directed,therefore,
the desire of bation
appromay be the attribute either of a virtuous or a
But it is a principle
which, in
pervertedmind.
in every well
general,we expect to find operating,
regulatedmind, under certain restrictions. Thus, a
who is totally
of character, that is,
man
regardless
of the opinion of all others respecting
his conduct,
we
commonly consider as a person lost to correct
"
virtuous
feeling.On
the other
men.
The
character
of
quality
to
course
man
which,
devoted
the
himself,
disapprobation
in which
the love of
is therefore modified
approbationis a ruling
principle
by the direction of it. To desire the approbation
of the virtuous leads to conduct
of
corresponding
in such conduct.
kind, and to steadiness and consistency
of the vicious,leads,
To seek the approbation
But there is
of course,
to an
oppositecharacter.
third modification, presenting
a
a
subjectof some
of the man
interest,in which the prevailing
principle
without any discrimination
is a generallove of approbation,
of the characters of those whose
praiseis
account
on
sought,or of the value of the qualities
a
50
DESIRES.
which
discrimination,
throughthe relations of society
referable to this principle
are
tions
ac; or, by how
many
which are not really
a man
wrong
may render
teem
despisedand ridiculous. The love of esis also of extensive influence
and approbation
himself
liable to the
The
desire of
Knowledge,or of Intellectual
of Curiosity.
the principle
Acquirement, including
The tendencyof this highprinciple
must
depend,as
VII.
"
in the former
to which
cases,
its regulation,
and
on
it is directed.
These
the objects
vary from
attainments
the idle tattle of the day,to the highest
in literature or
The
science.
may
principle
may
be
plied
ap-
of any
of
On
of them.
knowledge may
duties which
important
be
we
to
KNOWLEDGE
MORAL
"
we
are
placed. A
to
propensity
regulated
judgment conducts the
directs it in such
objects
; and
it most
make
useful
51
IMPROVEMENT.
thy
wor-
to
as
With
others.
to
manner
well-
such
due
the principle
vated
cultiregulations,
ought to be carefully
in the young.
It is closely
with
connected
of mind which seeks for knowledge on
that activity
that comes
within its reach, and which
every subject
its knowledge more
is ever
the watch
to make
on
and
correct
YIII.
more
The
leads to the
extensive
desire of Moral
higheststate
of
Improvement.
man
and
around
is connected.
The
the
and
he who
succeeds
The
desire
be misdirected
Even
the
to
knowledge may
he
to
his species.
praisemay
lent
leadingto inso-
one
few
misanthrope
;
manner,
same
exist in
scourge
of superiority
or of
in the
triumph on
be
may
individual
may
discontented
this
in every
beneficial influence
desire
become
it bears
men
of power
its gratification
is limited
but
many,
who fails may
This
be
the other.
on
abused, and
are
placedin circumstances in which it cannot
many
But the desire of moral improvement
be gratified.
and
both
him
happierand
the instrument
of
come
make
better man,
and
the possessor
to
der
ren-
diffusing
happinessand
within the reach of his
52
DESIRES.
influence.
If he be in
humble
sphere,theymay
station,these results
superior
extensively
; if he be in an
a
is the same,
and
elevate the character of
nature
consists,as
shall afterward
we
whole
intellectual and
moral
effort to have
every
moral
regulatedby
the
of the Divine
will.
which
to
occasion
in
system, and
desire and
It leads to
never
conduct
Emotions
of
uniformity
acter
char-
flow from
the
which have
to include
the
of
practice
been
the most
tioned
menbriefly
importantof those
more
now
are
bitual
ha-
an
can
seem
which
have
dition
con-
every affection
and
principle
by a sense
of every duty,and
active benevolence.
The
mental
more
the
and
This
man.
in an habitual recognition
particularly,
of conscience
the
over
authority
supreme
to show
of
more
There
which
principle
ought to be
of human
leadingpeculiarity
nature,
as
though it
be somewhat
difficult to determine
may
the class to which it belongs. This is the Desire
of Action,
"
it to
requiresome
be exercised,and
and
to
becomes
person
longsfor ease and
comphshed
without
miserable.
explainseveral
A
of mind, which
activity
objecton which its powers
the restless
must
which
On
facts which
are
accustomed
to
observation.
frequent
life of activity
his purpose,
leads
finds
himself
he has
ac-
wretched.
ACTION
"
REGULATION
OF
53
DESIRES.
unoccupiedare
referable to the same
principle.They arise,not
such occupationsreally
from any interest which
ment,
possess, but simplyfrom the desire of mental excitethe felicity
of havingsomethingto do. The
to those
pleasureof relaxation,indeed, is known
and interesting
employment.
only who have regular
The
"
relaxation
Continued
soon
becomes
weariness
assert, that
ground,we may safely
not to
greatestdegreeof real enjoymentbelongs,
and,
this
on
luxurious
the
to the middle
the
of wealth, or
man
fashion,but
condition which
mental
to lie in
great measure
we
constant
and
call Desire
appears
at the foundation of
moral condition,it is
character ; and, for a sound
jects
requiredthat the desires be directed to worthyob;
and
that the
be accommodated
each
of these
of
degree or strength
to
objects. If
worthyconduct
steadyand
break
from
uniform
relative value of
the desires
will be
manner.
these restraints of
are
to
likely
If theyare
reason
the desire
thus directed
follow in
allowed to
the man
is left at the mercy of unhallowed
principle,
which
and is hable to those irregularities
passion,
result from such a derangement of the
naturally
moral feelings.
If,indeed,we would see the evils produced
have
we
by desire,when not thus controlled,
onlyto look at the whole historyof humEmi kind.
What
accumulated
of
54
DESIRES.
in the
propensities,
various forms in which it degradesthe character of
evils springfrom
rational and moral beings. What
due
of
regulation
the
party, what
from
and
hatred, malignity
wretchedness
complicated
What
follows
revenge.
the train of
contempt of human
ambition,
"
countries
suffering,
Such
delugedwith blood.
fields
and
depopulated,
the
of
envy,
"
are
and
animal
worthyof
rigidcontrol
laws of
moral
forms, a
sensual
moral
directed
not
being,and
not
of conscience, and
to
jects
ob-
kept under
the immutable
in any of these
is allowed
selfish propensity
to
rectitude.
or
When,
son
pass the due boundary,which is fixed for it by reathe mental
and the moral principle,
harmony is
and
the judgment itself comes
even
destroyed,
of all
be impaired and distorted in that highest
after moral
the search
The
desires,indeed,
character,or
even
exist in
ill-regulated
yet restrained by various
a
to
contendingwith
morallyright,
be
pie within. But this cannot
of
moral
health.
This,
an
human
laws, a
gard
re-
of what
feeling
the vitiated princi
certain
is
healthycondition
quiries
in-
truth.
submission
as
"
may
is
to
considered
as
the
can
enforced
in the
often and so strikingly
so
principle
sacred writings, Keep thyheart v/ith all diligence,
"
because
are
out
of it are
the pure in
the issues
of life."
"
Blessed
Thus,
REGULATION
there
which
their
objects
purity
and
state,
is
of
moral
of
life, when
us
to
of
that
from
efforts
heart.
fully
are
high,
cannot
conviction
disclosed
there
is
capable
accomplish,
of
the
to
relation
in
thus
that
to
the
utmost
the
unfolding
forced
upon
this
and
light
look
object
however,
and
effecting
the
"
perfection
great
necessary,
by
taught
the
within,
"
failed
have
transient
unaided
attainment,
inadequacy,
is
Perfect
warfare
its
full
our
own
the
be
in
this
influence
higher
We
on
The
his
that
to
of
this
after
viewed
reason
aid.
is
truth.
total
human
is
For
his
felt
is
life
come.
feel
must
requisite
which
in
by
desire
though
being.
man
it is
to
reach
of
attained
be
habitual
this
of
lot
which
nature,
the
state
subservient
being,
is
efforts
to
and
earnest
which
the
not
moral
beyond
present
not
But,
efforts.
be
the
is
the
be
not
desires
are
sires
de-
are
should
they
there
and
elevate
should
in
attainment
moral
and
purify
to
though
even
there
and
folly,
are
by indulgence
tend
man
vice,
are
followed
that
which
desires
are
55
DESIRES.
OF
of
for
fluence
in-
revealed
a
what
purification
power
human
of
the
56
AFFECTIONS.
SECTION
THE
As
the Desires
AFFECTIONS.
calculated to
are
which
and
to
tificatio
grato
certain line of
of
original
principles
as
us
of these relations.
arises out
viewed
plantedin
bringsome
to
to be
II.
duct
con-
They
our
our
are
nature,
of
for wise purposes,
and the operation
is to be considered as distinct both from that of
them
us
the moral
own
"
ease,
either
of the
by
enced
health,or comfort,she is not influa
sense
of her
utility
within,which
and
course
of
duty,or by
any
feeling
which
of anxious
conduct
pulse
im-
in
stitution,
con-
lar
particu-
exertion by
protracted
the
have occasion
sequel.
to
refer to it more
in the
particularly
58
AFFECTIONS,
tion of
an
is matter
affection and
the moral
of
principle
; but this
The
sideration
importantcon-
alone.
speculation
to it is, that,in whatever
ner
manrelating
of justice
is a primaryand
it arises,the sense
moral
essential part of our
constitution,conveying
which
the distinct impressionof certain conduct
a
without regard to any
to his fellow-men,'
owes
man
considerations of a personalnature, and apart from
man.
all positive
enactments
or
laws, either divine or huThe
requirementsof justiceembrace certain
has an absolute right,
and
pointsin which every man
it is the absolute duty of every
in regard to which
These
other man
not to interfere with him.
rights
divided into three classes ; what
have usually
been
has any
I have a right
to possess, and what no
man
what I have a rightto do,
rightto take from me,
"
and
what
doing,
"
men,
no
what
and
has
man
what
I have
it is
any
title to
prevent
me
from
These
the actual
arrangements
of justiceare
great principles
combined
with others
or expecftency
merely from utility
calculated to promote the peace or the advantage
as
differ in different
These
of the community.
may
the
to be bindingwhen
countries, and they cease
which they rest are
enactments
on
abrogatedor
which
are
derived
59
JUSTICE.
changed.
laws
no
But
difference of
no
the
destroy,
can
placecan alter,and
essential requirementsof
justice.
In
these
Justice
word
is used
individual character
as
and
of
expressinga principle
it is in this
sense
that itis
and
heads
following
with
interfering
their
this
"
seems
to
to
attending
their freedom
be referable
to the
their interest,"not
of action,
"
preserving
"
"
"
60
AFFECTIONS.
(1.)Justice
is due
interests of others.
to
the persons,
This
and
property,
constitutes
or
Integrity
from
impliesabstaining
a conscientious
preserving
were
as,
our
of action of others.
is liable to
of action to
the
men.
This
certain restrictions :
his freedom
of other
to
constitutes
liberty
; but
uses
not
concerned,
in other
honourable
us
(2.) Justice requires
freedom
interest
own
as
when
the
a
sonal
per-
right
man
danger or injury
of justice
also
principles
may
to a certain extent,
a man's
surrendering,
recognise
his personalUberty,
pact,
by mutual and voluntarycomof servants, apprentices,
in the case
as
soldiers,
"c. ; but theyare opposedto slavery,
in which the
men.
The
individual concerned
is not
of
to the reputation
a regard
(3.)Justice enjoins
others.
This consists in avoidingevery thingthat
could be injurious
either by direct
to their good name,
or such insinuations as mightgive
evil-speaking,
61
JUSTICE.
them.
It must
or prejudice
against
suspicion
of such insinuations
extend a/so to the counteracting
in circumstanc
hear them made by others,especially
when
we
has no
in which
the individual injured
himself. It includes,further,
of defending
opportunity
do not deny to others, even
to rivals,
that we
any
due to them.
There
praiseor credit which is justly
consistent with
is,however, one modification,equally
the former of these rules is liable ;
to which
justice,
to
namely,that,in certain cases, we may be required
when
to an individual,
make
a statement
prejudicial
bent
duty to a third party or to the publicmakes itincumIn such a case, a person guided
to do so.
on
us
will go no farther than is actually
by the rules of justice
by the circumstances ; and will at all
required
of propagating
beware
times
to
a
report injurious
another,thoughhe should know it to be strictly
true,
unless he is called upon by special
nicate
duty to commurise to
it.
us
(4.)Justice requires
an
not
exercise the
fairness in
onlyto
avoid
of other men,
but to
opinion
of his character,without
biased by
or
his
passionor prejudice.This consists in estimating
conduct and motives with calmness
and impartiality
;
in regardto particular
ance
instances,making full allowfor the circumstances
in which he was
placed,
and the feelings
by which he was, or might be, at the
When
action admits
influenced.
time, naturally
an
of beingreferred to different motives,justice
consists
in takingthe more
favourable view, if we can do so
same
formingour
beingmisled
injuring
own
62
AFFECTIONS.
favourable
more
When
viewed
to
others,and
in this manner,
which
to
we
may
often
rise to emotions
perceive,
of
displeasure,
warranted by some
to us, was
as
fully
injurious
conduct on our
own
required
by some
part,or was
higherduty which the individual owed to another.
that conduct
(5.) Justice
and
opinions
gave
is to be exercised in
statements
of others.
judgingof
This
the
constitutes
and
It consists in
statements
of others, in all
"
cases
to be
6^
JUSTICE.
solicitous to
l;^
chiefly
of
containing
perhapsmuch error
anxiouslyto discover and separate what
fallacy,
character,
mixed
and
been
remarked, that a
accordingly
and minute and rigid
criticism,
disputation,
It has
is true.
for acute
turn
contracted
and
understandings
mind ; and that the most enlarged
prejudiced
ments
are
always the most indulgentto the statecover
of others, their leadingobjectbeingto dis"
truth.
of others ; and
(6.) Justice is due to the feelings
which do not affect
circumstances
this applies
to many
either their interest
them
injuring
in any
we
good opinion,
to wound
as
of
extreme
an
their reputation.Without
or
delicacy,which,
in this respect,are
tenderness.
honest
least
and
find,however,
uprightminds,
approachto
attention
may
who
of
rect
cor-
suitable
persons
of
would
real
to
manner
as
to
wound
the
lower
The
they intended kindness.
to what is called
pertain
degreesof this principle
mere
which
good-breeding,
individual
to
whom
has
the
been
nevolence
defined "be-
higherdegrees may
restrain from conduct which, without any real injury,
inflictspermanent pain. To this head we may perhaps
also refer a due regardto the estimate which we
in trifles;" but
64
AFFECTIONS.
lead
on
flattery
indeed
of himself.
to form
man
This is
opposedto
the
one
hand,
is also to
be
and
on
considered
as
violation of
veracity.
(7.) While, upon
the
men.
human
know
form
no
men
who
have
more
belongs
power,
but it
in situations of
66
AFFECTIONS.
degreesof suffering,
theytend continually
is but the infancy
that the present scene
to remind
us
thus conof our existence," that the beingswhom
template
we
the children of the same
are
Almighty
the same
Father with ourselves, inheriting
nature,
and
to enter
soon
feelings,
possessedof the same
forms and
upon
tions
another state of existence, when allthe distincwhich are to be found in this world shall cease
They
for ever.
of self-love,and
power
us
the
from
the
deludinginfluence
views
to raise our
habitually
; and
present things
of
to
The
us.
due
considered
to be
properly
of moral approbation,
but rather as a proas a source
cess
of moral culture.
They may enable us in some
degreeto benefit others, but their chief benefit is to
ourselves.
them, we both incur much
By neglecting
of
ourselves of an important
and deprive
means
guilt,
sides
improvement. The diligentexercise of them, beis accomof moral advantage,
panied
beinga source
with a degree of mental enjoyment which
therefore,is not
view
which
we
an
occasion
The
of merit.
to refer
in this part of
Creator
kind,which
important
appears to be
take of the arrangement
It is calculated to correct
constitution.
of
ought to
by the
established
our
Such
reward.
more
To
affectionsas
this
conceptio
mis-
considers the
a
possessing
subjectwe
shall have
in the sequel.
particularly
treated of,under
briefly
affections may
nearly the
same
heads
be
as
COMPASSION
AND
67
BENEVOLENCE.
referred to when
those
justice
; keeping in
the principle
of
considering
mind
that theylead to greater
greatersacrifice of self-love
the
often demand
than is included
requirementsof justice. On
mere
hand, benevolence
is not
the
exercised
to be
under
other
the
at
pense
ex-
of
be the case
if a man
justice
; as would
found
distress by expedients
which
were
relieving
of withholding
involve the necessity
the payment of
of
justdebts, or imply the neglector infringement
to another.
some
duty which he owes
of them, in many
exercise
instances,calls for
personal interest,and, in
sacrifice of
decided
by
personalexertion.
mental
way
exercise which
others,and, by
of the conduct
into
us
due
any,
The
degreemuch
sacrifice
useful to others,
kindness.
in
them
extensive
form
those
of
subjectwould
for
our
who
in which
that which
respective
our
often
present
have
The
the
benevolence
requiresthe
personalcomfort
or
affection may
be exercised
higherin itself,and oflen much
same
that
in the situation of
details of this
easy
and
gratified,
least,if
love.
to
us
field too
is the most
means,
be
placesus
Pecuniary aid, by
purpose.
can
by
The
a
duty, alongwith
circumstances.
lead
of these sacrifices,
to the
proper measure
of moral
the highprinciple
our
We
selfin
more
68
AFFECTIONS.
of the individual,may
mockery of
present a mere
in the
latter,even
; while the
mercy
of life,often exhibit the
usefulness
that
seeks
; but
themselves
and
the
human
This
deprivedof
when
out
an
character.
only
not
active
occasions
is dispensed
present
for itself,
opportunities
of its natural
feels in want
waiks
of
brightest
displays
adorn
can
lowest
and
objecton
cise
healthyexer-
which
it may
be
bestowed.
(2.) Benevolence
is to be exercised
towards
the
of others.
This consists, not only in
reputation
tions
avoidingany injuryto their characters,but in exerof others,
the injustice
to protectthem against
the course
to check
to correct misrepresentations,
"
"
of slander,
"
and
to obviate
would
the
even
and
who
disturb
fore,
theredepartment,
assumed
(3.) Benevolence
character
these have
and
been
the
is to be exercised
conduct
in
attitude of hatred
of others ;
to
opposition
towards
venge*
re-
the
when
especially
personalinterest
duct
viewingtheir conand forbearance, assigning
with indulgence
the
jaoLQstfavourable motives, and making every allowor
self-love.
This
consists
our
and
in
COMPASSION
69
BENEVOLENCE.
AND
ance
"
men.
(4.) Benevolence
feeUngsof
others ; and
in which
to
applies
It includes
kindlyaffections
influence
this
exercised
is concerned.
the
is to be
which
our
those
produce
social and
nor
so
towards
the
tions
situamany
their character
exercises
of
powerfulan
life,but which
delineate.
it is
It comprehends
intercourse with
to belong to our
peculiarly
anxious
inferiors and dependants. Its must
cise
exerbut it extends
may often relate merely to trifles,
seems
to innumerable
circumstances
in which
we
may
render
sur-
own
"
"
70
AFFECTIONS.
consists
and
kindness
gentleness,
often depends our
and
that
these
on
influence upon
and
of others,in
happiness
any
deeds
courtesy,
sitions
dispo-
the comfort
greater degreethan
on
of actual beneficence.
vice.
This prevents
satisfaction from
moral
contribute
advantage,as
from
to
our
the misconduct
also that
from
us
deriving
though it should
might often happen
evil, even
of rivals
highestspeciesof
enemies.
or
usefulness
It imphes
which
aims at
vicious.
also seek
This
exalted
the
to extend
benevolence
of
light
and
darkness;
will therefore
looks
anxiouslyfor
the
shall
periodwhen the knowledge of Christianity
and put an end to the horrors
dispelevery false faith,
of
superstition.
III.
In
our
we
which
we
VERACITY.
mental
city,
impressionsrelatingto verahave a striking
illustration of the manner
in
stincti
inas
relyon this class of moral feelings,
own
in the constitution
confidence
60
much
of the
in the
of the mind.
of
veracity
knowledge on
mankind
which
we
On
tain
cer-
is founded
constantly
71
VERACITY.
the naturalist,or
regardto
often
we
the most
proceed on
of
events
common
confidence
in
Even
astronomer.
a
in the
singleday,
of
veracity
There
of individuals.
is,indeed, a
variety
natural tendencyto truth in all men,
unless when this
is overcome
principle
by some
strong selfish purpose
to be answered
by departingfrom it: and there is
an
equallystrong tendency to relyon the veracity
of others,until we
have learned certain cautions by
actual experience of mankind.
dren
Hence, chilour
and inexperienced
imposed
easily
persons are
and the most pracstatements
:
upon by unfounded
tised
he
of those whom
liar confides in the credulity
lectual
When
of the inteltreating
attempts to deceive.
a
great
the
in another work, I considered
powers
in human
which regulateour confidence
principles
view
we
it as
individual character.
in
correctness
them,
"
fulfilment of
moral
emotion, or
These
"
and
truth of purpose,
in
"
in
lating
re-
in the
fidelity
promises.
element
(1.) An important
ness
three,
accuracy
or
of
branch
to be
appear
facts,
ascertaining
facts.
ascertaining
of
is coiTcctveracity
This is essential
to
the
72
AFFECTIONS.
love
of truth.
anxious
we
true
as
requiresus
asserted is of
statement
are
to
respectingevery
care
receive
It
nature
on
on
authority
which
we
can
which
we
such, until
which
it is
fully
rely,
attention
and
disputation,
ingenious
at
variance
to
from
with it.
The
same
are
the art
is often found
directly
is appliprinciple
cable
derived
as
deductions
to
us
of
which
are
calculated to overturn
them.
dence
the evion
receptionof truth,especially
of testimony,we
acquireby experiencea
times
degreeof caution, arisingfrom having been someIn minds of a certain description,
deceived.
this may
be allowed to produce a suspicion
with
regard to all evidence, ^inother words, skepticism.
In the
"
74
AFFECTIONS,
occurred
only in
of
one
individual
an
for
the
in which
placed. Events
to be
time
togetherwhich
from
which
of course,
are,
of
sources
"
Several
be illustrated
of
venality
the
"
after
an
on
the
when
moment
true.
strictly
endeavours
have
minister
that
will
times, when
to
be resumed
that members
course,
that,
probable,
occurred
entered,
at
the
that the
so
"
to
the anecdote
false
the
will serve
he
meaning
"
connexion
certain
or
"
which
fallacy
namely,
has resented
repof Commons
of the traveller
statement
of
ludicrous
It is very
their seats.
occasion,this may
some
to commence,
"
take
is
at
interval, meaning,of
to
were
about
was
that
It may be true
the house
round
places."
gone
business
by
such, that,whenever
the house, there
enters
has
clusions
con-
of these
the Continent
to be
crown
at
traveller from
example.
seen
be connected
may
unfounded.
fallacy
may
single
happened
and
disjoined,
entirely
were
deduced
he
acter
char-
accounted
and
disposition,
the circumstances
by
known, might be
were
his real
opposedto
to be
from
be assumed
may
The
instances.
two
or
as
cause
as
and
uniform
which
gives to
the
entrance
conduct
of
an
of the
and
instance.
In the same
particular
may
appear, that a false impression
the
respecting
the word
the
representing
in
happened to occur
effect,
"
to illustrate;
manner
it
conveyed
individual, by assignbe
"
75
VERACITY.
necting
imaginary, by coning motives which are entirely
which
have no relation, by
thingstogether
which
would
keeping out of view circumstances
afford an explanation
of his conduct,
or
palliation
different meaning
to his words
or
a
by attacliing
from tliat which
he intended
to convey
by them.
The
common
saying that there are two ways of
a
telling
story does not therefore refer to what is
called fabrication or falsehood ; but
to be
strictly
of circumstances
to those distortions or colourings
in themselves, have the effect
which, however slight
of essentially
of the whole.
changing the impression
To veracity,
also
under
this department,
are
we
of givingto others an honest and
to refer the rule
fair impressionof our views, motives, and intentions.
This is sincerity.
that
It is opposed to hypocrisy,
in which
character
a
unworthy displayof human
his real sentiments,and, on the contrary,
man
disguises
which he neither feels nor
principles
professes
of promotinghis
values, merely for the purpose
Such a character exhibits a singuselfish interests.
lar
of moral
combination
delinquencies.It is
"
"
"
"
founded
on
the
lowest
includes
and
selfishness,
their proper
tendencies,while there is a
is also
denial of their influence.
Sincerity
to
own
or
character.
to
It is
false
pressio
im-
towards
feelings
form
opposed
double-dealing,
by which
man
practical
opposed
false estimate
cerity
also to insin-
man,
for certain
76
AFFECTIONS.
towards
another
purposes, professessentiments
which he does not feel,or intentions which he does
not
entertain.
third element
(3.) The
is
veracity
of
Truth
of
himself
sacred
"
"
he sweareth
his
to
own
hurt," says
IV.
These
FRIENDSHIP,
AND
LOVE,
GRATITUDE.
nearlyalHed,that,in this
they may be taken together. They
slight
analysis,
consist in a personaland peculiarattachment to an
in
individual,founded either upon some
qualities
aflTectionsare
himself,or
or
on
some
and
feelings
with
benefits he
some
one
so
in whom
conduct
those
we
are
to which
referred
has conferred
to
interested.
on
us,
The
pond
theygiverise corresthe preceding
under
stances
inaffections,with this difference,that, in many
they lead to a much greater sacrifice of
77
PATRIOTISM.
"
"
"
"
"
whom
love.
we
In
ercising
ex-
in the
we
simplelove and friendship,
rejoice
advantageand happinessof the object, thoughthey
should be accomplished
by others, but,in exercising
"
"
we
gratitude,
in
are
V.
Patriotism
as
rather
as
distinct
properlyto
of
principle
a
nature;
our
by
sidered
con-
but
of the other
combination
us,
be
every
and the
means
in
our
of
promote the peace
prosperity
to the utmost
of
country, and to discourage,
whatever tends to the contrary. Every
ability,
power,
our
efiected
PATRIOTISM.
is, perhaps,not
It leads
theybe
ourselves.
the result of
affections.
our
satisfiedunless
by
measure
some
not
member
power
to
"
of the
community
in this respect. He
has
may
G2
something in
set
an
his
example,in
78
AFFECTIONS.
his
own
submission
respectful
He
may
to
sow
to
try.
coun-
oppose
among
tumult, or discord.
He
may
and
oppose
of the state ;
in the execution
he
publicjustice. Finally,
the knowledge
may zealouslyexert himself in increasing
and improvingthe moral habits of the people,
of the most importantmeans
two
by which the
and
"
conscientious
in any
man,
conferringa high
and
rank
of life,
may
permanent benefit
aid in
on
his
country.
VI.
THE
DOMESTIC
AFFECTIONS.
"
"
These
and
the
ties of
call forth,in
brothers
and
sisters.
"
exertions
the mutual
who
the highest
relation implies
duty. The parental
sible
poswhich studies the advantage
degreeof that feeling
of the objectof our care,
the promotionof his
"
DOMESTIC
THE
79
AFFECTIONS.
happiness,the improvementof
"
of his habits ;
the development
"
watching over
an
as
intellectual and
"
"
togetherthe
than
heaven,"
and
how
rightexercise
mutual
cultivation.
the
as,
son
of all
of his anxious
those which
domestic
and
affections,
how
are
The
of them
father
earthly
concerns,
care
and
of each
should
tends
other,
to
their
ought to consider
the highest
object
watch
over
the developme
feelings.In
the zealous
tion
prosecu-
of
feeling
solemn
sprang,
and
as
his
80
AFFECTIONS.
safest
friend.
If
relation
extend
we
the
between
the
earthly
principlesto the
the daughter,they
same
m.other
valued
most
and
with
equal, or even
greater force.
arrangements of society,these are thrown more
apply
into each
other's
company
be
superintendence may
exercised, which, along with
the intellectual and
cultivating
not
those
the
to
instruction
female
alone
actual
that, in such
by
great
habitually
being,neglects
which
belong peculiarly
It is not
by direct
moral
domestic
circle, the
nature
our
It is
of the young.
life which
every
is to
together by
from
were,
sanctuary
the
attention
proper
of mutual
the
tumults
wanderer
thus
affection
met
and
of
anticipation
of life
are
principlescan
these
the
over,
domestic
come.
haunts
where
When
enter.
are
the
by
themselves, and a
principles
recognitionof their supreme
importance ;
parental conduct, steadilymanifestingthe
of
concern
of the
the
stantly
con-
ful
that watch-
more
of
feelings
best
in the minds
exhibition
uniform
it is
the
character.
and
highestprinciples
cultivated
still
delicacies
and
graces
and
the
In
of
men,
storms
and
of
the
togetherin
mutual
to
their
comforts
relates
to
society
it
retire,as
retreat
world
within
cannot
the
interchange
confidence, they present
that
the
no
82
AFFECTIONS,
for
candour
offered
to
we
ourselves,
and
led
proper
the circumstances
and
The
offence.
the
the
make
to
not
deeply injuries
too
feelingsof others,
for the
allowance
to feel
apt
are
higher
usually go
degrees, indeed, of these tendencies
together, they who are most susceptibleof ofl^ences,
irritable under them, being generallyleast
and
most
which
to
"
inchned
make
to
all cases,
for others.
allowances
Hence,
in
disapprobationof personalvengeance,
our
hands
taking the law into his own
; and
our
perfectsympathy with the protectors of the public
case
a
they dispassionatelyinvestigate
peace, when
to the real
of injury,
and calmly adapt their measures
of the
the protection
objectto be attained by them,
public.
or
of
man
"
defensive
The
affections
when
manner
exercised
are
they
in
an
allowed
are
warranted
un-
be
to
causes
they are, in degree,
by trifling
; when
disproportionedto the offence, or prolonged in a
it did not
which
they
manner
require; and when
excited
lead, in any
exercise
sound
which
irascibility
agent,
"
do
to
not
takes
fire
dispositionto
warrant
the
sequences
resentment
it, and,
"
passed
on
intentions
on
to
he
was
of
that
occasions
and
or
the
placed,
which
all occasions, to
the offence
over.
The
revenge.
trivial occasions,
in which
feelingafter
have
on
of the
the circumstances
or
or
consideration
due
without
of
retaliation
to
measure,
all its
bouring
harcon-
83
ATTENTION.
OF
INFLUENCE
"
with
of Attention, combined
certain act of
mate
Imagination,the influence of Habit,^and the estiwhich the
of the feeliiig
of Moral Approbation
exercise of the affections is calculated to produce.
"
most
a
every exercise of the affections,
influence is produced by Attention,
aided
important
I. In
imagination.This consists in
and habitually
the mind intensely
to all the
directing
considerations
which ought to guide us in the particular
by
certain act of
relation to which
us
with
which
is the exercise of
do
to
who
one
from
the affections,
but studies
which
searches
the
exercised,and
to be
their
with
feelings
who
show
when
before
which
want
no
an
them,
would
tions
emo-
to them.
to follow the
that
satisfied with
they
the
arise
which
the requireintensely
ments
situation,
particular
individuals towards whom
theyought
attach
out
us
he would
as
the duties
of
discharge
merely decent
wishes
is not
He
him.
due from
are
their feel-
others,and,
to
selfish,
interest,
almost
personal,
kind of
enter
mgs
in the situation of
placeourselves
to
It leads
to
his
enters
minute
of
and
friendly
individual
are
"
case
is
benevolent
and
Many
tion,
affec-
stronglybrought
of exercise
to
find their
84
AFFECTIONS.
way
to that correct
exercise
of moral discipline.
Such
belongsto a scene
really
exercise is adaptedto every situation in life,
and
an
tends to guard a man, in his various relations,
against
which
the hinderances
inattention
are
to the
of
feelings
This
mental
the benevolent
called
as
and
them
discharging
peculiar
with due
exercise of extensive
affections constitutes
It is
regard
to
application
what is usually
of
composed
self-love,by which
it were,
act
an
of imagination
transfer
we
conduct
therebyregulateour
is however
of his
pure
others.
Sympathy.
and
and
indolence,self-love,
selves,
our-
men,
them.
It
of
keptin mind that the principle
thus brought into action, is the test, not
self-love,
This is a pointon which
the rule,of our conduct.
there has been much
;
vague and useless speculation
have
to the distinction,
and, from not attending
some
referred our
ideas of benevolence
entirelyto the
of selfishness. Such discussions are equally
principle
and are to be placedon a
and unprofitable,
unsound
with the speculations
of the scholastic logic,
footing
which we
look back upon merelyas matters
of
now
of self-love in
The application
historicalcuriosity.
which
the manner
has been
referred to is chiefly
useful in enabling
the facts of
to appreciate
us
fully
to be
as
we
The
this,and
would
rule of
rests
on
do
our
if we
conduct
those
our
moral
constitution.
In
is
sonally
per-
quite
fundamental
of justice
and compassionwhich
principles
part of
were
the
form
practical
INTLUENCE
85
ATTENTION.
OF
me,
him
what
and
"
I would
I in his circumstances
were
It is not
those which
are
due
arises from
of the
regulation
this wholesome
It is
and
moral
expect from
he
in mine
state
of mental
culture to
the mind
pline.
disci-
itself,
important
which
"
There
is another
derived
advantages
consists
under
may
the affections.
bringbefore
all the
When
the
taken
of the
which
discipline
relations included
exercised,it
habitually
stances
mind importantcircum-
an
in attention to
often
stillto be
view
our
moral
88
AFFECTIONS.
impulseis communicated
by the thotight
that the present Ufe is but the infancyof their being;
is to train
and
that his chief and
highestconcern
them
for immortaUty. A similar impulsemust
be
when
he considers
that
given to the philanthropist,
what
new
like
share his
benevolent
himself, passingthrougha
attentions
of discipline,
scene
Amid
man.
splendourof power,
to every
feelingof
estimate
new
the
pride of
of the condition
wealth
and
the
he may mourn
over
a beinglost
his highdestiny;and, by the
death-bed
and
a
fering,
suf-
purified
spirit
risingto immortality.
II. Next
Habit.
to
This
nature,
by
is founded
which
remarkable
The
weaker
the
of
oftener
upon
of
principle
our
tween
relation exists be-
tendencyof
all emotions
arise out
is to become
acutelyfelt
experienced.The tendency
to
or
by repetition,
they are
actions,again,as
I have
shown
be less
when
of
treating
mFLUENCE
easier
so
"
attention
continued
and almost
effort,
affection
87
HABIT.
OF
by repetition,-
close and
at firstrequire
to
come
be
performedwithout
Now
v/ithout consciousness.
of
consists
properly
leadingto
emotion
an
an
less
becomes
easier and
wretchedness,
or
an
inexperienced
life has
whose
and
acutely felt
familiar.
more
action
Thus,
comes
be-
of
scene
been
of the latter as
condition
the
observer
superficial
as
one
to
deeds
of mercy
;
consider the
is apt to
of insensibility,
duced
pro-
with scenes
of distress.
It is,
by familiarity
the contrary,that healtliy
and natural progress
on
is gradually
of the mind, in which the emotion
diminish
in force as it is followed by its proper
of feehngis
actions, that is,as the mere
intensity
exchanged for the habit of active benevolence.
But that this may
take place in the sound
and
the emotion must
lowed
folbe steadily
healthymanner,
by the action which belongsto it. If this be
the harmony of the moral
is
neglected,
process
and, as the emotion becomes
weakened,
destroyed,
itis succeeded
ness.
selfishor barren
by cold insensibility
"
This
are
two
is
subjectof
conclusions
much
which
sorrow,
as
affections.
The
effects of fictitiousscenes
on
represented
of
of
88
AFFECTIONS
fancy.
The
that which
is
evil
has
produced
been
these appears to be
referred to ; the emotion
the
correspondingaction, and
from
arising
now
without
is
the consequence
hkelyto
sentimentalism,instead
the
cultivating
we
of
affections.
benevolent
should
be
sound
The
benevolent
careful
be
cold
and
useless
cultivation of the
second
is, that, in
"
to
should
we
measure,
from
theywill
afterward
characters
of the
at
first
even
givingyoung
find
so
abstain, in
persons
the
great
cautions
the
requisite
respecting
"
human
affections.
when
90
AFFECTIONS
pose in
moral
our
economy
in our
the
answer
appetites
of hunger, for
appetite
which
could
supplyof nourishment, in a manner
have been provided
for by any process of reasoning
never
exercise of reason
is stillapplicable
; though an
it a certain regulation
and
to preserving
over
control.
the various feelings
In the same
manner,
of
moral
our
have
nature
each
defined
to
purpose
answer,
and
our
due
exercise
not
is
of them
to
the claim
assume
of merit.
He
certain arrangement,
he is himself to derive benefit,as a being
from which
seeks
and
some
to
own
such
and
his
punishmentin
with which
Much
a
barren
selfishness,
interest,
or
gratification
sense,
aversion
his fellow-men.
attaches
cold
only his
indeed,in
contempt
of
more
principles
given him
for his
he is viewed
than
character ; he
by
this,however,
has
violated
guidance in
his sound
the
the
the social
condition
as
MORAL
moral
APPROBATION
DUE
being ;
Governor,
righteous
whose
is intended
lower
world
means
follows,that the
the
manner
TO
in
guilt
the eye of a
order of this
will the
But
obey.
to
91
THEM.
it
by
no
tain
performsin a cerand
friendship,
justice,
who
man
relations of
constituted
as
exercise
the
generalharmony
them.
An
may
extensive
go
on
that
or
principle,
the
ercise
ex-
reciprocal
other men,
and in
of societywhich
results from
by
without
the
of
recognition
state of mind
which
the moral
feels
habitually
the
are
not
entitled to
"
"
them
even
which
love your
enemies
; bless
them
have
"
ye ? do
I say
that
curse
not
unto
you,
you, do
92
affections:
Thus
resentment
the dread
acts
as
check
tice
injus-
upon
of
exciting
anger in others has
probablyan influence,in preservingthe peace and
often ascribe to a
of society,
which we
harmonies
higherprinciple.In regard to the affections more
benevolent,these are also influenced,in a
strictly
similar manner,
by the feelingof disapprobation
which attends any remarkable
departurefrom their
requirements.When we keep in mind, along with
; and
the
this consideration,
manner
in which
all
men
are
one
of compensaprinciple
tion,
tending to promote in it a certain degreeof
for example,
harmony. This is remarkably illustrated,
of disapprobation
which
in the general
feeling
and to violation of filial
is attached to ingratitude,
affection or parental
to any marked
duty, and even
calls of humanity. On the
neglectof the common
other hand, we
is
to keep in mind, that a man
are
considered as in the lowest state of human
universally
nature
who, in these respects, has become
less
regardthe moral
system
of character,
"
which
In
we
are
his conduct
regardto
beautiful
is viewed
by
estimation
his fellow-men.
further to remember
the
with
the
deep and
desires,
extensive
feelings
; the
affections
are
whose
whose
DUE
OF
REGULATION
93
THEM.
desires
are
"
\)f,
"
is slow to take
but views
offence, seeks
no
"
distinction,
"
itself with
and
others with candour,
humility,
benevolence, and indulgence. Such a disposition
makes
the man
happy in himself,and a source
of happiness
On the
and peace to all around him.
other hand, what an unceasingsource
of mental
quiet
disand turbulence is the opposite
disposition,
jealous,envious, and censorious, ready to take
"
"
offence
at
occurrences
and
trifles,
often
into intended
and
'"
to
construe
incidental
premeditatedinsults,
constructions
upon the
to surround
continually
itselfwith
yi
AFFECTIONS
of
ture
and
peace
moral
our
connected
nature, has
happinesswith
of
state
own
feeUngcalculated
to
We
us.
different
cannot
hand,
we
would
how
observe
must
of moral
ings
present if such feel-
and,
much
of the
arises from
find
also, by innumerable
ment
derange-
influence
produced,by
examples,the
due
in alleviatmg,
both
feelings,
evils which are
others, the physical
from
actual
of these
and
the other
on
and
feeling,
remarkable
at
cultivated
universally
misery that
We
be
the world
scene
were
as
our
cultivation
in ourselves
inseparable
"
:;
what
we
appear, we
he is."
as
shall be ; but
shall be
like
we
know
him, for
that when
we
shall
he shall
see
him
REGULATION
DVE
is there
95
THEM.
OF
the
as
uniformlyrepresented
great
test of
the moral
most
which
not
are
of the whole
conclude
this lation
regufore,
cannot, there-
accompaniedby
We
character.
tliis subjectin
appropriate
more
manner
laid before
us
with
naught all
clearness
human
and
force
composition:
which
Though I
and of angels,
and
speakwith the tongues of men
become
I am
have not charity,
as
sounding brass,
or
a tinkling
cymbal. And thoughI have the gift
all mysteries,
and understand
of prophecy,
and all
knowledge; and though I have all faith,so that I
I am
could remove
mountains, and have not charity,
nothing. And though I bestow all my goods to
feed the poor, and though I give my
body to be
it profiteth
burned, and have not charity,
me
nothing.
CharitysufFereth long,and is kind ; charityenvieth
vaunteth not itself,
is not puffed
not ; charity
up, doth
itselfunseemly,seeketh not her own, is
not behave
not easily
not in
provoked,thinketh no evil : rejoiceth
in the truth ; beareth all things,
but rejoiceth
iniquity,
believeth all things,
hopethall things,endureth all
faileth: but whether
there
things. Charitynever
be prophecies,
they shall fail; whether there be
ledge,
there be knowtongues,theyshall cease
; whether
put
and
to
we
is come,
perfect
done
away.
then
TMien
For
But
that which
I
was
we
when
"
know
in
part,
that which
is
is in part shall be
child,I spake as a
96
SELF-LOVE.
child,I understood
as
but
when
I became
things. For
now
a
we
even
child,I thoughtas
as
man
child :
childish
put away
througha glass,darkly;
see
I know
now
also I
am
these
faith,hope, charity,
SECTION
III.
SELF-LOVE.
has
There
term
as
to
been
the
disputerespecting
both as to its generalpropriety,
Self-love,
and
the mental feelings
which ought to be referred
to it.
There
can
be
some
no
doubt
our
which leads us
constitution,
a principle
or propensity
to studyour
and comown
interest,
fort
gratification,
the
instances,it becomes
; and that,in many
of the character.
It is in this sense
ruUng principle
that I use
the term
without enteringinto
self-love,
the strict logical
propriety
any discussion regarding
of it. Like the other mental
it is to be
feelings,
considered
as
part of
to answer
kept in
our
moral
and calculated
constitution,
importantpurposes, provideditbe
place,and do not encroach upon
its proper
the duties and affections which
men.
When
thus
we
owe
to
other
itconstitutes prudence.
regulated,
98
SELF-LOVE.
whole
"
"
those
"
esteem
be
feel to
we
valuable,
other
the
mental
shame
and
conduct,
"
good
follow
is much
a
other
men.
in mind
arise from
the
"
of
return
sense
the
lousy,
jeaof
certain line of
often arises
of our
disapprobation
purely
fellow-
"
avoided
keep
resentment,
disgracewhich
and
to
distraction which
hatred, and
the
offices from
have
we
contempt and
the
men.
of
and
agony
envy,
from
hand,
and
"
"
much
must
likewise
one,
that among
and
severe
more
accord
permanent
nature.
the circumstances
and
which
It
of every
most
quently
fre-
"
peace
99
SELF-LOVE.
premature
death.
To
the
run
risk of
such
sequences
con-
of a present appetite
gratification
is clearlyopposed to the dictates of a
or
passion,
shown
sound
self-love,as has been distinctly
by
Bishop Butler ; and when, in such a case, self-love
we
an
perceive it
appetiteor passion,
prevailsover
in the moral sysprinciple
operatingas a regulating
tem.
It does so, indeed, merely by the impression,
is conthat a certain regulation'
of the moral feelings
ducive
to our
true and
own
present happiness; and
thus shows
of compensation
wonderful
a
power
these
referable
entirelyto this
feelings,
among
But it is quitedistinct from the great prinsource.
ciple
for the
of conscience, which
line of conduct
on
the
duty,apart from
moral
nature
motives
"
which
than those
directs
us
to
certain
of
pure and high principle
of a perall considerations
sonal
leads
which
man
result
to act upon
from
the
nobler
most
fined
re-
when
in the smallest
these interfere,
personalfeeUngs,
tinction
degree,with the requirements of duty. This disI conceive to be of the utmost
portance
impractical
it shows
a
principleof regulation
; as
the moral
feelingsthemselves, by which a
among
certain exercise
which
manner
harmonies
any
can
of
of the affections
contributes
in
is carried
on
high degree to
in
the
100
SELF-LOVE.
then, leads
Self-love,
and
to
seek
our
directly
affections
The
and
feelings,
consider
other
and
men
to consult
us
the
to
us
allow
advantage and
certain
ings,
feel-
own
interest and
own
lead
our
balance
piness
hap-
for the
of
comfort
between
these
which
others.
interferes
We
have
referable to the
even
to
should
sound
be
the
duties
formerlyalluded
the means,
of the affections,and
due
exercise
and
prevented. When
appeal is to conscience
of individual
cases
to
owe
we
to
in part
the
sufficient,
reference
with
is made
or
this
are
not
distinct
to the
great
of moral rectitude.
We
find,accordingly,
principle
this principlecalled into action when
has
a
man
become
sensible of important defects in his moral
has long
habits.
who
Thus, we
see
a man,
may
that
given way to a peevishor irascible disposition,
without
is,to selfish actingupon his own
feelings,
due regard to the feelings
of others,setting
himself
the score
with this propensityupon
of
to contend
moral duty ; while another,of a placiddisposition,
into action for
has no need of bringingthe principle
such
who
under
has
purpose.
In the
indulgeda
cold contracted
the influence
deeds
of the
of benevolence
perceivethat
the moral
same
same
manner,
person
selfishness may,
great principle,
form
per-
and kindness.
or
principle
sense
Thus
of
we
duty,
101
SELF-LOVE.
control
calculated to
harmony
proper
ol' acitiori,
^KiptiyQ
'i^^
regulating
the
it is made
when
self-love,and
it and
between
the
preserve
aifections.
of self-love becomes
deranged
principle
it leads to those habits
in its exercise and objects,
in a way
by which a man seeks his own gratification
When
the
which
he may
"
do
whether
by
love of fame
be
may
Even
be
of
to
knowledge
the
assume
deeds of benevolence
and
of
approbation
"
itself
ter.
charac-
same
kindness
principle,as when
only the applauseof
this
actions, seeks
the
of
pursuit
the desire
and
performedon
such
or
undue
an
indulgedas
so
This
men.
may
man,
the
from
certain individuals,
by
public,
whom,
what
to
who
we
call disinterested
conduct,
to
"
him
does
exalted
circumstances
motive,
"
or
which
when
exclude
Such
and obviously
opposedto them.
strongly
conduct
the cordial approbationof all
commands
classes of men
to remark
how, in
; and it is striking
the highest
of such a character that fancy
conception
met
are
delineate,we
can
by the sublime morality
of the sacred writings,
impressed upon us by the
are
"
12
is the
bless
102
SELF-LOVE.
tlie?ii.''th'At
'curse,
you,
and
and
"
persecute
to
rain
on
will
be
of
rise
;"
for
them
is
the
evil
and
the
just
my
disciple,"
Christianity,
"
let
to
which
that
which
on
good
"
you
Father
your
sun
pray
do
you
ye
in
the
on
says
him
be
may
;
the
on
the
for
deny
he
good,
unjust."
the
that
despitefully
heaven
and
them
same
himself,"
you
children
of
maketh
his
and
"
use
hate
If
great
sendeth
any
man
Author
PART
OF
Will,
THE
WILL.
which
act
and
The
actions thus
restraint
or
tain
cer-
it be
producedarise out
emotions
prevented
by physicalinabiUty
by external
perform it.
will
we
mind
of
state
or
either
to
11.
of the mental
"
of the affections
the
to
Then
the next
ourselves
desire, shall
"
the
we
mental
ing
act, accord-
mind, is
reflecting
question, shall we gratify
of
regular course
proposingto
the
"
exercise
the
affection]
considerations,or inducements,
in favour
of
"
the desire
gratifying
affection,others opposed to it.
to weigh the relative force
some
or
We
of which
are
the
exercising
therefore proceed
of these
opposing
104
THE
motives,with the
shall allow
we
lengthmake
up
view
to
WILL.
of
which
determining
regulaleour decision.
mind
our
this,and
on
of them
We
at
resolve,we
intervene
case,
class of
these
between
such
the volition,
the mind
act upon
which, in
operations
as
moral
causes
of its volitions ;
of
usuallycalled motives, Or principles
action.
When
of this subjectas a branch
treating
of the philosophy
of the intellectual powers, I endeavoured
the grounds on which we believe
to show
are
that there
which
facts,truths,motives, or moral
are
have
tendencythus
to
causes
influence the
minations
deter-
similar to
uniformity
that which we
observe in the operationof physical
For the due operation
of moral causes,
causes.
indeed, certain circumstances
are
requiredin the
individual on whom
they are expected to operate,
and without these theymay fail in their operation.
that he should be fully
It is necessary
informed in
standing,
regard to them as truths addressed to his under"
suitable
and
intensity,
exercise his
with
reasoning
powers
intercourse with
upon
an
absolute confidence
operationof
with
We
can
we
mankind, accordingly,
these
causes,
the moral
in the
proceed
of
uniformity
are
providedwe
the
quainted
ac-
106
THE
WILL
condition
that moral
which
requiredfor
is
their
efficiency.
In
all such
certain moral
between
It is
very
them
causes
or
of the human
determinations
acts.
familiar to
are
recognise,therefore,a
we
one,
which
cases,
mind
uniform
motives, and
in
act
men
motives
same
their
the
certain
willing
this that
objectionto
no
every
relation
before
moral
own
in
dition.
con-
When
motives
moral
or
the moral
fail of
Let
feelingsmay
be
the
then, suppose
or
that these
effects.
proper
individual
deliberating
of conduct
he shall pursue in a
circumstances
or
impressions
calculated
are
an
in which
manner
deranged
so
producingtheir natural
us,
which
and
causes,
to
act
him
upon
in
as
moral
"
"
he
to
owes
"c.
lead
him
other
men
such
as
duties which
benevolence,
justice,
of
(3.) The impression
moral
rectitude
moral
REGULATE
WHICH
PRINCIPLES
107
IT.
belief. (4.) We
ought to add reason
religious
certain
judgment,which leads him to perceive
of
Now,
in
actions, apart
makes
man
interest
own
his conduct
decidingon
instance, one
their moral
from
every
in
encies
tend-
aspect.
in any particular
thingbend to his
littleregard to the
pleasure,with
or
or
far
so
as
the absolute
concerned, the
ment
infringe-
In such
a
man,
it becomes, in individual
of calculation,
what
matter
degree of
instances,
the sacrifice
is to be made
or
feeling
personalease, interest,
A third contemplates
of action.
to this principle
of duty or moral
the case
purelyas one
bility,
responsithis principle,
and acts upon
though it may
involve a degree of personalexertion,or a sacrifice
in itself disagreeable
of personalfeeling,
or
even
to him ; that is,though the strongest perinjurious
sonal
of
motives
Let
the
case,
bearing no
other
would
again,refer
immediate
One
men.
man
of it,without
who
which
feels the
lead
same
to
to
a
one
relation to
goes
different conduct.
of
the
the
desires,
interests of
into
directly
any consideration.
desire,considers the
the
ficatio
grati-
Another,
influence
would be likely
to have on his
indulgence
health, interest,
or
reputation.This may be conthe
108
THE
WILL*
as
"
certain
and
who
one
of
first is
rulingdesire
without
goes
be the same
;
may
forward
to the gratificastraight
tion
attendingto
a
depend
uniform
or
motives
governingpropensity,
of either class.
whose
character,on
For
tendencies
of the motives
or
we
we
fidence
con-
the
the
know
moral
causes
influenced,and we know
habitually
his moral temperament.
We
have nearlythe same
him which
kind of knowledge respecting
have
we
of the tendencies of chymicalagents towards
each
confidence*
other,and which enables us with perfect
by
which
conduct
in any
given circumstances, with a
similar to that with which we
relyon
operationof physicalagents.
Uniform
The
he is
The
of conduct, thoughof
We
know,
likewise,his moral
third has
a
also
formity
uni-
condition,and,
to
m^LUENCE
109
KNOWLEDGE.
OF
for
impossible
There
another
than to
the result.
to trace
man
of
inquiry
the causes
investigate
be
cannot
it is
of which
calculation,
of moral
process
an
terest
intense in-
more
ginate
ori-
in which
the diflTerencesamong
these three characters ;
which we
can
on
or, in other words, the principles
explainthe fact,that the will of individuals may be
influenced
before
with
differently
so
These
them.
three heads,
the
to
appear
same
referable
be
Knowledge, Attention,
"
"
motives
"
to
and Moml
Habits.
which
tend
class of
highest
belief,
religious
The
of
"
the tendencies
of which
upon
to
every
man
who
due
the
comprehends
these
a
are
to exert
series of moral
of the most
a
uniform
surrenders
portant
im-
influ*
himself
to
110
THE
their
guidance.
is
of them
For
WILL.
this purpose,
and
required;
ledge
know-
correct
to all who
have
this
be
must
clearness
and
to
with which
the
the incontrovertible
who
one
every
the
considers
truths
highest
disclosed,
are
by which
evidence
theyare
to the principles
supported. This appliesequally
both of natural and of revealed religion.
portant
imThe
truths of natural religion
are
partlymatters
of the most
simpleinduction from the phenomena
before
and
of nature
which
are
us,
continually
moral constitution
partlyimpressedupon our own
in the
the
clearest
and
planet revolvingin
of the insect
economy
demonstrates, with
from
away
us,
forcible
most
its
the
appointed orbit,to
which
on
From
manner.
we
which
tread,all
nature
cannot
put
the great incomprehensible
One, a
a
power
we
of these
witness ; for a sense
impressed upon us in the clearest manner
left himself
he has
in
that
moral
sources
without
wondrous
or
principle
part of
Deity,and
beings; and the
of the
moral
excuse
who
our
relation
to make
the
two
the character
to
him
as
without
is left entirely
and
attention,
them
of
man
these
From
knowledge of
the
"
conscience.
be derived
may
constitution
our
his
most
earnest
derived
impressions
and
the habitual rule of his volitions,
the
from
guide
of his whole
INEUIilNCii
OP
character.
"
Ill
KmrHlEIEEE.
He
"
right
is wanting
all that
absolute
conviction
candid
inquirer. They
and
force
a
probability,
fix themselves
sound
beings;
it is
is
pressedupon
imposed upon
state
every
to
he has informed
our
to
rational
as
as
creatures
man
care
in
he
its due
duty
amine
ex-
the
with which
us
attention
consider.
himself
every
is irresistible.
which
power
Every
for the
highestdegree responsible
and
by
feelingsof
moral
is addressed
whole
every
with
understanding
The
of
mind
further confirmed
are
the
upon
the
to
for
has
weightin the
is further responsible
for the influence of any previously
formed
or
prejudice,
any degree of that
which
vitiated state of his moral
feelings,
prevents
him from approachingthe subject
with the simplicity
of
an
these
uncontaminated
mind.
essential elements
From
the
of
want
of character, it may
very
formed
to
fix him
in delusion
and
falsehood.
indeed, by
singularsophistries,
which
Among
some
the
men
112
THE
WILL.
of the highest
port,
imagainst
inquiries
is a kind of impression,
not
perhapsdistinctly
in words, but clearly
avowed
recognisedin practice,
of belief are in a great measure
that these subjects
of opinion, ^instead of being felt to rest
matters
"
upon
and
eternal truth.
Can
"
"
inquirythat
rational being.
away
can
from
engage
him
the most
the
tous
momen-
attention
of
of knowledge,and
acquisition
the formation of opinions,
calculated to act upon us
moral beings,is the important
rule of habitually
as
attendingto them, so as to bring their influence to
bear upon our volitions.
attends
He who honestly
that this is
is passingwithin will perceive
to what
exercise of his thinkingand reasoning
a voluntary
desire is present to
faculties. When
a
particular
II. Next
"
to
the
581,
114
THE
The
exercise
But
of this process
him.
a
of the mind
man
lessly
heed-
runs
which
the
mighthave
due
served
pre-
may be so
inclination from
causes
the
WILL.
to
to
as
being followed
prevent the
action ; while
is
inclination is still cherished,and the mind
allowed
dwell, with
by
of regret,on
feeling
the objectwhich it had been obliged
to deny itself.
mony
Though the actual deed be thus prevented,the harof the moral
is destroyed; and that
feelings
mental condition is lost which is strictly
to be called
purityof heart. Eotibis^consistsin the desires an^l
well as the conduct, being in strict
as
affections,
to the indications of conscience'^and
the
subjection
thus
of moral rectitude.
The inclination,
principles
cherished, graduallyacquires greater ascendency
the moral feelings
test,
over
succeeding con; at each
and more
it more
tion
occupiesthe mind ; the attento
is less and
motives which
certain
opposed
are
to
truths and
it ; the inclination at
and is followed
lengthacquiresthe predominance,
by a man
being
by volition. This is what we mean
in opposition
carried away by passion,
to his moral
conviction ; for passion consists in a desire or an
affection which
has
been
allowed
Now
are
calculated
in the whole
of the mind
to
of this
the
engross
the moral causes
to
counteract
course
is felt to be
each
its influence.
ment
singlemoveentirely
voluntary.
INFLUENCE
that step,which
From
the
purity,
moral
from
which
being cherished
116
ATTENTION.
OP
in
consists
process
desire
condemn
feelings
the moral
heart, and
such
in the moral
the
which
course
When
in
terminated
the
was
in favour
first step, or
into
led
process
of view, the
point
philosophical
"
thus
such
trace
we
what
questionstill recurs,
that by which
the mind
was
which
has followed
right,
graduallyled him
is
of what
his mind
upon
downward
the
of vice.
course
In
the
lished
which has been estabchain of sequences
it would
in the mental
constitution,
appear,
movement
only is requiredfor
very slight
wonderful
that
derangingthe
the
among
feels to be
desire
small,
deHcate
the moral
beingcherished which
; and, though the
a
morbid
influence
effect at
has
of
moral
habit.
The
at
more
considerations
or
counteracted.
these
causes,
According to
in this manner,
the volitions or
over
power
mind ; and, at
certain
be
by
gains
acquiresthe
last
first may
arisen,which
cherished,the
moral
approve
disfeelings
the
desire is
directed
which
to
the
it mightbe
the mental
economy,
graduallylose their
determinations
periodof
of the
116
THE
judgmentitselfcomes
moral
aspect of
There
is
mentioned
the
when
to be
in connexion
the
the
changed respecting
the deed.
still another
harmony of
without
WILL.
condition
mental
with this
subject;
the moral
action
in which
be
feelings
may
following. This
be
to
destroyed,
takes place
in the former
in
"
is the
same
; and
his moral
aspect
of the AlmightyOne, who
In
this
regards
manner
be
must
looketh
very often
resisted
are
another.
III. From
is
mental
which
results
gradually
condition,in which
has
Moral
a
been
now
Habit,
desire
or
an
been
repeatedly
passed over
without
tion,
adequateatten-
less and
to exert
pression
less imany
influ-
OF
INFLUENCE
the moral
over
ence
occasion
to
117
HABIT.
or
feelings
the conduct.
I had
principlein
of the connexion
pointof view, when treating
of sympathyand benevolence,
the emotions
between
wliich naturally
arises out of them.
and the conduct
This conduct
at first may
requirea certain effort,
of the emoand is accompaniedby a strong feeling
tion
which
leads to it. But, after each repetition
of the emotion, and
the acts go on with less feeling
from which theyspring
less reference to the principle
;
while there is progressively
forming the habit of
It is precisely
the same
'with
active benevolence.
At first a deed requires
habits of vice.
effort,
an
and a powerfulcontest with moral
principles
; and
of regretto
followed by that feeling
it is speedily
of repentobservers
which superficial
givethe name
ance.
another
"
This
power
is
of
more
the
is the
and
voice
conscience
its
but
more
deed;
of
repetition
becomes
the
judgment
of
first great principles
even
pervertedrespectingthe
moral
man
an
influence
matters
causes
over
of memory
is gone, and
their moral
his conduct
alone.
even
the
relations.
; but
Their
they
power
judgment is
He
views
now
are
as
moral
altered
them
specting
re-
novf
118
WILL.
THE
He
knows
"
to
now
not,
and
course,
that the
issue,on
being.
the
voice,
"
same
pursuinga downward
which he congratulates
degradationas a moral
warningprinciple
may
unheeded,
but not
perception
subdued,
"
deed,
indestitution,
still raise its
repelledas
monitor and
not admitted as a friendly
enemy,
"
I have not the smallest influence over
Lord
an
guide.
Byron,
"
be
would
to
interesting
was
anxious
to
which
seasons
distress."
the
It
particular
this
the
rescue
probablythe suggestionsof
in certain
what
know
from
impressionswere
friend
of sickness and
ambush
sympathizing
poet. They were
power
within,which,
of reflection,
tion
compelledhis atten-
againstit,
spiteof his attempts to reason
with authority
for a present Deityand a life
pleading
in
to
"
come.
habits
the
are
continued
without
any immediate
rightprinciples
by which theywere
of
sense
formed
but
119
HABIT.
OF
INFLUENCE
same
sense
habits
of inattention to
without
habits of vice,and
manner
tion
frequentviolaof
and a frequentrepulsion
of these principles,
lost their power
these affections,
until theygradually
but this
theyviolate ;
the
over
; and
conduct
habits.
Thus,
one
from
arose
in this consists
person
duties, of
"
and
of
attention
which
mental
correct
"
contracted
attention
discipUne,
jects
thoughtsto all those obwell
a
ought to engage
guiltof
lence,
of benevo-
of minute
"
his various
the
habits
acquires
and kindness,
veracity,
to
less
habits of listgence
vicious indul-
portant
selfishness, of neglectof im"
of others,and
to the feelings
duties,disregard
claim the
considerations
highestregardof
every
and
suits
pur-
ble
responsi-
such
:
discipline
of mental
moral
is the power
of
habit.
consists
in
great
measure
in
habits, and
"
of individual actions
the mind.
weighingevery
carefully
and
that
individual
Hence
the
importanceof
action
of
our
lives,and
120
THE
every
minds
WILL.
in our
encourage
determine the effect of a
train of
thoughtthat
; for
never
singleact,
we
or
can
singlemental
we
givingthat
process, in
to the moral
condition,
permanent.
of habits,indeed, we
history
displayof that remarkable order of
In the whole
which
has
and
which
by
each
within,which
and
These
him
When
laws
of mental
been
now
practical
tendencyof
subduing habits of an injurious
have
In
interest.
character,the
the
which
sequences,
acted
be carefully
judgment,influenced by
of conscience, is convinced
nature
to
this
of
in which
to
injurious
be
opposed to
the
cations
the indi-
and
steadily
impression. There will
directed
habitually
is
virtuous ;
more
gives new
considerations
the utmost
upon.
ant
import-
destiny. For
moral
own
an
vicious.
more
have
tion,
constitu-
fluence
into an
strength
will certainly
render him more
of vice
act
mental
our
act
-"and
of his
sequences
becomes, in
man
every
the master
sense,
each
established in
been
drous
won-
see
course
desire,beingcherished
bear
upon
every
is felt towards
propensity
in the
indivi(Jual
particular
processes, referable to
inclination is at first acted upon
the habit. The new
with an effort,but, after every instance of success,
actions,or
mental
particular
less effort is
until
required,
at
lengththe
overpowers
new
course
the habit to
122
THE
which
the firstplace,
a state
there is such
which
WILL.
the mind
of
disruption
its moral
in the mind
appears
power
condition.
it to a healthy
restoring
that
in
attain,
may
harmony,
itself capable of
no
This
important
of human
nature has been clearly
philosophy
from the earliest ages, on the mere
recognised,
ciples
prinscience.
of human
It is distinctly
stated by
fact in the
Ethics, where
he draws
"
in
course
same
The
by
an
; but the
such
state
induction which
look for
afford
may
own
moral
tions.
convic-
latter he
considers
of mind,
it follows,
therefore,
be
cannot
his
by argument
In
to
opposition
power
controverted, either
and
from
ble.
incura-
as
or
hopeless,
without
that
the mind
we
which
an
perceivethe
of Christianity,
where an influence is indeed
provisions
disclosed to us, capableof restoring
the harmony
to
which
his
place as
believe
lost,and
has been
a
moral
being.
who
man
raising
We
hesitate to
cannot
framed
to
anew
the
wondrous
fabric may
thus hold intercourse with it,and redeem
itfrom disorder and ruin. On the contrary,it accords
with
the
highestconceptionswe
benevolence
upon
of
the
his creatures
Deity,that
can
form
he should
in their hour
of need
such communication
system disclosing
of
the
thus look
; and
the
appears, upon
INFLUENCE
123
HABIT.
OF
of sound
o{*
to be one
philosophy,
principle
and truth. The subject,
therefore,
harmony,consistency,
leads our attention to that inward
change, so
but to which so promioften the scoff of the profane,
nent
a
placeis assignedin the sacred writings,in
is said to be created anew
which a man
by a power
every
from
as
feelings
moral
such
is
whole
elevated in his
heaven, and
state
and
Sound
being.
views
in
teaches
philosophy
which nothingless than
completetransformation
the
restore
can
man
"
"
of
harmonize
and
science
to
not
truth ?
shall dare
to assert
self
Who, that placeshim-
will
in the presence of a Being of infinite purity,
say he requiresnot such a change ; or that, for
of it,he needs no
the production
agency beyond the
resources
of his
own
If
mind.
none
the
be found
we
exception,
acknowledgment of the
truth
so
who
are
fully
power-
that,
impressedupon us in the sacred writings,
in himself
in the eye of the AlmightyOne, no man
avEiilsnot for
is righteous
power
; and that his own
him to a state of moral purity.
restoring
From
the whole
of this
inquirywe
see
the
deep
124
will:
THE
influence
of habits ; and
theymay
acquire over
of
considerations
would
those who
on
the
the
fearful power
which
moral
whole
system ;
the
interest
highestpractical
nature,
injurious
of habits of
or
strive to be delivered
to
from
There
them.
is indeed
may
tumult, and
conscience
contest, and
is
is
now
strife; and
yet hope
are
of the
man
suspended
retire from
and
the
be a
may
the voice of
these indications of
;
each
but, on
existence.
his moral
Let
external
Let
ment
mo-
things;
within, which, thoughoften
influence of
those
solemnities
gress
pro-
certain attention tc
there
him
unheeded,
stillcommand
may
But, in the
beingis lost.
life which
is to
come.
Above
and
the
all,
look up in humble
to that pure
supplication
holy One, who is the witness of this warfare,
let him
and
"
who
will
"
MEANS
moral
causes,
and
constant
as
"
125
IT.
REGULATING
OF
are
With
highwhich is feltto be real and indispensable.
his progress may be slow ; for the
all this provision,
and the influence of established
opposingprinciple,
for their former
moral habits,may be feltcontending
dominion : but, by each advantagethat is achieved
over
them, their power will be broken and finally
the
in all this contest
towards
destroyed. Now
of the moral being,each step is no less a propurity
cess
of the mind itselfthan the downward
course
by
which it was
preceded. It consists in a surrender
of the will to the suggestions
of conscience,and an
habitual direction of
which
the
attention to
those
truths
look for
This
mightand an influence not his own.
which one
is no imaginary
or mysterious
impression,
fancythat he feels,and then pass on contented
may
with the vision ; but a power
which acts through
of his own
mind ; it is in his
the healthy
operations
to reguearnest exertions,
own
as
a rational being,
late
these operations,
that he is warranted to expect
its communication
these assuming
; and it is in feeling
a
the characters
of moral
health that he
has
the
proofof
may
thus hold
intercourse with
of
the utmost
his works,
"
our
it, and
deepestneed.
it is
conceptions,
L2
impartan
Accordingto
of
the highest
it with
powers of
126
will:
THE
to his view.
must
when
he perceivesthem wandering
displeasure
with approbation
from himself ; and contemplates
the
strives to throw off its moral
contest, when the spirit
formity
bondage, and to fightits way upwards to a conof sound
to his will.
Upon every principle
all this must
be open to his inspection
philosophy,
;
est
and we
can
perceivenothingopposed to the soundwith
inductions
of
in the belief,
that he should
reason
impartan influence
design,and conduct
the feeble
to
him
to
we
We
find it
so
suppose
impossibleto
wise.
other-
be
"
the
to imparthis
willingness
of
But, independently
communication
the mind
the
from
which
itself,
our
effectual aid.
conviction
Deity,there
is calculated
of
is
to
actual
an
in
power
down
draw
Faith
; and
it may
be
which
many
must
have
that
and
we
have
virtue,who
illustrated
by an
experienced.
friend of exalted
over
impression
Let
us
pose
sup-
intelligence
us
com-
MEANS
REGULATING
OF
127
IT.
from pursuits
us
to
manding influence, restraining
to virtuous
which we felt an inclination, exciting
us
conduct, and elevating,
by his intercourse with us,
wished
of a character on which we
our
impressions
"
"
"
to
form
our
to
Let
own.
us
distance from
suppose
that
we
are
moved
're-
that circumstan
this friend,and
of
or
difficulty
danger occur, in which
feel the want of a guide and counsellor.
In the
we
reflections which the situation naturally
givesrise to,
the image of our
friend is brought before us ; an
influence is conveyed analogous to that which was
often producedby his presence and his counsel ; and
feel as if he were
we
actually
present,to render his
advice
this
tain
and
watch
our
conduct.
How
much
would
further enter
be increased,could we
impression
the thought,
that this absent friend was
able, in
with us, so far as to be
way, to communicate
of our present circumstances, and to perceive
efforts to recall the influence of his character
some
aware
our
our
upon
Such
own.
with God.
Every
to him
under
this exercise
of the soul
is the intercourse
movement
of the mind
is known
and
character
how, in the
and
of
of faith,realizes the
presence
the
Deity,and solemnlyinquires
instance, his moral feelings
particular
his conduct
seeth in secret.
of sound
supportedby every principle
influence which
an
man
a
brings down
reason,
himself,when, by an effort of his own
mind,
upon
but
fact
"
he thus
placeshimself in
the immediate
presence
of
128
the
Almighty.
The
of
influence
who
greater
in
direction
and
more
distress
of
principles
the
volition
under
hazard
again
this
there
contrary,
the
all
side,
in
"
could
take
all
is
his
that
bringing
him
to
comfort
in
to
the
without
Divine
any
the
We
that
that,
knowledge
One,
in
the
on
the
on
mental
such
incomprehensible
every
will.
but
entirely
on
and
assertion,
;
the
carries
desire
the
is
all
upon
he
every
improbability
that
works.
be
"
bear
when
confidence
no
is
darkness,
every
and
nature,
improbability
place
in
an
This
shall
shall
conformity
supposing
of
upon
moral
with
expect
"
which
of
dictates
still.
weakness,
power
his
to
which
light
"
conflict
mighty
God,
from
utnjost
taught
effectual
doubt,
his
is
whether
the
or
cision
de-
every
and,
reason,
meui
in
so
faith
by
of
every
in
strength
lives
such
immediately
power
does
who
man
inductions
truth,
sacred
all
he
the
regard
we
is
life
of
is
WILL.
THE
other
process
and
whose
the
terpositio
in-
eye
130
MORAL
THE
dence
is
PRINCIPLE.
within.
entirely
of every
We
that
man,
which, in particular
cases,
warns
which
and
he
ought to
admonition
pursue,
he has
when
his
sciousness
appeal to the conhe perceivesa power
him
administers
departedfrom
judgment conveys to
both of the qualities
and
of the conduct
him
solemn
it. For
certain
while
impression,
the tendencies
of actions,
in every
precepts,it is sufficient to establish,
such
man,
without
of his dutyas
impression
in the neglectof it.
an
excuse
the
which
gentiles,
the
thingscontained
the
law, are
work
not
in the
law unto
of the
have
"
the law, do
For
when
by
nature
themselves
law written
leaves him
Which
show
the
science
con-
also
meanwhile
We
find
even
power
"
condemn
us,
knoweth
The
to
God
is greater than
our
heart, and
all things."
provinceof
convey
to
man
morallyrightand
individual cases,
"
then appears
to be,
certain conviction of what is
conscience
a
in
in regardto conduct
wrong,
and the. generalexercise of the
MORAL
THE
This
affections.
it does
desires
or
of any
acquiredknowledge, and
this to
desires and
a
the
healthybalance
justand
therefore
seems
as
to
hold
so,
"
reference
by a rule
by applying
them
preserve among
It
towards each other.
to
the moral
placeamong
to that which
powers, analogous
the intellectual ; and, when
we
there appears
without
itself, and
primary moral
affections,so
independently
It does
duty.
it carries within
rightwhich
of
of
other standard
to any
1^1
PRINCIPLE.
reason
view
beautiful
holds among
it in this relation,
harmony pervading
of the mind.
economy
his intellectual operationsman
the whole
By
knowledge
them,
them
forms
of
"
"
into
new
But
combinations.
most
acquires the
with the
his
operations,
mind
of facts, without
might present an accumulation
of
order, harmony, or utility
; without
any principle
combination, or combined
onlyin those fantastic
"
and
of
whole
the maniac.
from
that
the
man
of bodies
reason
that reduces
and
"
"
the ends
his
own
the
tinguish
harmony, by comparing,disand reand tracingtheir true analogies
lations,
and then by deducingtruths as conclusions
whole.
It is in this manner
particularly
acquiresa knowledgeof the uniform actions
in the unieach other, and, confiding
formity
on
into order
"
It is
in the conceptions
appear
which
he has in view.
relations to
adaptshis
conduct to
He
means
also
knows
beings, and
to the circumr
them, according
other
sentient
"
132
MORAL
THE
in which
stances
he
is
whom
he is connected,
wishes
to
his
PRINCIPLE*
to
measures
guided and
relations.
When
reason
He
learns to accommodate
theyarise,"
directed throughhis physical
is suspended,all this harmony
The
destroyed.
acted upon
and
circumstances
new
and thus is
is
"
"
accomphsh.
placed,
combined
facts ;
their true
have
no
relation to them
equallyat
those
him
from
relations of
we
accordingly
being dangerous to
known
been
his
own
to murder
remarkablythe
adaptedto his
valuable friend,
helplessinfant.
control which
is exercised
By
of conscience.
his
are
his most
seek
so
the conduct
and
things,
circumstances, as
mistake
to
which
or
relations ;
selves
the ends them-
; and
with
variance
has
into fantastic
stances
widely at variance with what circumattempted by means
require; ends are
are
he
are
is
conduct
which
of the mind
visions
thingsare
forms, entirely
apart from
as
as
own
desires direct
over
striking
analogyto
and to the
feelings,
them by the principle
self-love
man
is led to
or
gratification
advantage; and the
him to certain objectsby which these
propensities
may
be
But
gratified.
the affections
he is
with whom
carry forth his views to other men
connected
by various relations,and td the offices of
and benevolence, which arise out
justice,
veracity,
Conscience
is the regulating
of them.
power,
as
which, actingupon tne desires and aflTections,
MORAL
THE
does upon
reason
them
the
harmony
and
133
PRINCIPLE.
of selfishness,
and reminding
the
propensity
and
regardto
pursuits,
by
own
est
inter-
It lates
reguhis views
carrying
other
to
owes
his
man
men.
"
"
and direction
the supremacy
of action.
and principles
not
stop here
for
we
over
But the
also trace
can
analogydoes
condition
influence of conscience
this controlling
which
in
is suspended
formerlyendeavoured to trace
the manner
in which this derangement arises,and
have now
mony
onlyto allude to its influence on the harof the moral feelings. Self-love degenerates
into low selfish gratification
: the desires are
indulged
or
without
from
lost.
any
that which
arises
regardto health,
: the affections
degreeto reputation
perhapsin some
far as similar principles
exercised only in so
are
imposea certain degreeof attention to them : presa
mere
"
134
THE
ent and
MORAL
PRINCIPLE.
momentary impulsesare
regardto future results :
any
acted
out
upon withis adapted
conduct
to
himself
responsible
being; and without regardto
the means
by which these feehngs are gratified.
In all this violation of moral harmony, there is no
exercise of judgment.
derangement of the ordinary
In the most remarkable examplethat can be furnished
of human
the man
depravity,
by the history
may be as
acute
as
as
ever
of science.
provinceof
But
there is
The
be, in reference
to
is
insanity
what
in
intellectual maniac
every form
this hallucination is not
by
of his bed
of straw
The
maniac
moral
a
wise
and
Such
total
of
approbation
then, appears
no
"
and
sense
is
relations,
physical
reason.
of his
"
of
estimate
sound
There
the suits
purdiminution
of his
or
ment
derange-
moral relations,
condition
to
regardto
of
the moral
mind,
ings,
feel-
the intellectual.
fancies himself
rounded
king,surof earthly
splendour, and
corrected
even
by the sight
a
"
and
happy man
treadinga downward
moral being.
is
; but
course,
In the
and
thinks himself
feels not
and
that he
is lost
as
observations respecting
the moral
preceding
alluded chiefly
to its
or conscience, I have
principle
influence in preserving
the
a certain harmony
among
the desires by the inother feelings,in regulating
dications
of moral purity, and preventing
self-love
"
"
THE
we
other
to
owe
affections which
with
interfering
from
135
PRINCIPLE.
MORAL
there is another
But
men.
is answered
which
importantpurpose
and
that is to
faculty,
most
and
by
this
with the
acquainted
moral attributes of the Deity. In strict philosophical
languagewe ought perhapsto say, that this high
of
by a combined operation
purpose is accomplished
conscience
the
and
process
make
but, however
reason
us
clear
appears
this may
be,
in its
intelligible
and
assigned
fullyadaptedto the end now
of mind, directed to
to it. From
a simpleexercise
ledge
the knowthe greatphenomena of nature, we acquire
of a First Cause,
a Being of infinite power
nature, and
"
infinite wisdom
and
when, from
peculiarmanner,
bodilyand
own
our
in
us
upon
mental
who
plantedthe ear,"
says
is impressed
this conclusion
and
endowments,
framed
us
infer
we
"
he
that
sacred
not
When
trace
we
backwards
beings,we
:
an
we
infinite and
each
we
one
the
cause
must
tellige
series of finite yet in-
arrive at
must
either trace
one
the
of
eternal succession
of the
which
one
through
finite beings,
it;
or
of the series to
nite,
Being, himself uncaused, infigreat intelligent
and
eternal.
To
trace
the series to
inadmissible
finite,
yet uncaused, is totally
less
clusions
con-
series
succeeded
must
of two
so
is the
conceptionof
finite
The
one
; and
beings in
belief of
being,
one
an
not
in-
infinite
the only
is,therefore,
Being,self-existentand eternal,
136
THE
conclusion
MORAL
which
at
characters
PRINCIPLE.
we
presenting
arrive,as
can
of
truth.
The
or
credibility
intending
superof the
care, the goodness and benevolence
Deity,we learn, with a feelingof equal certainty,
from the ample provision
he has made for supplying
and ministering
the wants
to the comfort of all the
any
creatures
whom
he has made.
also,is in
This
the clearest
part of the
gument,
ar-
insisted upon
manner
in the sacred
calling
upon
God, who
of
the apostlePaul, in
writings
; when
the peopleof Lystrato worshipthe true
made
knowledge
heaven
from
and
which
earth,adds, as
theyoughtto
source
learn
his
gladness."
A beingthus endowed
with infinite power, wisdom,
conceive
and goodness we
to exist
cannot
without moral feelings
; and, by a process equally
obvious, we arrive at a distinct knowledge of these,
of our
own
when, from the moral perceptions
minds,
we
attributes of him
who
thus formed
of justice,
city,
veraimpressions
in regardto our
compassion,and moral purity,
have a distinct approbation
of
own
conduct, we
attach a feeling
these qualities
in others, and we
of them.
of disapprobation
to the infringement
By
pression
imwhich
an
a simple step of reasoning,
conveys
us.
have
certain
"
"
of absolute
He
who
his
own
conviction,we
conclude, that
feelings
possesses, in
character,correspondingmoral attributes,
formed
us
with these
which, thoughtheyresemble
in kind, must
infinitely
138
THE
But, amid
MORAL
PRINCIPLE.
"
in that
"
This
attribute may
concerned
; because
sacrifice of self-love.
in him
straint
re-
interests alone
own
it involves
only a
But
in a moral
forgiveness
actual change of purpose,
either implies
an
governor
without
exercised
where his
individual,
by an
are
be
without
supposes his decision to have been made
sufficient knowledge of, or due attention to, all the
facts by which
he oughtto have been
influenced :
or
it denotes
either undue
rigourin
inattention in him
or
the law,
administers
who
rance
igno-
or
it ; and
be neither
can
of purpose ; the
and
stand unshaken,
change
must
his
"
conceptionof
holy,and
the Divine
with God 1
forgiveness
of philosophy,
appliedto
bringus to this momentous
in this
our
utmost
of
our
reason
the
need, that
before
are
that
soundest
actual
fail to
we
inductions
state
met
by
called to humble
of
display
the
We
It is
the dictates
the
pride
harmony and
of the Divine
integrity
truths, far beyond the
character.
of human
conceptions
utmost
of man,
the highest
it.
answer
are
from
and is there
question
; but
science
of revelation,
and
excluded
"
The
the
be
character,
no
eflfortsof human
to be
mercy
on
upheld,
just,and good.
nearts
our
law, written
inductions
of human
thought,
139
PRINCIPLE.
MORAL
THE
sacrifice offered ;
Eind
is consistent with the
that the exercise of forgiveness
-^that
an
is made,
atonement
"
process of the
which seems
of
to present every element
mind itself,
tion
fair and logical
reasoning,we arrive at a full convicof
perfections
of the
the
Deity. Thus, by
the moral
and
necessity,
forms
of
probabiUty,
of the Christian
the great peculiarity
revelation.
circle of
More
than
of science,while reason,
in its soundest
sions,
conclu-
The
in the
us
upon
attention to the
When
these
considerations
we
condition
moral
contemplateman,
we
when
strongest manner,
actual
is
impressed
turn
our
of mankind.
he is
displayedto us
philosophy, his capacity
as
his
rise to
intercourse
the power,
with God
which
as
feelings,
rightto
authority,we
and
"
"
when
enable
we
him
to
consider
and
principles
in
and guide,carrying
without any other knowledge,
sits among
faithful monitor
which
his other
Almighty Maker;
we
eminentlyworthy of its
behold an
ample provision
140
THE
MORAL
PRINCIPLE.
to us in the page
displayed
the conviction
dailyobservation,
that some
mightychange
is forced upon us
has taken placein this beauteous
system,some
in which
this condition
arose,
The
the
or
"
vellous
marner
man-
of
origin
moral
It is
one
duty to
of
those,however, on
keep in mind, that our
the
it is not
at this conclusion,
arriving
of moral
contrast
example
has
appearedin
exhibited human
nature
and
In
harmony.
which
He
of
we
us
our
we
to
reason
For
man.
our
compare
bright
one
world, in whom
was
in its highest
state of order
called to
are
the
submit
of
testimony
his whole
contemplate
the inductions
God.
character
But, when
as
purely
of historical
that this
the
inductions
of
was
of true
the
or
to
came
of
we
higheststate
science
Roman
of
harmonize
man
ter
mat-
upon
the
; and
with the impression
centurion,when
on
wit-
of
sufferings
earthly
Truly,this was the Son
of the
conclusion
nessingthe
141
PRINCIPLE.
MORAL
THE
"
of God."
When
endeavour
we
to trace
the
in which
manner
have
to
ceases
be the
cannot, indeed,be
than
interest,
has been
an
of
inquiry
to
trace
before
are
the chain
being. We can
of fact,without beingable
a matter
other principle
than the will of Him
but the facts which
more
us
view
it onlyas
to refer it to any
framed
who
claim
us
the serious
moral
The
condition.
fact to which
allude
chiefly
result from
and
them
; and
between
these
as
ral
mo-
ought to
emotions
and
produce. If
these be carefully
the due harmony between
cultivated,
the result is a sound moral condition ; but, by every
instance in which this harmony is violated,
a morbid
influence has been introduced, which gainsstrength
and carries disorder
in each succeedingvolition,
a
certain conduct
which
they tend
to
142
THE
through the
PRINCIPLE.
MORAL
economy.
illustrated this importantmoral
the
between
conduct
which
emotion
oughtto
of the
emotion
of
by the
compassion, and
it.
violated,its influence
be
diminished,and
barren
A
character is
the
If this tendency
is
but, if the
progressively
producedof
cold and
selfishness.
similar
of sequences
the operation
of those
respecting
the
under
tion
rela-
cultivated,the
diligently
formerly
process,
arise from
be
have
We
moral
great truths,which,
lated
of conscience,are calcu-
regulating
power
to act
is to be observed
chain
moral
as
in
causes
example,
we
our
mental
the
truths
economy
relatingto
him
discover
we
and
moral
truth.
as
goodness ;
of
as
By
truths which
our
Governor
a
and
of
proper
thus
are
us,
being of
minds,
own
around
infer his
perfections
infiniteholiness,
and
justice,
we
direction
of the
mind
to
the
the
respecting
a
Deity, there would
corresponding
chain of emotions of which he is the object. These
of veneration towards him, as infinitely
are, a sense
great,wise, and powerful, of love and thankfulness,
as
infinitely
good, and of habitual regard to his
and will,as a moral governor of purity
and
authority
and as requiring
character in
a corresponding
justice,
conveyed to
arise
naturally
"
"
us
THE
143
PRINCIPLE.
MORAL
close
and
relation
constant
between
these truths and these
preserved
emotions, and on this depends the i^ioralharmony of
of this harmony,again,
The preservation
the mind.
with a mental process which
connected
is intimately
feels to be voluntary, or in his power to
every man
tion
perform,if he wills. It consists in a careful direc-
oughtto
be
"
of the mind
to act
moral
as
the estabhshed
such truths,so
to
in the
causes
follow
naturally
with satisfaction and
these
enable
them
mental
economy:
sequences, the
of moral
order
to
as
by
tions
emo-
then to be cherished
are
reverence
and
ing
correspond-
be
not
be
may
process
directed with
neglected:
due
to
care
mind
the
the
may
truths which
in the emotions
and
deficiency
corresponding
This will
conduct which ought to flow from them.
in a stillhigherdegree,if there has been
be the case
formed
tion,
condiany actual derangement of the moral
is
if deeds
"
have been
committed, or
desires
even
have
been
violated.
then
lost,and, however
morbid
to
moral
which
economy,
until it becomes
strength,
the mental
whole
divine
character.
are
perfections
; but
mental
The
are
now
operate in
tends
a
to gain
gradually
in the
rulingprinciple
truths
with
connected
neither invited
nor
the
ished
cher-
disturb the
to be
directed
144
to
THE
PRINCIPLE.
MORAL
vanish from
emotions
them, and the corresponding
the mind.
of those
Such
writings
ledge."
"
do not hke
the moral
When
to retain
harmony
God
of the mind
sequences.
in
consists
in their know
truth.
For,
system of moral
distortion of
of the truth,respecting
the divine
havingbecome
view
of them
This
more
arises
mind
inventions
so
in accordance
is followed,in due
by
principles
tion
contemplaperfections,
are
prepared,
of the mind
the
first great
fearless
been
condition
mental
itself,
understanding
regardingthe
of moral
has
condition
desire to discover
with its own
ings.
feel-
responding
by a corspeculations
; and these,
course,
received
truth.
as
the
The
lating
regu-
this mental
of its emotions, and
principles
in
process, advancingfrom step to step,terminates
moral degradation
and anarchy.
than the manner
striking
Nothing can be more
in which these great principles
of ethical science are
laid down
the invisible
in the sacred writings
;
thingsof him fi'om the creation of the world are
being understood by the thingsthat
cleEQ-ly
seen,
"
they are
him
they knew God, they glorified
Godhead, so
that,when
not as
God,
neither
vain
are
made,
that
even
was
in their
darkened.
146
THE
PRINCIPLE.
MORAL
of
with wluch
care
with
this
the
depends
the
to
and
sincere
he has
which
and
candid
and
conducted
fail of
For
frivolity.
without
reachingthe truth,
"
onlywander
may
Before
love
of truth with
it,apart alike
of character,the most
from
exalted
the most
there
concludingthis subject,
and
the influence
we
Attention.
occasion
had
have
to
alluded
mention
hood.
false-
is another
deserves
be
ments
ele-
intellect may
standing
underacute
into delusion
to
dice
preju-
these essentid
point which
by
moral
to ;
namely,
decisions
the mind
in various
parts
our
of the mind
;
and,
exercised
between
which
on
depend
one
We
man
have
every
some
and
man
of the
another
great
differences
in their moral
had
repeatedly
occasion
to
dition.
conmen-
MORAL
THE
the voHtions
on
decisions
of the
be too
cannot
have
to
seem
both
state
147
PRINCIPLE.
iu which
of the mind
but
judgment:
moral
influence,
on
the
truth which
much
this
dition
con-
of which
the
inclinations wander
from
the
path of
perpetuated,
appears
to be
of the attention,
"
an
chiefly
or
habitual misdirectio
of
total want
sideration
con-
by which the
enced.
ought to be influ-
motives
"
"
before he engages
says Butler,
of action,ask himself, is this I am
man,"
course
do
in
goingto
"
is it wrong,
is it good, or is it evil ?
but that these questions
in the least doubt
or
right,
I do not
would
any
It is in
exercise
we
away,
"
be answered
almost
any
fair man
agreeablyto
in almost
any circumstances."
the want
of this simple
from
great measure
of attention,
in
of what
or
call calm
that
reflection,
and
by passion,prejudice,
habits,into
courses
of action which
men
are
led
distorted moral
their
and, when
rectitude
guage
lan-
common
own
man
beginsto
sober
who
retrace
148
MORAL
THE
PRINCIPLE.
the
question,whether
be worthy of a moral
to the means
by which
here
this momentous
to the
mental
the
course
of
lowed
fol-
allude
not
is led to
man
being.
he has
take
but
history,
which
only
it consists.
It is
to be
but, when
attitude
of
to
comes
has
man
deep
bear
been
once
and
serious
its part in
the
and
the
Before
science, under
The
the
other refers
to
of arrangement, which
ought to preserve
regulatedmind.
of
name
certain
Theories
harmony
the different
towards
each
of
principle
feelings
or
moral
other
Morals.
in
well
THEORIES
I." OF
THE
ORIGIN
DISTINCTIONS
AND
OF
IMMUTABILITY
RAL
MO-
MORALS.
OF
THEORIES
AND
149
MORALS.
OF
In
to
operate in
the
regard to these,I
to
view
man
find him
as
consider
he is.
endowed
of
whole
with
our
In his
a
mankind
objectto be simply
physicalrelations,we
of
variety
senses,
of bodilyfunctions, each
great variety
"
its proper
and
purpose,
and
and, with
and
adapted to
each
other ;
the
is content
to view them
physiologist
simply
he to exercise his ingenuity
Were
as
they are.
plausibility
upon them, he might contend, with much
that it is highly
incorrect to speak of ^ve distinct
and separate senses
all merely
; for that they are
modifications of sensation,
difiering
only in the veuikinds of the external impression. Thus, what
ous
is vulgarly
called sightis the simple sensation of
light,and heaidngis merelythe sensation of sound.
"
This would
150
to
of
subject; nor, by any ingenuity
could
enabled
be
to know
we
speculation,
than when
called
we
concerning these senses
it
sightand hearing. In the same
manner,
of inquiry
respecting
appear, that the course
elucidate
such
more
them
would
PRINCIPLE.
MORAL
THE
the
is simplyto
feelings
reallyare ; and what are
feelings
moral
our
in
done
every
so
on
reason
in
mind.
uncontaminated
an
observe
what
these
their obvious
encies
tend-
When
have
we
our
our
of our
minds
feelings
and design,worthy of
show a wonderful
adaptation
Iheir Omnipotentcause.
But, we can know nothing
of them
beyond the facts, and nothingis to be
plify
to simgained by any attempt, however ingenious,
We
have formerly
them.
had occasion
or
explain
of a similar
to allude to various speculations,
character,
respectingthe powers of perceptionand
given way
simpleintellect,all of which have now
before the generaladmission of the truth,
that,on the
questionsto which they refer,no human
sagacity
can
step beyond the simpleknowledge
carry us one
"
"
of the facts.
iiave
tended
rather
to
withdraw
the
attention of
THEORIES
we
these,perhaps,
hold
which
OF
reckon
may
of JVEorals.
These
fact,that there
of the doctrines
some
prominentplacein
of science,under
this branch
151
MORALS.
the
the
of
history
Theories
of
name
are
moral
and immoral
right and wrong,
respecting
actions ; and theythen professto account
for these
to explainhow
to think
or
men
come
impressions,
action right
and another wrong.
A brief view of
one
these theories may
properlybelongto an outline of
this departmentof science.
"
In
the
contemplating
some
others
which
which
we
of
conduct
each
men
as
other,we
to
pronounce
be
to be wrong.
pronounce
our
opinionof them in this manner,
the intentions of the actor, and, if we
that he
and
right,
In forming
we
reallyintended
what
we
are
to be
see
we
placed
perceive
refer to
satisfied
the effect
the
"
to
the act
there is
others
a
or
are
the agent. We
have a conviction that
line of conduct
ourselves
and
to which
or
bound
by
departurefrom
vice ;
correct
certain
kind
this constitutes
observance
of
of
:
obligation
moral
demerit
it constitutes
virtue.
simpleview
of
our
primary
152
THE
MORAL
PRINCIPLE.
of
impression
vice and
virtue.
is,what
of
origin
the
is the
ground is it that
and others
right,
of their consequences
certain actions
to ourselves
effects
of the
This
action ?
the
or
the
view
be
to
others 1
or
we
the
what
on
Is it merely from
wrong
question
next
impression,or
conclude
we
The
do
or
certain
out
with-
simpleact,
or
without
sideration
any contendencies
of the
is the
distinctions.
the
is fixed
immutability
which
there is
a
we
which
to
; and
vice.
On
impressionthat
an
this in ourselves
by
a
others constitutes
or
distinctions
are
so
or arise
entirely
arbitrary,
Those
have
latter hypothesis
are
is vice in
that what
virtue in another.
our
have
we
bound
are
we
of obligation,
feeling
apart from
departurefrom
their
us, in
upon
certain conduct
whatever
of
conviction
absolute
an
mutable,
im-
in themselves
are
impressions
that
and
hand, it is contended,
one
which
next
case
of circumstanc
may
be
adopted the
what the circumstanc
explain,
who
to
one
out
have
give rise,in
this manner,
to
Morals.
have
impression
of
154
MORAL
THE
of all classes of
make
laws, but
Kings,it has
men.
cannot
create
of virtue and
from
entirely
there
was
contribute
to
into
entered
and
mutual
certain
abstain from
of this compact
to
derived
which
and
advantage,
observe
to
certain other.
constituted
be
pressio
im-
our
Men, findingthat
of action
agreement
an
said
are
compact.
course
said,may
of this system,
vice
their mutual
been
virtue.
modification
another
By
PRINCIPLE
would
vice versa,
certain
The
duct,
con-
violation
of
it virtue.
By
Clarke
theory,supportedby
Wollaston,
and
eminent
some
virtue
was
men,
considered
as
to
depend on
"
therefore may
be held as
at variance
with the belief of the impressionbeing universal.
reason
; and
as
According to the Theory of Utility,
warmly
supportedby Mr. Hume, we estimate the virtue of
action and an agent entirely
an
by their usefulness.
He
mental
to refer all our
to two
seems
impressions
and taste.
Reason givesus simply
reason
principles,
the knowledge of truth or falsehood,and is no motive
of action.
Taste givesan impressionof pleasureor
pain,and so constitutes happinessor misery,and
becomes
motive
of action.
To
this he refers
of beautyand deformity,
vice
impressions
our
and virtue.
THEORIES
He
OP
155
MORALS.
words
sweet
upon
than
nothingmore
rightand wrong signify
or
beingonlyeffects
sour, pleasantor painful,
the mind of the spectator producedby the contemplation
of certain conduct,
and
"
alreadyseen,
we
have
impressionof
its usefulness.
An obvious objection
to the system
of utility
was, that it might be appliedto the effects
of inanimate matter as correctly
to the deeds of a
as
or a steam-engine
voluntary
agent. A printing-press
of extensive virtue.
might baas n^eritoriousas a man
To
resolves
this,as
obviate this,Mr.
Hume
was
driven to
tion,
distinc-
trine,
givingup the docbe comof utility
must
bined
namely,that the sense
with a feeling
of approbation. This leads us
back to the previousquestion,
what this feeling
of
on
approbationis founded, and at once
recognisesa
distinct from the mere
of utility.
principle,
perception
Virtuous conduct may
indeed always contribute to
or
generalutility,
general happiness; but triisis an
effect only,
which conthe principle
not the cause
stitutes
or
This importantdistinction has
it virtuous.
been well stated by Professor Mills of Oxford.
He
defines morality
obedience
to be,
to the law
an
and constitution of man's
nature, assignedhim
by
the Deity in conformityto his own
essential and
is the
the effect of which
unchangeableattributes,
generalhappinessof his creatures."*
to
"
"
We
come
Lecture
on
the
now
to
the
Theory
System of morals,
Selfish
of MoraT
Obligation.Oxford,
1830.
156
THE
accordingto
conduct
MORAL
which
PRINCIPLE.
the fundamental
of mankind
is
of
principle
the
forms, from
of Ethical
promoter
Hobbes.
of
science
it in
very
; but
the
modem
more
According
earlyperiodin
him,
to
remarkable
most
times
man
the history
Mr.
was
is influenced
calculated,more
entirely
by what seems
immediately,
or
more
interest;
remotely,to promote his own
whatever
does so he considers as right, the opposite
He
is driven to societyby necessity,
as
wrong.
and then, whatever
promotes the generalgood
he considers as ultimately
calculated to promote his
This system is founded
lar
simia fallacy
own.
upon
"
to
the
tuous
Vir-
head.
and that
impartgratification,
does
highestkind
the former
sense
of
of the
be
considered
as
the
"
There
is a modification
offensive aspect
by
OF
THEORIES
157
MORALS.
which
by
we
own.
our
come
last to
at
own
sake ;
at
first were
seek
the
happiness
that,by this
so
considered
cess,
pro-
onlyas
from
inexpedient,
being opposed to self-love,at
moral.
imto be considered
as
come
lengthand insensibly
be considered
This can
as
nothing more
than an
ingeniousplay upon words, and deserves
onlyto be mentioned as an historical fact,in a view
of those speculations
subject
by which this important
has been
obscured
Another
remeuns
to
and bewildered.
of the theories
modification
be mentioned
namely,that
of morals
of the dis-
the will of
"
"
the
of
light
nature.
From
he thinks
158
THE
MORAL
PRINCIPLE.
it is
him,
to
of
taining
ascer-
action, by
it.
right;
and
constitutes
In
an
which
case
pedient
ex-
that it is the
which
rule alone
is
of
of any
utility
the obligation
of
this theory.Dr.
be useful
action
may
is not
right.
To
in
an
constitute
it right,
it is necessary
that it shall be " expedient
at the long run, in all its effects,
upon the whole,
"
collateral and
remote
immediate
direct."
Without
and
as
enteringon
are
well
as
the various
two
those
which
are
of
peculiarities
considerations
which
to it as a doctrine to
appear to be serious objections
be appliedto practical
(1.) If we suppurposes.
pose
action, which
an
deliberating
respecting
and useful
expedient
perceiveswould be eminently
man
he
in
individual
an
highlydesirable
case
we
may
case,
and
which
in its immediate
naturallyask
he feels to
reference
whether
he
to
be
that
is in
sion
conclucondition to find his way to a sound
likely
of the action
the consequences
respecting
upon
the whole, at the long run, in all its consequences,
be doubted,
and collateral." It may certainly
remote
whether,in any case, there is not great danger of
"
THEORIES
differences
of
with
not
159
MORALS.
OF
tended
opinionarisingrespectingthis exand ultimate expediencyof an action ; and,
referred to,
in the man
whether
in particular,
now
the very circumstances
of his perception
of greatand
and
immediate
the state of desire connected
utiUty,
it,do
constitute
might interfere,in
calculation
with his
very material degree,
depende
its ultimate expediency. (2.) In-
to
as
condition which
moral
of this consideration,
we
to
doubt, whether
such
arrive
being can
knowledge,as this theoryseems
any human
extensive
an
of all the
necessary,
and
collateral.
action,remote
to render
to
constitute
be found
kind
only in
and
are
of
consequences
This
would
at
an
appear
degree of knowledge
the omniscience
If these observations
cannot
be allowed
may
well
of the
Deity.
founded,
such
I think
a
we
culation
nice cal-
of consequences,
it is impossible
to found
rule of morals in any degree adaptedto the necessities
of
doctrine
man.
which
The
does
same
to
to
objectionapplies
every
recognisethe supreme
of conscience
as
an
authority
original
part of our
moral
constitution,
warning us of certain conduct
and certain other conduct
as
as
immutablyright,
immutablywrong, without any regard either to our
own
advantageor to our judgment of the tendency
of the deeds.
not
Whenever
we
reduce
decision to what
we
principle,
every moral
be a process
of reasoning,and in
must
primarily
be differences of
which, consequently,there may
the tendencyof actions,instead
opinionrespecting
of that absolute conviction which the deep import-
160
THE
PRINCIPLE.
of the
ance
It may,
subjectrenders indispensable.
stated as a matter
of fact,that
confidently
further,be
a
MORAL
conscientious
involves
pointof
moral
calculation
such
any
in
man,
action
an
considering
duty,does not enter
of
its
consequences.
which
upon
He
1 and so
decides,
simply asks himself, is it right
accordingto an impulsewithin which he feels tc be
a
susceptibleof no
part of his moral constitution,
of beingreferred to
and not admitting
explanation,
other
any
The
then,
principle.
foundation
the
nothingrightor
that
wrong,
ideas of rightand
our
wrong,
actual law
"
There
from
our
is another
of Morals,
Theories
impression,that there is
justor unjustin itself;but
be
to
seems
of all these
or
mutual
of
justice
in-
justiceand
pact,
com-
of actions.
these theories,but
liable to similar
which ascribes
the origin
objecfion,
of rightand wrong
to the will of the Deity,
directly
and holds that there is nothingwrong
which
might
been right,
if he had so ordained it. By
not have
of moral
the immutability
distinctions,
as
opposed
to all these
theories,we
which
actions
we
are
which
bound
are
in
are
dutyto
whatever
of this is fixed
that there
are
tain
cer-
; and
upon
apart from
that
us,
an
any
absolute
in the moral
othei
viction
con-
ple
princi-
of knowledge derived
conscience, independently
from
laws
"
and which
immutablyright,
and certain actions
perform,
immutablywrong,
consideration
or
mean
any
of the
other
source
Almighty. By
the
respecting
will
or
162
affected
be
by the
judgment,the
the
or
PRINCIPLE.
MORAL
THE
differences which
moral
exist in
may
taste, the
ings,
personal feel-
of different individuals.
the interests
It
difference of
no
opinion.
Such
However
of conscience.
moral
its right
it stillasserts
to govern
degradation,
whole
Had
it strength,"
man.
says Butler,
the
"
it had
as
it had
"
manifest
the world."
It remains
agent
we
of him
and
to
sympathizewith
whom
the
the
and
feelings
agent, we
of his conduct
we
wrong.
approve
consider it as
action
relates.
If
intentions of the
as
right, if not,
"
to
ing
sympathizewith a feelof gratitude,
we
regard the agent as worthyof
of resentment, the contrary.
praise, if with a feeling
We
the conduct
thus observe our feelings
respecting
in which we
of others,in cases
not
are
personally
then applythese rules to ourselves ; and
concerned,
This very obvious
conduct.
thus judge of our own
whom
the action
refers,we
"
"
; and
feels,does
rule of
does
not
right
appear
OFFICE
163
REASON.
OF
It
applies
onlyto the applicati
of a principle,
of it. Our
not to the origin
be supposed to constitute an
sympathy can never
action right
or
wrong ; but it enables us to applyto
individual cases
of rightand wrong
a
principle
derived from another source
ment
judg; and to clear our
in doing so, from the bUnding influence of
those selfish feelings
by which we are so apt to be
misled when
In
to ourselves.
we.
applyit directly
then apply to it
conduct, we
estimatingour own
tliose conclusions which we
have made
with regard
of others, or we
to the conduct
imagine others
sider
applyingthe same
process in regardto us, and conhow our conduct would
appear to an impartial
so.
"
observer.
In
the
regardto
whole
of this
distinction is to be made
an
subject,
portant
im-
the fundamental
between
have
to add
exerted
on
very few
our
moral
observations
decisions by
to the
however, in subserviency
conscience.
The
office of
on
always,
of
great principle
reason,
the
"
appears
reason
judge of
the influence
to
be,
expediency,propriety,
and
not
the
only respecting
many
best mode
cases,
in
of
exercising
whether
deciding
164
MORAL
THE
them
shall exercise
we
compassionin
individual to be
be of
would
no
PRINCIPLE.
at all.
Thus,
have
In
benefit to him.
In such
for persons
to bestow
in which
cases
may
feel
the
instance,but perceive
particular
so
unworthy that what we could do
not onlyof
may feel it to be a matter
and to
of duty,to resist the affection,
we
we
case
we
prudence,but
reserve
the aid
deserving.
impressionof moral duty is
an
more
is still,
in many
concerned, an exercise of reason
instances, necessary for enablingus to adapt our
to the
means
We
or
may
feel
end
an
which
anxious
desire
we
wish
to
accomplish.
to our
high and importantduty, but call reason
effectual and the most judiaid respecting
the most
cious
of doing so.
Conscience, in such
means
produces the intention, reason
cases,
suggests the
"
"
means
not
and
in his intentions,
who
errs
in
that these do
may
be sound
judgment respecting
for
means
"
in reference
to
stances
his intentions ; and, in future inother
There
learn to take advice.
are
to
OFFICE
in which
circumstances
frequentlybrought
of
exercise
an
into action
in
is
reason
regard
in which
to
moral
in
165
REASON.
OF
as
some
One
individuals.
cases
the most
shows
one
and
minute
pulous
scru-
cases
as
sacrifice minute
these, and
may
other
or
ful
doubt-
or
pointsto some
feehng, as self-interest,
even
friendship,where the former individual might
of duty.
have discovered
a
principle
is also concerned
scripti
Reason
in judging of a de"
"
of
cases
feelingarises
in which
from
the
modification
of
moral
complexityof actions,
"
in which
the circumstances
or,
the
placed.
difference of moral
This
"
of
"
"
166
to
reason
man
This
PRINCIPLE.
decisions,
in moral
"
when
as
speak of
we
as
acting upon reason
opposed to passion.
however
is,correctly
speaking,onlya different
of
use
MORAL
THE
of
consideration
calm
it
; and
the term
that he
means
the
upon a
which
he
motives
ought to be influenced,instead of
by a desire or an aflfectionwhich
by
being hurried
has
allowed
been
therefore,which
important distinction,
The
have
observations
aw^ay
influence.
undue
to usurp
acts
been
intended
these
illustrate may
in the following
be briefly
The
manner.
recapitulated
to
or
aspect of actions,as right
wrong,
a
a
in the
principle
simple exercise
moral
own
many
human
of
mind
reason,
rectitude derived
fixed
nature,
cases
from
and
in which
"
an
is founded
upon
distinct from
entirely
and
the
this
source
immutable.
exercise
is,in its
But
of
of
standard
there
reason
are
be
may
instances, and
standard
to
them.
must
which
Right
or
fact,contribute
advantage of
sense
virtuous
conduct
in the
individual,
and
But
reason.
confounded
with
the
does, in pointof
as
generalutility,
of that term,
by
be
to
the
not
these
true
well
and
tendencies
as
to
the
extended
are
ceived
per-
on
entirely
rule of moral
principle,^the immutable
rectitude ; it is perceivedby a different part of our
"
HARMONY
conscience
or
principle,
this principle,
we
pronounce
without
it right,
either to ourselves
11. OF
reference
any
THE
167
FEELINGS.
MORAL
THE
OF
to
its consequences
others.
or
OF
HARMONY
THE
MORAL
FEELINGS.
On
whatever
system
may
perceivethat there
we
feelings,
consider
we
are
the moral
various
classes
each
"
Others
bear
to
to
our
be
lead
to
us
fellow-men.
those
A
considered, calls
relation in which
we
to
stand
a
relations which
our
mains
re-
attention to
the
Governor
of
to the moral
certain
we
of
regulation
'
the moral
168
THE
PRIXCIPLE.
MORAL
be answered
objectsto
with
rules which
by
sound
applyto
the moral
exercise
it may
of
bined
comprinciple,
judgment. The
be stated
in the following
manner.
When
we
consider
passingthrougha
state
man
as
of
course
of existence,it is obvious
is his
in which
own
he stands
moral
towards
immortal
an
to another
discipline
that his highestconsideration
Deity.
connexion
being,
In immediate
concerns
are
the
of justice
and veracity,
generalprinciples
connexion
with all mankind, and
to our
as
referring
of privateresponsibilities
which
a class
peculiarly
regard each individual in his domestic relations ;
great and
as
presentinga
embraces
the
that which
class of the
concerns
is to
come.
solemn
of the
kind, as it
present hfe, and of
Then
most
and patriotism
benevolence, friendship,
; after these,
the ordinary
avocations
of life,
the acquisition
of
as
of business ; and, finally,
knowledgeand the pursuits
those
upon
To
nature, when
beginwith
he devotes
which
self
him-
encroaches
unneces-
170
MORAL
THE
PRIJfCIPLE.
"
It is
scarcely
necessary
to
mind
estrange the
to
must
concerns
from
not
the various
attention
He
who
allowed
are
from
acts, not
duty,but
from
desire
of man,
may devote
of
and usefulness
the
placeof others.
the highprinciples
of moral
of notoriety,
the applause
or
to usurp
himself
to much
benevolence
"
his
own
moral
condition.
The
up in his
by meditation
ascetic,on
the other
cell,and
imaginesthat
he pleasesGod
and voluntary
austerities.
But this is not the part of him who trulyfeels
and correctly
his varied relations,
estimates his true
It is striking,
also,to remark, how
responsibilities.
the highest
lead to a character of harmony
principles
which all inferior motives fail enand consistency,
tirely
in producing. The man
who estimates most
his own
moral
relations to an
deeplyand correctly
Deity will also fee] his
ever-presentand presiding
with a degree
way throughthe various duties of life,
In the retireof attention adaptedto each of them.
ments
of domestic
of
discharge
the
of its relations.
life,he
is found
in the anxious
which
highresponsibilities
He
is found
in the
arise out
path of private
HARMONY
purest of
the
publicusefulness,manifesting
who
interest of one
the
acts
on
brotherly
all motives,
the love of God, and a principle
"
of devotedness
the view
to
Him
171
FEELINGS.
MORAL
THE
and
benevolence
kind and
OF
his service.
to
of his fellow-men,
Whether
or
seen
posed
ex-
onlyby
is the same,
in both
acts have
who
for the
which
on
principles
situations equal influence.
of life,
the power
he
In
of these
"
the
cerns
ordinaryconis equally
principles
in its business
engage
partakeof its enjoyments; whether he encounter
Whether
obvious.
meet
difficulties,
or
sorrows,
^he walks
"
dignityof
one
who
he
its
throughthe
whole
views
reference
come.
The
from
its
and
pains,disappointments,
is to
or
anxious
placed.
It does
him,
by leading
so
through
these
his views
to the eternal
of
him
from
into which
or
approbation,
to
One,
whom
who
he is
relation of life.
all those
men
love
is the witness
of
for
responsible
It thus tends to
and
partial
led by the
inconsistent
mere
desire
of distinction,
or
by any
are
172
MORAL
THE
inferior motives
of those
other
PRINCIPLE.
which
are
really
Such
to
sound
is equally
feeling
posed
op-
distortion of
another
variance with
moral
not
character,
less at
This
is what
pretension,
showing
may be called religious
itself by much
zeal for particular
tain
opinionsand cerexternal observances, while there is
influence
The
character.
upon
moral
the
truths which
form
no
ponding
corres-
and the
feelings
the great object
is either
there
tention
inor
an
self-deception,
From
such inconsistency
to deceive others.
of character arises an evil,which
has a most
rious
injuof persons.
influence upon
two
descriptions
portance
imof one
led to assignan undue
Those
class are
of a peculiarcreed^and
to the profession
the mere
externals of religion,to certain observances
economy,
"
"
which
considered
are
as
characteristic of
dulgence
particular
party,and to abstinence from certain inwhich
that party disapprove.
or
pursuits
in many
of the other class,finding,
Those
instances,
without a state of
much
zeal for these peculiarities,
moral
feelingadaptedto the truths which are professed,
are
or
apt
to
consider
the whole
as
either pretence
delusion.
In their mutual
warning.
error
It becomes
portant
of im-
HARMONY
MORAL
THE
OF
of weak
lest,misled by the failings
they withdraw
solemn
import to
men,
There
real
may
their attention
themselves
feeling
; but
a
counterfeit ]
inconsistent
from
moral
as
imitate 1
beings.
the appearance of
to contend, that there
no
truths of
pretensionwhere there is no
are
they from this entitled to infer
in that which these pretendreality
ers
articles of
By a slightgilding,
or
be much
are
173
FEELINGS.
The
are
made
opposite.Were there no
would not
gold,this ingenuity
the
such
articles of pure
be employedin fabricating
base
assume
real
to
virtues,from
resemblance
procure
to
which
But
may enable it to deceive.
have detected this deception
beware of
which
it does
hopes
which
it conclusions
he
not
founding
upon
warrant.
They
found
not
Messiah
the
in him it was
exhibited in
manner
which
while it
the imitation of every rational man,
standing,
the cordial assent of the most acute underchallenges
demands
On
of a moral being.
perfection
fluenced
the odier hand, let diose who profess
to be inof all motives studyto exhibit
by the highest
P2
174
THE
MORAL
PRINCIPLE.
of
uniformity
It is easy to acquirea pecuthe whole character.
liar
to show
much
zeal for peculiar
phraseology,
and rigid
attention to pecuharobservances
;
opinions,
and,
which
difficult to procure a
certain other comphances
not
the world.
it may
be, and
;
it often
one
the moral
be assumed
kind of
for another,while
excitement
influence
purifying
essential nature
of
manners
is seated in the
a
consistent
by condemning
the
by them are technically
styled
name,
name
party,it is
among
heart,and
itis a contest
out from
sends
of the whole
True
gion
relithence
character.
In its
It seeks
fore,
not, there-
it shrinks from
that
whose prominent
characters are
spuriousreligionism
and external observance, often
talk, and pretension,
Like its
accompanied by uncharitable censure.
divine pattern,itis meek and lowly,
it is pure and
gentleand easy to be entreated,full of
peaceable,
and of good fruits,
without partiality,
and without
mercy
"
"
play
hypocrisy."It aims not at an ostentatious disbut a steadyexhibition of fruits.
of principles,
which it cultivates with especial
care
are
Qualities
and mercy,
the mortification
and charity,
humility,
of every selfish passion,
and the denial of every selfish
indulgence.When thus exhibited in its true and
it commands
the respectof every
genuinecharacters,
and challenges
sound understanding,
the assent of all
and its truth,as the highest
that
to its reality
principle
the conduct of a moral being.
can
regulate
"
PART
OF
RELATION
MORAL
THE
IV-
THE
TOWARDS
DEITY.
of
healthystate
The
MAN
OF
moral
being
is
strikingly
benevolence, and
a
conformityof the
justice,
of the presence
moral feelings
to a reverential sense
of the Deity ;
to do justly, ^to
and perfections
and to walk
love mercy,
humbly with thy God."
fonner of these topicslead us to the duties
The two
"
"
"
"
which
calls
a
our
the heart
duties of
to
Him
in
fellow-men
the latter
as
governor
reference
is to
those
connexions
with
of
men
great measure,
the mind.
been
his
attention to that
their immediate
other
to
owes
man
In human
chieflydirected
relative
in the
purityand devotedness
attention
systems of etliics,
to the obligations
of social
morality
; but
the
two
classes
are
of
has
and
closely
176
RELATION
MORAL
THE
MAN
OF
dition
writings
; and the sound conis pointedout as that
of the moral feelings
tegrity
inacquirementwhich, along with a corresponding
of character,
in an especial
ner,
manqualifies
man,
with the Deity.
for intercourse
Who
shall
"
ascend
in his
He
holyplace?
or
who
shall stand
and
pure heart,who
Such
declarations
of
wonderful fabric of
bodies,and the stillmore
minds, alike the work of his hand 1 Then it is
our
our
from
the
that
impression,
each movement
of these minds must
be fully
exposed
to his inspection. It is equallyimpossible
to repel
from us the solemn
truth, that it is by the desires,
the feelings,
and the motives
of action which exist
us
"
who
"
man
Lord
in his
be estimated
conduct
to
his fellow-
state of moral
and justice,
propriety
may
in the eyes of
degradation
seeth in secret
does
men
to
violate
not
looketh
looketh
There
on
on
"
be
him
the outward
but the
appearance,
the heart."
carmot, therefore, be
intense interest,than
heart and of the mind
what
an
of
inquiry
is that condition
which
every
man
more
of the
ought to
178
THE
and
desires
and
objects,
are
directed
thus
run
passinghour,
which
motives
The
RELATION
MORAL
MAN
OP
to transient
to waste
amid
frivolous
and
of
pursuits
such
man
have
may
in them
nothing
They
may
impuredesire or malevolent
be the acquisition
of wealth,
after power,
^the love of distinction,
devotedness
to
merely trivial occupations;
the grasp
"
or
"
while there is
total
"
neglectof
which
in
state of moral
destitution.
classes of characters
two
accordingly,
clearly
pointedout in the sacred writings, namely,
in whom
the conduct indicates the depravity
one
There
are,
"
within,
"
and
another, in whom
sightof
to trace
referred,on
the human
mind
have
that
seen
the
the
Deity.
laws
We
have
to which
formerly
this fact is
of
philosophy
two.
:
(1.) We
theyare chiefly
in our
there are original
principles
the
"
of
principles
the
TOWARDS
which
lead
179
DEITY.
THE
certedn exercise
of
justice,
and benevolence, independently
of any
veracity,
of divine authority.They are a part of
recognition
nature
moral
our
to
and
constitution,
calculated
to
promote
ciety;
soimportantpurposes in the harmony of human
and they carry along with them
certain
a
of reciprocal
compensationwhich is entirely
principle
* distinct from
aspect.
any impressionof their moral
The
who
man
guilt
;
from
but
dischargeof
natural, or
mere
with any
receives
the
of
responsibility
; and
impressionof moral
no
very
his reward,
arise
may
selfish feeling,
nected
uncon-
even
sense
consequently
conveys
In
them
exercise
partly
by
of them
of
feeling
this
probation
apman
tion,
satisfac-
and partlyas a
yield,
that community where
they promote
order, and harmony ; and he is not
are
to
look farther,or
merit
in the
to claim
sightof
from
the
them
any
member
of
peace,
and
entitled to
feelingof
which
bears an
principle,
is the manner
in which a man's character is
subject,
influenced by the particular
motive
or
pursuitto
which he has resignedthe guidanceof his conduct.
One surrenders himself to the animal propensities,
selfish profligate,
and becomes
insensible to every
a
of action,while his depravedcondition
right
principle
is obvious
to
all around
himself to ambition
and
him.
a
second
third to avarice
it may
be, are
rulingpassions,
and
to the selfish indulgence
found
open
to
be
devotes
:
these
adverse
of
profligacy
the
180
MORAL
THE
former ; and
RELATION
OF
MAN
arise out
may
that is decent and
tmguished by much
in
and worthy of approbation
fourth,the ruUngmotive
may
dis-
of them
character
respectable,
But
attainment.
go
of divine
inan
much
to
authority
; and
there is much
in whom
of desire,and
impurity
of moral feeling.It is all referable
deficiency
of a personalnature, and in the gratifimotive
cation
of this his rulingprinciple
is satisfied.
The
of
an
state of mind
habitual
sense
which
is under
of the
divine
therefore,be considered
one
more
referring
other to
to
and
on
our
include
eflfortto
of
imagination
two
the
presence
may,
relations, the
"
the
Deity,the
The former seems
chiefly
have every desire, thought,
heart,regulatedby a sense
immediatelyto
fellow-men.
an
under
the influence
THE
TOWARDS
his will.
to
purityof God,
and the
of the presence
181
DEITY.
Amid
in
and
formity
con-
of deficiency
feeling
much
warfeire
and
within,
opposition
prevailing
variance with the purity
of
"
thingthat is at
a moral
being. The second division includes the
cultivationof feeUngsof kindness and benevolence
the love of justice, the love of
towards all men;
the forgiveness
of injutruth, the love of peace,
ries,
to
every
"
"
"
the
and
these two
mental
conditions must
springa
From
ter,
charac-
alike by piety
towards
God, and
distinguished
benevolence, and active usefulness
by highintegrity,
towards
He
who
cultivates this
man.
earnestly
continual watchfulness,
within feels that he requires
purity
and
of
mightnot
which
causes
his volitions.
need
constant
He
his
those
calculated to influence
are
own
also he
to
look,with humble
can
under
hope, when,
sense
fidence
con-
of moral
aid.
weakness, he asks its powerful
II. An
humble
of
which
who
is
Providence,
"
regulated
by
has learned to
of
disposing
events
The
man
this sublime
contemplatethe
the
the appointment
infinitewisdom.
his mind
bears upon
as
to
impression
Almighty One as
of the lower
world, and
182
THE
MORAL
RELATION
MAN
OF
of the
arise out
Is it
command.
actual
which
these
life,privation,
or
suffering,each
"
to be
contemplatedas belonging
in which no
disciphne,
with the harmony
wanting in consistency
part can
of the whole.
Such
appointmentsof
submission
God
all legitimate
means
for
of humble
one
duties,and each is
to
of usefulness
means
does
not
precludethe
for
of
use
our
condition, or
bettering
of distress. But
or
removing sources
preventing
to
;
whose
and
present events
"
use
of such
us
to that higher
habitually
these
means,
are
be subservient
will all such attempts must
while it elevates our
thoughtsabove
and
second
it reminds
causes,
of
us
under
such
we
the
feelings,
are
too
considered
peculiarinterest,as essential to
great objectof which is to prepare
a higherstate of being.
III. A
sense
of moral
illsof life
apt to
with
plate
contemnew
and
and guilt,"
imperfection
TOWARDS
and
that
This
mental
devout
and
humility
one
who
self-abasement
be
must
his
views
own
in reference
emotions
183
DEITY.
THi:
to
which
prominentfeeling
conduct, and
the
purityof
his
God.
consistent
with
of mercy
justiceof a
the exercise
of peace
we
dispensation
find habitually
as
adapted to man in a
represented
tion
condidestitution ; and no mental
of spiritual
state
referred to, as
is more
acceptable
frequently
with the Deity,than that which consists of contrition
Thus sayeththe highand
and lowliness of mind.
is
whose
name
loftyOne that inhabiteth eternity,
Holy ; I dwell in the highand holyplace,with him
also that is of a contrite and humble
spirit,to revive
of the humble, and to revive the heart of
the spirit
moral
This
governor.
"
"
With
associated
naturally
and
constant
reliance
throughlife,and
being.
IV.
It is
sense
on
is very
weakness,
rection
divine aid, both for di"
184
MORAL
THE
RELATION
OF
MAN
which
not
presumes
lightafforded
he
to
accomplish,philosophy
have seen
the
speculate
; but we
by
came
the
to
inductions
of moral
science
the probability
of this revelation,and its
respecting
to the actual state of man
in his relation
adaptation
the impressionconhave seen
to the Deity. We
veyed
by the character of the Messiah, considered
such
merelyas matter of historical truth, exhibiting
a pattern as
never
appearedin our world, except in
moral being. We
have
him, of a pure and perfect
"
seen,
further,the incontrovertible
nature
of that evidence,
transmitted
it is,in
a
on
and
the
and confirmed, as
by testimony,
ances,
observmanner,
by periodical
very peculiar
the whole revelation is supported;
which
inductions
of sound
harmonize
philosophy
with the impressionsof the man,
his
who, feeling
moral
necessities,yieldshis cordial assent to
own
this mystery of God, and seeks in its provisions
his
is,and his hope for the life
peace in the lifethat now
that is
From
to come.
the
whole
mental
condition,thus
arise
delineated,there will naturally
conduct
adaptedto
rule within.
This
slightly
character and
the
and principles
which
feelings
have seen, a due
as
we
implies,
186
conceivable
and
peace
contemplationof
reliance
constant
in the
the uniform
with
the
the
on
action of
in every
divine
there is
character,
mighty
guidanceof the AlOne
thing,"
says
life.
"
writer,
inspired
"
an
MAN
OF
found
to be
RELATION
MORAL
THE
will I seek
the Lord
man
his
inquirein
to
thus cultivates
temple." The
habitual impressionof
the
blow
;
or
traveller has
the
as
top the
around
atmospherepeculiarly
the lower world
agitate
beneath, but they touch not
from
seen
the mountain's
of elements
war
below, while he
In the works, and
sunshine.
in
stood
ways,
clouded
un-
and
to
the minor
apt
so
"
to
While
our
attention to
once
power
which
at
them
wisdom
we
cannot
mony.
harundeviating
to bend
we
in humble
cannot
fathom,
comprehend,it directs
of moral attributes
display
and demand
challengeour reverence
a
and
in their appointed
all in
which
are
field in which
"
move
us
once
from
us
universe,"
one
it thus teaches
before
and
It raises
to that wondrous
compose
which bade them
maintains
orbits,and
at
us,
worlds
and
that mind
mind.
tends
to occupy
adoration
the
purify
concerns
worlds
to
exercise,also, which
an
which
our
TOWARDS
imitation.
with
thus
By
187
DEITY.
THE
us
leading
ourselves
to compare
the supreme
higheststate of
eloquentwriter, look down upon the earth,and see
noble than
nothingthat creeps upon its surface more
"
"
themselves
look
the humble
upwards
to their God."
This
to
grace
the
upon
who, throughthe
science,ascends
man
cultivation of human
Cause.
farther he advances
The
and
to
the eternal
in the wonders
higherhe
nature, the
zealous
most
of
of the
which
wisdom
the
"
'*
"
cuHar manner,
for this aid in the culture of his moral
in its
being,when he views this mightyundertaking
important reference
he
for
inquires
Providence,as
or
views
lifewhich
whole
same
to the
is to
its course
He
him.
hand
unerring
;
and
which
which
concerns,
goingon
are
learns
come
of Divine
discernment
around
conviction
the
of the ways
he either feels it in his own
a
in the world
planetin
to
to
trace
the
guidesthe
of Providence
is
one
188
THE
RELATION
MORAL
MAN
OF
and order,
system of design,
great and magnificent
and harmony. These, we
repeat with confidence,
are
visions of the
no
of
calm
tion of
in
man
duction
in-
philosophy.They
compel
the assent
"
essence
the sound
rational
when
he follows out
inquirer,
mightyimport, what is God,
candid
that
and
which
conclusions
are
but
imagination,
which
he has
that
"
of every
investiga
and
endowed
what
is
with tho
to himself.
rising
To
enlargeupon these importantsubjectswould
lead us away from the proper designof a work which
is intended chiefly
derive
the light
to investigate
we
from the phenomena of the mind itself. The
points
which have been stated,as arising
out of the impressions
of every sound
understanding,
challengethe
of all who believe in a present and presiding
assent
Deity, a beingof infinite power and wisdom, and
of perfectpurity. With
calls in question
him who
and
this sublime
have no common
truth we
feeling,
mutual premises on which
no
an
argument can be
of
power
"
founded.
We
must
pride,while
has framed,
elements of
he views
and
"
which
sit in solitary
his
feincy
are
effects without
cause,
and
to
the
has been
the
subjectof
189
DEITY.
THE
TOWARDS
precedingobservations,
may
The
restoration
sacred
anarchy,or
to
writings
mind,
an
"
of
moral
influence
phenomena
death
refer to
the various
seen
from
man
of ment,
estrangetaughtin the
state
a
we
are
power
from
from
directly
God.
considerations
without the
We
derived
have
the
from
impressionsof
our
the
divine character,giving
to this great doctrine a probability
which claims the assent
of every correct understanding
But, without
the
of which
means
the
whole
may
to
the mind
;
branch
province of
as
of
of the mind
tal
men-
itself,
is
This
compound
probablybe analyzedin the
It seems
to be
composed of
attention,and
the
principle,
an
character.
followingmanner.
The
process
which
operation,
reason,
this
importanceof
upon
degreelosing
sight
immediate
by
in any
or
modification
Reason
is to
doctrines which
calculated to act
of
conception.
examine
the
are
proposed
ings
upon its moral feelin a correct manner
subsequent parts of
This being premised,
it is the
the mental process.
office of Attention, aided by reason,
to direct the
mind assiduously
to the truths,
to perceive
so
as
fully
must
tendencies.
By
190
MORAL
THE
RELATION
OF
MAN
present existence.
of real and
these
By
means,
truths
the character
same
manner
actually
seen,
were
takingplacein
or
as
the events
expected were
is
mental o[)eration
This
view.
our
and
feelings
exercise
Faith ; and for the sound
mentioned
elements now
are
it the
of
stituent
con-
cessary.
neessentially
be received by the judgThe truth must
ment
adequate evidence ; and, by the other
upon
be so kept before the
parts of the process, it must
might
as
arise
exercise
from
such
the actual
moral
influence
vision,or
present
to
us
obscured
have
the
When
discover
and
bewildered
which
is one
Our
those
their
importantsubject.
is thus allowed
has not
been
"
of
thus allowed
who
to
would
does
inquiry
"
and
faith.
not
lead
us
to
usurp
the
placeof
themselves
truth.
from
To
the influence
respecting
great inquiry,
impressions,ought to be, are
mental
theyfacts 1
by
adequate
preserve
of such, the first
own
not
ence
to influ-
received
"
present course
probably
fallacies which
examination, and
of itstruth, this is enthusiasm,
been
this
will
due
judgment, upon
evidence
of the
some
which
impression
the mind
the
considerations
these
to
"
on
what evidence
do
theyrest
which
that theyare
understanding
a sound
satisfy
con
On
191
DEITV.
THE
TOWARDS
is to be avoided
an
error,
not
so
less
theyought to produceupon
also to remark
is singular
'
the moral
how
these
be traced to
feelings.I*
two
modifica-
condition of the
The former
the same.
essentially
and rests upon
receives a fiction of the imagination,
The latter,actingupon some
it as truth.
prejudice
mental
or
impressionwhich has probablyno better
out
foundation,puts away real and importanttruths withwhich they
of the evidence on
any examination
of the reasoning
The misapplication
founded.
are
It consists in proceedis the same
in both.
ing
powers
the
without exercising
impression,
upon a mere
judgment on the question of its evidence, or on
the facts and considerations which are opposedto it.
thus
Two
characters of a very oppositedescription
reasoningpowers
in that
mental
the truth.
When
truth has
received
fully
the sanction
of
tion
judgment,the second office of faith is,by attenbefore the
and conception,
to keep it habitually
mind, so that it may
produce its proper influence
This is to live by faith ; and
upon the character.
of the great principle
in this consists that operation
it from all pretended
which
distinguishes
eflfectually
the
192
THE
MORAL
RELATION
MAN
OF
and impressions
We
feelings
assuming its name.
speak,in common
language,of a head-knowledge
which
does
is sound
his conduct.
upon
such
of
not
The
who
man
mental
man
he attaches
These
real value.
no
him
impressed upon
by
have
may
education
been
theymay
stitute
con-
man
contend
may
whose
of
warmly
shows
conduct
Both
certmn
truths,which
moral
so
as
have
the
never
to become
the other
and
fixed themselves
in
the
constitution.
We
reallyreceived
produce
arises from distorted
have
of the moral
destroyedthe healthybalan^
the whole
economy
is,that the man
truths,without
may
removed
character, slightly
approbationof
quence
is not
in
of
behef
suppose another
in which the truths have
tliis,
which
faculties,
selfishness
barren
or
principles
regulating
in the mental
indeed
from
compassion
of
professions
empty
are
causes
cold and
benevolence
faith.
the mind
in favour of
of tiie mind.
The
conse
approves of
theirtendencies,and without
feeling
their power.
manifesting
connected
Intimately
remarkable
in
principle
and
perceives
with this
our
mental
also, is
subject,
forconstitution,
194
THE
MORAL
MAN
OF
RELATION
of
in every sound
sequences
is strikingly
illustrated by
principle
course
writers,by reference
concerningthe cityof
Jericho.
in this mission
by
manner
wall
of
the
were
whose
woman
of
these
forward
sent
were
one
This
simplenarrative. During
by the armies of Israel,two
as
spiesto bring a report
to
mind.
The
gaged
enpersons
in a friendly
received
house
was
upon
the
their presence
covered,
diswas
she hid them
their pursuers ; and
from
them down
enabled them to escape by letting
finally
by
city;
cord from
when
window.
Before
taking leave
of
them, she
army
she made
take
swear
place,theywould
house.
When
them
to
show
mercy
to
thi" should
her father's
fulfilled.
faithfully
engagement was
the citywas
taken, and the other inhabitants
The
woman
was
"
"
TOWARDS
195
DEITY.
THE
Her
this
made
have
not
followed
it she
provision
; but, unless
belief to the
her
out
without
her, because
would
she
which
measure
had
was
the mere
belief of the
object,
would
have availed her nothing. When
event
we
to any
therefore ascribe importantresults to faith,
or
ascribe them, not to th6
other mental operation,
we
but to this followed out to the consequences
operationitself,
which it naturally
produces accordingto
mind.
In the
same
in a certain state
speak of one man
of danger or difficulty
being saved by liiswisdom,
and another by his strength. In doingso, we ascribe
such results,not to the mere
possessionof these
quaUties,but to the efforts which naturallyarose
we
manner,
may
placed.
was
says,
that without
God,
he
And
when
feiith it is
certainlyrefers
to
the
vidual
indi-
inspiredwriter
impossibleto please
no
the
mere
mental
pressio
im-
to
in which
in tlie circumstances
them
from
to
no
barren
On
of
being,are
greatsubjectmuch
misconception
appears
to the
to have arisen from not sufficiently
attending
condition in which, as moral beings,we
are
placed
this
196
in the
are
means
our
OF
MAN
be
cise
performed by the mental exercalled faith. As physical
and intellectual beings,
have certain relations to the objectsby which we
surrounded, and with these we communicate
by
of our
But, as moral beings,
bodilysenses.
relations are
of a different nature
entirely
; and
must
motives
which
in these relations
us
upon
calculated
are
to
act
the objectsof
chiefly
is,they are not cognizable
by any of our
to be received by-a different part of
are
faith ; that
but
senses,
our
RELATION
part which
we
MORAL
THE
constitution,and
are
dence.
separate kind of evi-
upon
portant
This, accordingly,is the simple but imdistinction referred to by the sacred writer,
when, in allusion
he says,
"
walk
we
"
to
condition
our
moral
as
beings,
The
by faith,not by sight."
and
withdraw
power
which
not
are
attention from
events
seen.
any
exertion
which
them,
are
This
and
exercise
our
to
feel the
to
future, and
mental
of
of mind
peculiarexercise
it requiresa
our
of
notice without
our
upon
of
things,
is Faith.
Its
and
upon
our
present existence,
"
and
to
analogous to
by objectsof sight. The
us
an
agency
therefore,is, what
inquiry,
are
make
them
that which
next
exert
is produced
great pointin
the truths
which
TOWARDS
calculated thus
are
which
beings,and
before
habitually
When
of sensible
those
operate upon
to
it is the
us
moral
as
faith to
objectof
bring
us.
withdraw
we
197
DEITY.
THE
great objectwhich
are
the
from
forth
send
and
things,
truths which
minds
our
our
the influence
attention to
of faith,
the
province
meets
our
view
first
is the eternal
of the
One, the moral Governor
incomprehensible
and infinite
imiverse," a beingof infinite perfections
purity. From the stupendousworks of nature, we
the great First Cause,
and
trace his operation
as
his boundless power
infer,with absolute certainty,
and wisdom, and his independent
existence.
The
impressof his moral attributes he has fixed with indeUble
certaintyupon our moral
perceptions,
with
where, in the lightof conscience, co-operating
a
simpleprocess of reason, we perceivehim to be a
beingof infiniteholiness,and of unerringtruth and
justice. Our knowledge of these attributes is not
the result of any process of reasoning
which can
admit of deliberation or doubt.
selves
They force themsimpleprinciples
upon our conviction by the most
"
"
of
moral
who
mental and
induction,when, from our own
of him
endowments, we infer the perfecfions
formed
From
being,we
us.
every
have
his universal
onlyof
our
our
presence,
of
"
conduct,but of
the
and tions
thoughts
imaginafrom these,as indicating
R2
our
conduct
alone,
198
THE
RELATION
MORAL
OF
our
MAN
by him,
"
^thepure and
as it
moment,
Each
holyOne who seeth in secret.
know is bringing
over
us
nearer
us, we
passes rapidly
all our
to that periodwhen
hopes and fears for this
shall lie with
world
being,
One
view
feel
state
of
the eternal
as
fix themselves
considerations
duration.
endless
we
of yet new
feeling
into
us
another
to
when
interest,
tremendous
more
These
upon
But
where
retribution,
is to be disclosed
Governor.
moml
entrance
state of moral
"
in the grave.
us
and
we
before
stretches out
This
is the
truth
so
powerfully
expressedby the sacred writer,in terms
which by their brevityconvey, in the most
adequate
The things
their overwhelming import,
manner,
which are seen
are
temporal,but the thingswhich
"
"
not
are
seen
These
neither
truths
are
They
with
when
power
turn
we
the
and
which
we
of
process
arrive
force themselves
what we
inquiry,
are,
sacred writings
theyare
connected
result of any
different men
may
conclusions.
us,
not
are
theythe
by-which
from
eternal."
are
at
upon
cannot
ing
reason-
difierent
viction
con-
our
put
away
our
and
what
is God.
In
the
harmonious
manner;
and
are
pressed
im-
closed meet
in our
moral constiimpression
for their truth. It
tution which pleadswith authority
is the province
of faithto keep these habitually
before
with
an
the conduct
and
as
Deity in
disclosed
actually
if'the
as
to influence
them
to cause
199
DEITY.
THE
TOWARDS
"
view,"
our
hour
The
retribution.
righteous
which
or
when
were
presence
his
ter,
his charac-
man
brings
of the Eternal
before
himself, as it were,
arraigns
omniscient
Judge ; when he places
he
we
exercise,a
this mental
if
shall witness
who
man
as
feeHngs
if
When,
the
endless
arise in
must
existence,a train of feelings
his mind, to which he was
a stranger,
so
longas he
placidly
resignedhimself to the influence of sensible
as one
things. He views this beingof infinite purity
who has been all his hffethe daily
witness of his conduct
;
have
and
been
feels that
the
even
at all times
open
secrets
to Divine
of the heart
inspection.
Each
disclosed
history
to his
their estimation, be
more
when
hi^ whole
fellow-men,he would,
found
wanting.
How
even
in
much
deeplymust
200
posed to
is
RELATION
MORAL
THE
of Omniscience
the eye
MAN
OF
that
and
hour
an
when
must
a strict account
approaching,
rapidly
rendered, "ind a righteoussentence
pronounced,
be
will extend
existence^
into eternal
his state
of moral
from
tenement,
earthly
his
when,
discipline,
the
The
man
knows
disencumbered
an
endless
day.
eternal
speculationsof fancy,but
who
acts
habitually
under
upon
These
are
truth.
their influence
conviction
which
be
shaken, when
he
of this life,and
is the hour
and
the tumult of life,
the
question,what
what
have
which
is
is to
been
when
man
his
come.
seriously
proposes
is his condition
the
as
to himself
moral
leading*pursuitsin
being?
that life
to account
he
purity,
in the immediate
may
not
be
presence
able to
answer.
of
erring
un-
The
202
THE
ihe
RELATION
MORAL
God.
of
character
He
representthem
to
He
wisdom.
such
acknowledgethat
and
any
furnish,to arrive at
his
unchanging in
justice.
of
moral
we
fails
point philosophy
find
led
into
find
will
ing
reason-
his
in
impartial
by
No
us.
human
the mind
which
refugeto
and
are
science
verse
uni-
purposes,
this conclusion
To
in
run
anarchy; and
which human
principle
on
impossible,
can
would
manner
confusion
irremediable
to
would
enactments
holiness,and boundless
but
cannot
governed in
it
to
is infinite in
who
that
perceive
mockery of justice
; and
the laws
argue respecting
impossiblethug
that it is
of him
as
MAN
must
human
applysuch reasoningto
l)e
OF
betake
can
can
power
itself
of
swer
anguilt; no human wisdom can
God be just,
the inquiryof mighty import,can
the ungodly1
But here we are
and yet justify
met
by a lightfrom heaven which has burst upon the
under
scene
of
sense
doubt
bringdown
to
and
of darkness
and
in
prideof our reason
testimonyof God. It comes
the
the
called to
humble
mission
sub-
supported
which
dial
challengesthe corand the
acute understanding,
assent of the most
by those who,
power of which will be best appreciated
the highest
with sincere desire for tmth, have made
attainments in the laws of rigid
inquiry. It discloses
by
an
weight of
atonement
heaven
evidence
are
made
calculated to restore
in
purity
which
it was
an
influence
the moral
formed.
from
being to
It thus meets
the
alike
TOWARDS
THE
203
DEITY.
of
of mercy
in which the integrity
character is vindicated,wliile pardon is
scheme
the Divine
extended
to
power
of the moral
and
constitution,
whole, uniform
It thus forms
consistent
the character
of God, and
of
to
; and
man
necessities,and
A
an
man
in itself;worthyof
adapted to
conviction
in the
participation
to
anew
harmonious
the condition
absolute
bringsan
raise the
moral
Deity,it
of its truth.
While
subjectin much perplexity.
restricted the operationof faith to the
have involved
have
some
the
others
certain system of opinions,
have referred to it a series of mysterious
impressions
belief of
mere
tate
at variance with every dicfeelings
of faith,
of sound
reasoning. The principle
however, holds so prominenta placein the scheme
of Christian truth,that some
clear notions respecting
interest.
its nature must
be felt to be of the highest
portant
imIt holds also,as we
have formerly
seen, a most
ings,
in the philosophy
of the moral feelposition
being that mental operationby which we
and
enthusiastic
"
receive
which
every
us
one
as
responsible
beings. It is a
feels,but which
cannot
sequence
con-
process
be defined ;
204
THE
and it can
be illustrated onlyby
RELATION
those
regardto
in
MORAL
MAN
OF
its influence
tracing
which
objectsto
it is
more
ticularl
par-
directed.
faith
objects of
The
dressed
truths ad"
twofold,
are
"
and
benefits offered
understanding,
or
promised. We have formerlyhad occasion to
the action of faith in regard to truth,- espetrace
cially
to
our
"
calculated,when
are
beUeves
who
man
thus
as
to
habitually
is he who
receives them
in faith.
feel their power,
This is the provinceof faith in regardto truth ; wc
have next
to
in regardto
analyzeits operation
promised benefits,
of an example.
means
or
"
Let
a
supposed
disease
and
has
that
it.
discovered
been
is at hand
person
Does
he
of
sincerity
is faith.
The
be mortal
to
this
us
remedy
and
of
who
we
can
he is told
infalUble
that
efficacy
;
ister
readyto admindanger; does he
does
by
is
perceivehis
the remedy ;
immediate
best do
affected with
man
offered
natural
he
confide
ofl*ersit :
this
result of his
this result
to the uniform
sound
mind.
facts,and does
The
not
sequence
man
show
who
such
of volitions in every
professesto admit the
a
result of belief,pro-
TOWARDS
he does
fesses what
the extent
not
he
remedy,because
not
of
205
DEITY.
THE
feel.
actually
his danger,
he
values
If he
asks
it not ; and
ceives
per-
not
the
the
same
reflection is thrown
he
offer of what
perform. But
for
truths, he applies
intention to
if the
the
the
imputingto
the power
or
him
the
believes
really
remedy ;
and
he
him ; because
Could
of it he soughtthe offered aid.
Thus
it.
means
his faith
man
upon
saves
ceives
re-
by
we
ing
merelyto admit the facts,without askremedy,his belief would avail him nothing.
Such appears
to be the simple view
to
we
are
take of Faith,when we applyit to the great benefits
which are presented
to us in the Christian revelation.
This is addressed to us as beingsin a state both of
of
means
guiltand of depravity
; and as havingno
ourselves from
our
own
by which we can rescue
condemnation
and impurity. It unfolds a dispensation
with
of peace, by which, in perfect
consistency
the Deityoffers mercy
the harmony of his character,
and
forgiveness,and an influence from himself
the moral being. These
which has power to purify
him
suppose
the
"
conferred
benefits
are
the
man
who
his
impurity
; who
on
is convinced
believes ;
who
every
one
of his
guiltand perceives
feels his
self;
himto rescue
inability
of the remedy, and
admits the efficacy
who
with which itis offered ; this
confides in the sincerity
is he who
actingon
believes.
His
faith saves
him
because,
206
RELATION
MORAL
THE
MAN
OF
"
in which
of the confusion
the
subjecthas
been
volved
in-
harmonious
The
man
whole, which
its efficacy,
and
he
but,however
the
cannot
remedy
who
be
broken.
believes not
follows not
out
The
him.
addressed
on
grounds
to
us
is founded
these
truths
in that chain
contained
are
which
which
on
the whole
taken alongwith
Christianity,
of evidence
system of
the conviction
"
are
which
derive
from
impressionof the
unchangeableattributes of the Deity. Accordingly,
he who
believes is said to givegloryto God,
that
we
our
"
is,to
and
to
honourable
an
of his intentions.
whom
we
with the
suppose
to bestow.
the
hope
in the
confidence,
of
conception
He
who
the sincerity
believes not
of the
the statements
treats him
with absolute
jects
re-
The
"
who
man
comes
to
God
with
of acceptance is therefore
assurance
of
faith, or
"
an
requiredto come
conviction
implicit
he offers ; and
bestowingthe
whosoever
hath
not
TOWARDS
this
It
God
maketh
"
or
"
vain
were
dishonour
does
assurance
to enter
207
DEITY.
THE
to
liar."
the various
upon
systems
of faith is
man's
immediate
an
and
absolute
of
assurance
own
that he who
has
not
this is in
state of
unbelief.
two
to
offer of
an
pardon to
and
the
guilty
; itsgreat
of the
purification
moral
these two
It
not
of
demption.
re-
manner
of
by the purification
morality,
the desires and affections,
the springsof action ; it
It proclaims
is the moralityof the heart.
a system
of morals
was
an
more
example of
the character
the
state
perfect
of the Messiah
of
and
moral
being,in
208
THE
MORAL
RELATION
OF
MAN
in every one
indispensable
who
to be his disciple.These
different
professes
be separated,
can
and
never
parts of the scheme
be a greaterperversion
tliere cannot
of reasoning,
or
of the prominentfeatures of
a greater misconception
the gospelof peace, than to allegethat it does not
in the most effectual manner,
for the highest
provide,
interests of morality.
The other opinionis equally
founded
upon error,
namely, that which considers itessential to faith that
be assured of his personalacceptance in the
a man
sightof the Deity. It is obvious that this is a
and to
sophismclearly
opposedto sound reasoning,
the first principles
of the philosophy
of the moral
feelings.For faith,viewed as a mental process,
must
always have for its objectfacts ; and these
facts must
rest
to convince
evidence
of
understanding
talk of faith,
without
is
such
upon
the
as
such
as
their truth.
facts and
or
logical
fallacy,
is sufficient
such
To
evidence,
in terms.
absurdity
But there is no disclosure of the personalacceptance
of any individual,and, consequently,
on
no
of sound
principle
reasoningcan this ever be considered
of faith. This doctrine,there*
the object
as
of the
fore,is applyinga most
importantprinciple
a
mere
mind,
not
to
facts,which
of faith,but
which
to
an
alone
vision
admits
of
to any
no
can
warrant
of the
evidence, and
the
ercise
ex-
imagination,
cannot
be
jected
sub-
and
consistent
in itself, and
"
210
THE
they are
sound
MORAL
only basis
the
and
Deity;
and
falsehood
the
that
which
on
man
ETC.
rest any
can
system is founded
confidence
and
"
MAN,
on
delusion
ground of
heart,
OF
of his moral
conviction
the
other
RELATION
whole
character.
Such
made
at once,
is it ever
of the
attainment, indeed, is
made
in
any
of
purification
correspondingharmony
nor
than the
out
not
full and
perfect
in the present state of being ; but, where
manner
the great principle
has been fixed within,there is a
and a uniform
effort,
tinual
contest, and a conpersevering
afi;erconformity
to the great model
aspiration
of perfection.Each
gains in this
step that a man
his view of the high patto extend
tern
progress serves
his eye is steadily
directed ; and, as
to which
his knowledge of it is thus enlarged,he is led by
and more
comparison to feel more
deeplyhis own
deficiency. It thus produces increasinghumility,
of his own
and an
imperfection,
increasingsense
and causes
him continually
to feel that, in this warfare,
But
which is not in man.
he requiresa power
Ut
essential
also that this is providedas
he knows
an
ial^^
part of the great system on which his hope is estal
lished.
Amid
much
infirmities,his moral
Faint
and
brighterand
in its course,
more
goes forward
he
the earliest dawn
of the
improvement
feeble at first as
morning,it becomes
shineth
and
and,
unto
more
THB
"
as
the
BND.
steadier
as
it proceeds
shining light,
day."
perfect
the
QUESTIONS
EXAMINATION
STUDENTS.
OF
OBSERVATIONS.
PRELIMINARY
SECTION
I.
Page
twofold
what
In
they
are
powers
especially
conversant
does
sustain
relations
What
what
more
respect
well-regulated
man's
purity as
Of
of
some
are
"
fact
what
the
mind
a
does
beings
"
each
being
what
With
"
other
source
is
iiind of truths
as
moral
constitution
What
"
be
to
being?"
is
made
the
In
ceived
perin a
case
contribute
to
to
effect
in
we
of
deeply
most
do
bear
this
the
in
part
bustle
concerned
case
What
us?"
convince
which
is the
we
what
What
?"
slight observation
What
are
ought
What
"
contemplated
viewed
circumstances
?"
derangement
what
With
things
From
from
be
two
moral
this
he
these
are
distinct
be
to
to
man
intellectual
of the
the office
is
light
15.
receive
producing
of
life ?
as
moral
"
benefit
such
influence?
In what
do we
place under
see
?
the first of these
exemplified
what
To
anticipation does this subject lead us ? What
jecture
conis rendered
highly probable by certain facts in our mental
should
How
?
we
contemplate
impressions so recalled,
phenomena
and
why?
this
with
other
nature, what
Compared
things
part of man's
?"
into
the
What
science
thrown
fore
therebackground?
Why
are
the highest of all human
is to be considered
as
pursuits ?
its importance
?
do we
feel besides
What
of
WTiat
sources
this
in
have
which
we
knowledge
nothing anagreat inquiry to
of physical science
the
is
found
in
?"
How
will
history
ogous
"
What
takes
"
"
"
"
"
"
212
QUESTIONS.
Wliat
appeal to the second of these?
and
To
is the author's reply to this,
?
what is
what founded
on
the disregard of Scripture light in these investigations
compared
?
How
is the comparison carried out ?
probablyview
some
and
"
"
"
What
of
enabled
we
are
When
knowledge ?
"
What
to attain
tendency has
in
from
these
combined
especial
an
do
manner
when
the science
cultivated
sources
do
we
"
ciples
prin-
these
on
so
SECTION
"
II.
Page
how
To
classes is the
many
referable ?
intellectual powers
is the former
stitute ?
does
What
How
"
it appear
How
"
"
such
may
of them
is not
culture
through ou"
?
they be distinguished
do
operations
they con
What
that
received
knowledge
procured
"
does
22.
require?
essential
How
"
indi
to every
vidual ?
is said of the
What
Under
"
work
what
name
How
"
kind ?
W^hat
"
What
find?
inference
bestowed
To
"
upon
part of
what
occupy?
From
constitution
our
"
appeal chieflymade
of character
do
they referable?
are
arisingfrom
this
"
to
seem
source
them?
they resemble
"
"
"
accounted
are
former
degree weakened
men
of the other
what cause
inconclusive
been
of in
knowledge
our
source
"
what^otherrespects
In
"
the other
positivecharacteristics ?
naturallydraw from the intellectual
What
man?
do we
accordingly
What
no
they
from
treated
principles
differ from
their main
should we
are
endowments
these
are
do
derived
knowledge
in
must
go
for
this
on
ground?
of this kind
cases
What
"
what
To
"
is
our
elements
two
inquiryin
moral
science ?
is
What
introduced
remark
objectsof
of the
one
by
of
means
it ?
divine
What
"
revelation?
is it of
"
What
importance
is
to
the firstprinciples
of moral truth,what
stands
In classifying
first in order?
does
What
second?
From
what
this belief
arise ? Upon what
is our
of his moral attributes fixed ?
sense
"
"
"
"
of
What
a
common
is said of the
supreme
to
philosophy?
"
African
attributes
ruling intelligence? What
the God
of the Scriptures and the god of the
of the ancient
an
prevalenceof
and
sages
chief to
"
What
on
one
was
this
the
character
subject?
"
What
of the missionaries ?
of the
was
are
cient
an-
conceptions
the remark
of
213
QUESTIONS.
is the
What
feeling
To
fourth
do
what
these
of
this
in
exists
it ?
upon
What
the
"
third
what
to what
for
truth
their
Wliat
"
reciprocal
is
precept
reference
appeal
we
and
case,
In
"
principles?
do
Why
"
stated
they
are
founded
here
not
we
go
impression
savage
among
whom
do
of them
universal
be
?
To
c"intidentlyappeal ?
we
What
is stated
utmost
practical importance ?
as
a point of the
If we
do not suppose
them
to what
to originate in this way,
reduced
that
believe
alternative
?
not
can
we
they
we
Why
are
abroad
nations
whether
inquire
to
the
"
"
"
derived
are
entirely
?
supposition
and
the
may
force
of
they
of
the
To
what
question
does
as
does
How
himself?
not
to
laws
deficient
"
What
feeling
rest?
What
For
is
how
does
be the
apply ?
pect
ex-
we
of
is
WTiat
"
conscience
he
constitution
the
by
"
"
common
conviction
How
How
"
ples
princi-
such
in
such
were
respect
controlling
illustrated
recognition
consequence
?
In what
this
may
the
recognises
?
same
this
How
"
recognised
absolute
that
show
may
then
what
their
is said
What
"
must
truths
the
should
"
defending
principles
human
are
internal
consciousness
the
accompanies
arises
from
this ?
impression
this
with
what
To
in
authority ?
^What
"
of
character
?"
"
conceded
be
therefore
they
tions
considera-
principle
principles ?
of
?"
conviction
What
"
universally recognised
be
are
istence
ex-
arguments
notwithstanding,
adapted to feel
is the
Butler
show
would
What
likened
be
for the
what
may
What
which
moral
criminal
the
"
and
the
only
other
of the
other
Upon
"
observations
criminal
part of
of?
mankind,
hardened
its
similar
do
what
What,
"
remorse
of
is said
disposed
be
the
of
origin
else
of
consent
establish
upon
reasonings of
What
?"
hand,
other
to
"
To
What
"
minds
evidence
powerful
plead
the
on
the
to
Deity
applied
arguments
is said
priori argument
founded?
What
"
intended
are
said
What,
"
as
the
them
"
be
chiefly
these
to
said
What
the
of
of the
observation
these
reference
is said
attributes
same
are
be
What
"
revelation
from
and
affection
"
What
"
?"
How
effect
this
has
illustrated?"
To
of
these
what
does
uniformity
What
is the
of
moral
remark
Butler?
the
Upon
eummg
whole,
therefore,
what
is
there
ground
for
as
214
QUESTIONS,
PHILOSOPHY
OF
THE
Page
first claims
What
principlesof
first-named
the
moral
as
in
guided
we
are
man
35.
attention
our
forming
analyzingthe distinguishing
being ?
our
"
which
element
into
enters
conditions
does
how
classes
many
distinct
two
the
the
principle is to be
What
that
every
flow
from
"
"
"
this
does
How
From
apply
other
what
morally healthy
general influence
To
owing?
how
"
are
our
State
moral
What
there
the
general
these
may
"When
do
arise ?
"
benevolence
arise ?
"
it
and
What
in every
is its
perform
excite,
diversities
acquire
we
how
to
the
of
character
frori this
How
"
propose
division
of human
of emotions
class
author
do
be
with
called
them
source,
and
exemplified ?
remains
to be specified
consider
this
principleswhich
subject ?
constitute
feel desire?
we
we
similar emotions
"
to
its
attend
reverse
on
What
"
other
When
"
and
faith?
When
class
of
feelings is
do
fear, and
it
to be
exemplified ?
and
anger
'{
feelings.
connected
When
the
"
does
it to account
turn
does
of
ofl^ice does
what
chief
higher
and
other
Where
?"
of the
to
might
knowledge
able
it appear
decision
or
How
sires
de-
principle?
which
the determination
what
To
"
result
emotions
may
exerted
one
What
we
What
"
is
what
determination
usually
the
another
the
source
conduct
What
"
does
How
In
"
with
of this
"
With
"
on
step backwards
the principles here adverted
may
to the
of volition
to ?
to the
Under
"
connected?
in connexion
find
we
this
an
character
lead
may
what
does
what
From
of
economy
conduct
these
result
attended
not
do
heads
many
From
be
to
What
it ?
is the
does
the
follow
are
is the
kept
the
in view
What
"
affection
how
referred
is next
fact
To
act
of
act
conditions
which
consists
other
aifections
the
are
what
and
connected
mental
FEELINGS.
MORAL
the
hope?
give way
"
affections.
WTien
to
When
grief?
Explain
"
"
the
confidence
despair? When
are
we
subject to
"
manner
in which
215
QUESTIONS.
PART
THE
OF
THE
DESIRES,
I.
SECTION
is desire defined
How
"
viduals
I.
Page
43
What
do
SELF-LOVE.
AND
AFFECTIONS,
embrace
ita objects
How
?"
determined?
How
case
particular
indi
different
objectsregarded by
"
How
desires ?
?
named
In
"
What
to
we
are
is necessary
?
appetites
What
"
is the consequence
and
"
"
"
of habit ?
does
What
"
of its
engrossingeffect,and
it often become
by
what
in this
WTiat
"
is said
is it usually
case
it breaks
accompanied ? To what does it lead when
through
the restraint of law and justice? To
what, therefore,is it
"
"
always
What
liable to be opposed ?
in order?
stands
next
evinced?
strength
In
"
behold
its influence?
assume
from
the former
is it
men
seen
considered
by
itself?
most
The
"
what
men
does
form
place?"
tendency ?
is its
"
we
it sometimes
does
How
In what
form
commendable
more
is its
especiallydo
this differ
classes
does
it
of
times
some-
reason
How
has
it been
known
"
writers
"
of this?
is it necessary
?"
has
How
"
In what
What
does
else
it
this been
fest
to mani-
is it found?
become
"
when
What
is the
does
tlie reverse
miiied ?
"
Under
what
stances
circumprinciplenamed?
?
laudable
To
a highly
principle
healthy exercise of it prompt a man, and what
sixth
"
it be considered
may
what
What
is mentioned
W^hat
higher
How
assume
For
abused
"
"
of
in the fourth
What
is this?"
What
"
class
What
"
is mentioned
What
what
the
?
"
How
How
is the
extensive
"
"
316
QUESTIONS.
circumstances,
this indifference may
be laudable?
however, in which
effect has the desire of the approbation of the virtuous
What
the conduct ? What
and the vicious respectivelyupon
other
a
totallyregardlessof
man
character
"
there
May
be
"
"
modification
is there
is
"
is
what
our
and
principle,
what
pridedistinguishedfrom
How
operation?
Of
of this
does
much
of
is said of its
this ?
"
"
"
of extensive influence
class of persons is this love of esteem
To what
?
men
expedientsdoes it prompt some
in
this
To what is assigned the seventh
enumeration
place
what
Upon
the
does
of this
"
"
tendency
principledepend?
that it should be
applied? Why is it necessary
under the control of a well-regulated
?
"In
whom
judgment
ought
it to be especially
cultivated,and why ?
What
stands the eighth in order ?
is the tendency and
What
the peculiarcharacteristic of this principle
? In what
respects
has it an advantage over
others before mentioned
? What
effect
what
it be
may
"
To
"
"
"
"
its possessor
has it upon
consist ? To what
does
"
What
do the emotions
prmciple ought
to be
In what
"
now
mentioned
great
include
and how
mentioned,
facts may
be accounted
class of men
does the greatest
lies in
this mental
condition
it accordinglylead ?
What
What
does
for
on
other
? What
is it characterized
?"
this
"
principle?
To
"
what
measure
of character
What
is requisitefor a sound
moral
condition ? What
will
be the consequence
of their being thus controlled,and what
of
their being left without
restraint ? When
of
have we
evidence
"
"
"
this ?
"
From
particulardesires have
what
evils arisen?
some
of the
greatest
"
What
consist ?
Can
this be considered
the
dition
healthyconbeing,and why ? What precepts of the sacred
is subservient
to the attainment
writings bear upon this point? What
of perfectmoral purity?
In order to this attainment,
same
of
"
moral
as
"
"
"
what
is it necessary
that
man
should
SECTION
Page
feel ?
II.
56.
How
does the
the desires ? In
"
their
"
"
of
is
is
318
"
QUESTIONS.
To
is justice
due ?
what, sixthly,
Jn
what
way,
persons
this kind
What
injured?
be
in their
"
injury,and
of
accordingly
Of
"
sometimes
"
avoid
offences
career
of such
be
may
this kind
this
be referred
may
is flattery
to be
to
sidered?
con-
with
are
"
safelyreckon
"
"
others ?
What
as
is
What
of
source
considerations
AND
BENEVOLENCE,
65.
is the
respects
life? How
"
"
COMPASSION
? What
purposes
these affections ?
to
"
such
In what
of power
belong ?
friend of virtue ?
the
to
assigned
Page
towards
How
persons
II.
may
higher degrees of
else
be
of
else
peculiar regret
ought to weigh
we
this
may
"
does
present
what
"
What
whom
of honest
persons
"
whom
"
reputation, may
?
is
"
class
other
with
In
"
"
What
are
the
principlerespectivelypertain? What
this head, and to what is it opposed ?
applyT
to
peculiarlysusceptible
of correct
feelings
person
what
and
this
does
and
guilty?
do the lower
"
are
will
himself?
demean
interest
minds
how
what
To
"
besides
condition of
such diversities
men
to
diversified in the
be viewed
"
What
is the
What
these
of
exercise
our
feelings
From
what
do these affections tend to
power
withdraw
is their due cultivation therefore
us?
How
to be
considered
?
whom
does
their
chief
benefit
terminate
Upon
?
What
the consequence
of neglecting them?"
is
what
By
the diligent
exercise of them
accompanied ?
What
do the benevolent
affections often requireof us
more
than is demanded
by the principleof justice? What is to be
"
"
"
"
"
borne
in mind
Towards
the other
on
whom,
in the
hand?
How
first place, are
"
illustrated?
volent
compassion and bene-
exertion
due ?" What
does this exercise
of them
often
do we
call for ?" How
feel our
the
to
of
way
proper measure
these sacrifices ?
is the most
What
form
in
which
lence
benevoeasy
be gratified
''"How
the same
can
affection be exer
may
cised in a higher degree ?" How
the
two
modes
be charac
may
terized ?
What
the properties
of this high and pure benevo
are
lence ?
Towards
what, secondly,is benevolence
to be exercised ?
"
"
"
what
rtment
does
?
this consist
?"
What
belongs therefore
to
this
219
QUESTIONS.
operation?
What
"
what,
Towards
?
include''
is its
else does
what
To
"
apply ?
this
"
appropriatename?
more
is apt to be forgotten ?
imply ?" What
is benevolence
to
Jn regard
what, fifthly,
From
this prevent
is its ultimate
does
what
therefore
What
us
does
respect
to the
From
with
as
what
it
it include
certain
is
"
opposed
In
does
What
is
inexperienced
veracity?
to
What
is the
it
does
?
us
"
connected
ciple
prinpartment
opposed ? In what detruth equallyimportant,and
how
do we
acquire a degree
the
same
"
lead
this sometimes
does
ral
natu-
in minds
of caution
want
of
lead ?
well-regulated mind?
closelyconnected
In what
with
this consist ?
"
To
is it
what
in
receiving
consequently
what
direct
may
statements
may
part of
and
what
To
"
is the
What
facts ?
does
what
To
"
?
description
What
"
"
?"
judgment,
else
is it thus
Where
of
what
To
"
consequently guard
exercise
"
To
and
essential
"
truth, differ ?
"
to children
does
sound
the
the love of
does
imply ?
What
"
is this essential ?
what
To
Against what
"
does
of every day ?
existingin all men
the elements
are
many
applicable?
what
"
70.
regard
of this in
us
"
mentioned
are
"
what
it
it also
events
common
is the first ?
requireof
does
be exercised
"
the consequence
persons ?" How
What
What
on
most
tendencies
it
is founded
what
To
cised
exer-
does
aim ?
Page
"
does
What
"
to
What
"
to be
VERACITY.
III.
What
it extend
place,is benevolence
does
situations
What
"
it lead ?
in the fourth
what
To
"
does
what
To
consist ?
does this
In what
"
convey
these
an
of
sources
fallacyconsist?"
erroneous
How
else
fallacybe illustrated ?
"
From
what
may
true
example
sources
does
the false
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
of
integrity
purpose
?"
Wt"Ht
fimher
220
QUESTIONS.
AND
LOVE,
FRIENDSHIP,
IV
Page
GRATITUDE.
76.
"
"
"
"
reckoned
does
How
"
the
exercise
impeded
that
of
?
"
How
love
and
?
friendship
PATRIOTISM.
V.
Page
is
How
What
exert
be considered
patriotismto
devolves
"What
of every
is it in the power
himself?
is included
What
do
these
relation?
To
what
of
the
How
does
it lead ?
community?
may he finally
"
AFFECTIONS.
Page
What
"
to do ?
one
DOMESTIC
THE
member
every
upon
VI.
77.
78.
call forth ?
"
"
To
filial?
How
do in
to consider
Why?
By
what
means
the
feelingsare
best
these
DEFENSIVE
mentioned
"
"
What
What
should
will be
he
the
principlesoperate
daughter?
feelingsof our nature
What
"
Page
What
mother
circle ?
togetherby
THE
the
are
societybound
"
son
the
same
and
the
is said of
"
"
domestic
?
principles
AFFECTIONS.
81.
moral
"
"
221
QUESTIONS.
pressors and the
oppressed^"
What
is
stillmore
refined
cise
exer-
"
to be
considered ?
what
does the exercise of attention consist ? To
what
does this especially
does it lead ?" To what
particularcase
What
How
?
is this evmced
goes to compose
apply?
thy
sympa?
What, however, is to be kept in mind in relation to the
referred our
have some
of self-love ? To what source
principle
discussions
such
to be regarded?"
ideas of benevolence
?" How
are
In
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
neglectingthis ?
from this subject
conclusions arising
is the firstof the two
?
What
is the evil in this case, and what the consequence
is
What
is the second?
What
suggestion made grounded
be the effect of suspicions
What
consideration
?"
this
may
upon
of this kind ?
connected
with pauperconsideration of great moment
What
ism
science pass its
does political
When
is here thrown
out ?
What, on the other hand, is not to be denied 1
proper boundary ?
?
remains to be mentioned
What
is the third point which
motive
what
of
the
mother
?
From
illustrated
in
the
How
case
does she act ? To what else does the same
apply,and
principle
What
?
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
what
is their character?
"
Analogous
T2
to
what
is the
purpose
222
QUESTIONS.
? How
they serve in our moral economy
What
effect
the
the
has
Apply
comparison.
and what the performance of them ?
feelings,
in the exercise of
the man
who lives habitually
which
exemplified?
"
"
"
"
violation of these
What
is said of
barren
a cold and
"
"
On
"
condition
what
operationof that
entitled to
we
are
? With
great principle
acknowledge
what
"
does
this
the
respond
cor-
?
What
this branch
else is to be observed
of the
?
on
shown
How
? How
the more
affections
benevolent
are
strictly
influenced ? What
beautiful principle
is thus perceivedin the
subject
"
"
"
moral
is it illustrated ?
What
"
is to
be borne
What
is mentioned
of pure
source
as
a constant
enjoyment?
is the effect of such a disposition
? What
is to be said
of the reverse
? What
else can we
^What
not fail to perceive?
do we
in
all
this
From
what
does
of
the
?
actual
much
see
"
"
What
"
"
"
"
misery
in the world
"
Wliat
do
we
"
"
"
"
m.
SECTION
SELF-LOVE.
What
has
dispute
What
there been
Page
"
96.
Self-love?
fact is stated
"
How
is the
"
"
it constitute,and
exercise ?
What
should be the
does
what
when
it becomes
morbid
in
its
tendency and
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
accords
with
neglectof
the
due
observation
exercise
of any
of the
man
"
What
and what
affections,
follows
the
effiect has
223
QUESTJONS.
it?" What
"
"
"
"
"
"
is the
What
to self-love ?
and
in
comparative danger
How
regard
is this to be
affections
the
to
do we
prevented ? What
find accordingly? How
illustrated ? What
else is to be accounted
?
do we
What
for in the same
thus perceivein
manner
of duty ?
or sense
respect to the moral principle
of self-love becoming deranged in
is the consequence
What
"
"
"
"
"
and
its exercise
"
"
"
"
PART
OF
II.
WILL.
THE
Page
103.
What
what do
the
is
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
'
"
"
What
confidence do
mankind?
with
"
can
we
foretel,for example?
"
With
and veracity
how much
we
relyupon the integrity
?
What
do
thus
of some
we
gradually
acquire,and
persons
how ? How
exemplified? What do we learn in our endeavours
do we
to exert influence upon others ?" How
proceed when in
certain motives or truths failof effect ?
From
what
certain cases
?
this
do
do
conviction
we
do we
What
recognisetherefore' in all such cases ? Why is
"
"
"
"
"
it no
the
objection
same
motives
Supposing a
man
act in very
before them ?
to deliberate in
different ways
regard to
with
line of
particular
calculated
to act on
his
conduct, what are the circumstances
conduct
is the
of different men
in decidingon
volition ?" What
?"
the
in
refers to
actions
cases
case
their
particular
Suppose
224
QUESTIONS.
of the desires
one
of other
having no
immediate
?
three characters have thus been presented to view ?
is said of the first?
Why do we depend upon his conduct
is said of the third,and what
confidence
?
What
much
so
men
What
What
"
with
do
IS
"
"
in order
know
requireto
we
"
What
To
is the
why
first?
these
are
What
"
"
What
"
interest is connected
heads
many
to
does
with
this subject
referable ?
the
highest class
What
?
writers
comprehend
is
of these
"
"
of
"
"
"
is
important truths of natural religionconsist ? What
the firstgreat truth which
is taught by it,and from what sources
else besides his
derived ? In regard to what
is the evidence
do the
"
"
how ? What
be derived
from
may
is said of him who
fails to attend
and what
these two sources,
eminent
?
writer
to them
? What
says an
else do similar observations
To what
these
are
apply? How
being are
assured, and
we
"
"
"
supported,and
transmitted
how
to
us
How
"
they further
are
character
are
we
addressed, and what
duty devolves upon every individual ? For what is every man
For what
is he further re
?
in the highestdegree responsible
in what
confirmed
"
"
"
sponsible?
What
is mentioned
among
againstserious
their minds
the
shut
sophistries
by which men
?
In what particular
is this
inquiries
"
illustrated ?
is
What
required in
knowledge ? What
what is passingwithin
"
this matter
next
to the acquisition
of
will he perceive who
honestlyattends to
has he when
a particular
desire is present to his mind?
Putting aside all metaphysical
?
does
this constitute man
What
is the first
what
subtleties,
is used as
term
mental state in this important process ? What
second
?
is the
If these be found
state
including both ? What
?
"
WTiat
power
"
"
"
"
"
?
the inclination,what ensues
Suppose the
inclination is condemned
by these, what then ? What
may
what
the consequence
and
be ?
happen, however,
may
third condition may
take place? What
is the conseWhat
quence
to harmonize
with
"
"
"
in this
what
does
case
though
purity of heart
the actual
deed
What
consist ?
"
be
prevented ?
In
is the effect of the
times
expression is some"
cherished ? What
and
this,
why ? V\^iat is the character of the
?
in the whole
of this course
From
the first
mental movements
?
does
the
consist
in
what
of
What
departure
step
process
in viewing such
a
philosophically?
questionoccurs
process
appliedto
"
"
"
"
"
What
is said of the
^elings?
"
In what
derangement
may
it consist
of
the
and
harmony
how
moral
does it proceed ?"
of the
226
QUESTIONS.
such
moral
acknowledge
do
What
from
learn
we
the whole
of the
considerations
these
are
forced to
we
point is there
?
inquiry
To
"
whom
highest practicalinterest
in this downward
are
What
"
? What
is
career
momentous
of the peace then cherished ?
the character and consequence
in
the
this fearful issue ?
What
occur
progress towards
may
What
is to be inferred while these indications of life continue?
"
"
"
such
duty under
point,and
this
each
on
What
is the path of
is necessary
at
his situation ?
How
his
may
"
What
?
"
is he to view
why ? What
how
moment
circumstances
progress
caution
"
"
What
is each step in all this contest?
consist
does the man
feel in this
'( What
it
is the character of this impression?
advantage gained?
each
"
suspended
is
"What
"
does
In what
course
"
What
One
"
What
have
reasons
hold
will thus
for
we
thmking
intercourse
the
that
his moral
with
"
we
"
"
"
"
man
What
with confidence
advanced
III.
PART
OF
THE
MORAL
there
has
129.
been
much
as
"
element
an
the
existence
of
and
do
what
our
moral
make
we
purpose
its office differ from
does
an
How
appeal
reason
act
what
for
To
on
judgment
writings? By
the moral
does it rank among
How
in viewing it in this relation ?
does
of
this
that of the
upon
our
"
has
is the evidence
"
"
"
"
What
the author
is said of it
What
?
principle
dispute?"
point does
?" Where
nature
of this
nature
CONSCIENCE.
OR
PRINCIPLE,
Page
Respecting what
again
and
subject?" How
? What
do we
"
what
quotation
there find in regard
?
"
How
powers?
does
"
What
it do
pears
ap-
intellectualacquisitions
?" To
227
(QUESTIONS.
is
particularly
apply ?" What
being suspended ? Describe it at full.
this
does
what
the effect of
son's
rea-
"
does it produce ?
does
How
"
it do this?
How
"
does
it regulate
How
desires and pursuits?" "What does he thus learn?
further
How
characterized
much
?
therefore is conscience
to be
is the effect of derangement
does the analogy extend ? What
his
"
"
"
the
on
harmony
judgment in
the
of the moral
feelings?
"
is the state of
harmony ?" With what
What
depravityconsist ? In what
degree of human
condition of mind in
?
is
such
What
a
derangement
? Trace
reference
out the leadingpoints
to the moral
feelings
of the analogy.
What
been had ?
other
To what has allusion thus far chiefly
importantpurpose is answered by this faculty? What ought we
to say in strict philosophical
language ( How does the process
do we
acquire the knowledge of a
however, appear? How
is this conclusion
First Cause ?
How
impressed upon
peculiarly
the utmost
may
"
lies the
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
us
?" What
"
yet
"
"
do we
learn the goodness and benevolence
does it appear
that this part of the arguHow
ment
insisted upon
in the sacred writings?
is clearly
do we
How
necessarilyconceive such a being to exist ? By
arrive at a knowledge
what
obvious do we
other process
equally
is
of
of these '( What
the chain
come
reasoning by which we
conceive
of
?
do
the
In what
to this conclusion
we
respects
of these quahtiesin the Almighty different from their
existence
can
arrive ?
How
"
of the
Deity ?
"
"
"
"
existence
in
in him?
termed
?
get free ?
"
"
men
From
"
What
do
From
what
what
impediments
conviction
cannot
they exempted
are
conclude?
therefore
we
is
What
"
this
the vicious
even
man
viewed
What
the character of such a being when
appears
when
viewed
from
What
inferior
results
in
?
creature
apart
any
?
Describe the
in a state of moral
relation to man
discipline
"
"
of this difficulty.
How
does
differ from that
in a moral governor
it in the case
of a moral
governor
of
efforts
what
do
the
highest
point
nature
"
is the demand
What
met
source?
conviction
What
?
"
"
mental
How
"
Under
behold
grand
do
we
"
human
truths do
arrive at
science fail?
"
learn from
we
by
How
that
fair process
of
reasoning ?
us?
to be contemplated in order to
conviction
of his Maker ?" What
in him
aspects is man
fabric worthy
impressedupon
228
QUESTIONS.
is forced upon
when
us
the actual
view
we
With
"
?"
man
arose,
cerned
chieflyconphilosophy compel us to
what
does
of
state
this condition
in which
What
is to be said of the manner
or of the
originof moral evil ?
in this matter, and what
are
we
believe ?
of
state
of moral
character
science
conclusion
What
man?"
contemplating his
in
to
come
actual
the
contrast
the inductions
besides
what
With
purely as
do
we
do
we
of
matter
historical truth i
in
do we
arrive at in endeavouring to trace the manner
What
which
have departedso widely from this high pattern ?
mankind
is an
What
"
inquiryof
there not be
can
a more
gi eater
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
is to be observed ? What
similar chain of sequences
would
be the consequence
What
?
may be taken for an example
to the truths conveyed to us
of a proper direction of the mind
What
close
respectingthe Deity? What are these emotions?
What
"
"
"
"
in
"
the
are
truths connected
does
? Of whom
"
"
What
other bad
still higher
in the
with
such
mental
appear
"
to be the moral
the moral
economy
"
How
perfectionsthen
divine
the
What
degree?
garded
re-
history?
harmony
of the
has been
Why is this?" By
impaired to this extent?
What
do
the
inventions of the mind
what
is this followed ?
thus become, and what is the final result ?
these great prmciplesof ethical science laid down
in
How
are
mind
"
"
the sacred
"
"
"
now
principles
to the
observers
impressions have superficial
Is this inference warranted, and what
the fact ?
often
to be
repeated? What
depends on this ?
"
^What
"
"
"
deduced
stated ?
from
ought
principle
What
else ?
"
Why?
What
other
point deserves
consideration
in connexion
with
consist
?
process
?
subject
"
"
"
"
"
does
it
?
originate
"
What
is the
primary
229
QUESTIONS.
effectof this loss of mental
What
harmony
"
is there
reason
is the
apart from this condition of the mind ? What
the
flows
from
What
of
Butler
?
want
of
opinion
consequence
What
is the first step in
this simple exercise of the attention?
virtue
is
?
What
it
backslider's
to
the
return
more
primarily?
What
to be noticed before leavingthe sub
two pointsremain
to believe
"
"
"
"
jectof
the moral
I. OP
principle?
AND
ORIGIN
THE
IMMUTABILITY
OP
THEORIES
AND
OF
Page
TIONS,
DISTINC-
MORAL
MORALS.
149.
previouslytreatingthe moral
possiblybe urged against this
powers?
objection
may
is the author's reply?"
? What
mode
of viewing the subject
endowed
find man
in his physicalrelations ? What
How
do we
might he plausiblymaintain in regard to them ? Though this
has
What
considered
been
in
What
"
"
"
"
be true, stillwhat
*"
When
have
we
is made
of it?
this,what
we
remark
done
How
"
may
is this
appUed?
is
?
be
may
"
reckoned
agree?" What do
these profess
?
What
do we
as
perceivein contemplatingthe conduct of men
in
each
other
do
relations
certain
?
what
to
To
refer
we
placed
On
condition
what
do we
m
forming this opinion of them?
with
the
^What
view him
?
conviction
or
reverse
approbation,
have we
relative to this matter ? What
is the next question?"
"
"
"
"
"
State
fully. What is contended
hand ? What
is maintained
the one
the other ? What
on
on
have
those who
adopt the latter hypothesis next to explain?"
To what have the various modes
of explainingthis led ?
Give the outlines of the system of Mandeville.
By another
modification of this system, whence
our
are
impressions of
virtue and vice said to be derived ? ^What is to be said of this
the
pointin
disputestillmore
"
"
"
'
"
"
system
is Mr. Hume's
State its leading
acteristics
charsystem tenned?"
does Professor Mills define morality?
How
is the fundamental
principleof the selfish
system of
What
"
What
"
"
designadopted?"
u
What
is to be said of this''
230
QUESTIONS.
is
What
If
of
theory
observations
these
necessarily brought
we
of
"
fact
decide
then
forced
theories?
?
us
upon
conduct?
further
is Butler's
called?
is
be
great
matter
does
he
How
shown?
respectively
illustrated
How
is
do
circumstances
does
what
do
respects
is
quired
re-
it indicate
and
What
?"
is it
what
defect
What
is
there
Do
"
act
reason
perceive
we
of
it any
?
necessary
and
conscience
reason
difference
be
reason
they always
to
Has
harmonize
and
to
man
are
speak in such
acquire wisdom?
in regard to moral
feel
we
a
office
here
reason?"
of
tion
distinc-
important
ilhistrated
exercise
the
what
of
office
How
"
an
individuals
of different
feeling-
what
uniformity
observations
the
be
cases
such
expect
we
What
in such
?"
does
How
"
subject
few
is
cases
"
this
What
"
to
appears
the affections
upon
other
what
In
gives
shown
moral
of
noticed,
be
minutely."
of
whole
made?
bearing
of this
which
purpose
does
what
this
opposed
as
it ?
do
to the
What
"
this
to
system
of
What
already been
said
conscience
remains
?"
system
reciprocity
this
theories
these
conviction
has
be
answer
concerning
the
by
may
has
the
What
"
all
absolute
an
equally clear,
said respecting
system
be
to
added?
may
system
regard
In
do
as
how
distinctions
and
is
State
"
this
To
"
else
remark
other
What
about
is
more
effect
What
"
What
"
What
"
appear
human
upon
this
theories
these
is disclosed
what
of
moral
of
to conscience
authority
respecting this, and
of
is there
"
What
"
much
this
confidently
himself, and
ask
are
objection
same
from
stated
foundation
the
be
to
immutability
By what
by the
mean
so
the
departing
of
pur-
conclusion
to what
does
else
simply
he
modification
other
all these
to
does
What
seems
What
we
"
practical
to
What
"
what
consequence
further
be
may
What
"
?"
founded,
well
To
consideration*
two
appUed
as
is the
What
apply
principle ?
?
doctrine
are
What
Paley?"
this
urged against
be
may
the
?"
?"
cases
what
In
"
decisions
in the
habits
may
this
How
How
other
?
of
"
"
In
ing
judg-
?
*
.
else
What
"
moral
How
is
reason
other
What
decisions
may
this
"
How
concerned
office
is
is this
important
in ?
"
How
frequently assigned
explained ?
distinction
be
to
be
reason
recapitulated T
trated?
illusin
231
QUESTIONS.
?'^II.
THE
OF
HARMONY
OP
Page
whatever
On
we
system
perceive?
What
other
"
subject?
man
feelings,what
classes of them
connected
be
"
of all
What
"
answered
this
What
duties
to
life of business
respecting a
What
so
"
follow
What
"
is said
is
of reflection
every person
to recreation
life is devoted
of benevolence
and
finally
"
What
"
public
be
to
ever
^What
respectinghim
be admitted
must
is said of
usefulness?
the ments
engagedo they
When
"
in mind?
kept
of the
What
"
is the
of want
of due attention to this consideration
consequence
^When
What
is it scarcelynecessary
to add ?
only do
?
some
"
of these
what
objectsof attention
is actmg
?
How
from
is said
have
of 'this ?"
the
the
What
To
what
What
What
does
who
such
by
"
the
"
counsel
highest of
"
In what
uniformity
other way
of
the
departments of
tend
"
To
to
promote ?
what
does
does
how
their mutual
itself?
the
is
"
it
?
"
What
"
How
cases?
is to be administered
deception ?
given
those
to
all motives
"
religion?
"
who
What
"
of true
error
in both
caution
will
life,and pay
what
character
consistencyof
arises from
What
"
mfluence
What
"
Who
"
inconsistency ?
this appear
?
have detected
What
of
sistent
con-
"
warning
illustiated?
hand?
influence
of a sincere religiousbelief?
necessary
the want
is the conof this influence
imply ?" What
sequence
01
What
to
In
With
"
is such
the
duties
"
time
same
other
of remark
worthy
them?
may
be
is
others
conspicuous ?
it do this?
accordingly tend
the
ascetic,on
of the various
the
attention
action
How
the
else
justestsense
adequate
most
place of
usurp
desire of notorietyat the
is it with
"
does
the
by
is obvious
whose
will
late?
re-
with
an
concerns
"
do
as
What
do
the moral
different
these
principle?
Viewing
also
do
interestinginquiryis
of the objects to
one
is
^What
"
moral
167.
consider
we
what
To
"
FEELINGS.
MORAL
THE
What
What
"
is this
How
to those
profess to be influenced
things are easilyacquired ?
is the seat
and
what the
thus exhibited
232
QUESTIONS.
PART
OP
MORAL
THE
IV.
RELATION
OF
Page
heads
what
To
in the sacred
topicslead ?
the
is
healthy state
what
of
moral
is the
"What
our
of such
character
relation to God
as
Deity ?
What
"
and
Governor
truth is it equallyimpossibleto
other solemn
what
By
"
declarations ?
moral
ble
responsi-
those
of the
of ethics chiefly
What
is pointed
"
the
of these
we
do
have
are
"
human
systems
is the fact in the Scriptures
?
What
being referred
former
"
what
DEITT.
175.
To what
do the two
the latter ? To whom
of the former
class ? What
To
"
infer from
THE
writings?
TOWARDS
"
"
attended ?
MAN
do we
Creator ?
repel?
What
inquiryis there therefore of intense interest connected
?
with this subject
What
is the first head
it may
be referred?
to which
What
does it imply, therefore,and to what is it opposed ? To
What
this be extended?
of mind
what
must
state
formerly
the same
To
what
referred to is here described?
else may
What
is said of these mental
be applied?
remark
conditions ?
"
"
"
"
"
cherishes
evils does
these
be said of the
may
in danger?
ordinarily
What
we
do these considerations
to the Most
High ?
appear
classes of characters
two
are
clearlypointed out in the
laws is this fact to be referred?
Scriptures? To how many
"How
What
"
"
"
"
"
springsfrom
such
man
feel ?
"
these
What
mental
two
further does
conditions?
What
"
does
he feel ?
is said of the
who
is the second head ? What
man
this
sublime
mind
Wkat
does
he
his
?
bears upon
impression
perceivein reference to that place? Specify. What does such
time allow ?
of soul at the same
Suppose these
a submission
What
"
"
"
"
"
of distress are
illsof life appear when
sources
What
not
removed, what
viewed
"
under
In whom
then ?
"
How
that aspect ?
will this be
will the
prominent
234
QUESTIONS.
is the second
speak
"
"
"
similar
be adduced
What
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
to
the
"
important results
we
speak in the same
In so doing,to what do we
ascribe such results?
To
the inspiredwriter refer when
he says that without
faith it is impossibleto please God ?
wh:\t has much
From
?
misconceptionarisen on this subject
What
is to be said of us as physical and intellectual beings?
What
moral beings ? What
as
are
chieflythe objectsof faith ?
State this more
How
is this distinction alluded
particularly.
What
to by the sacred writers ?
the objectsof sighthere
are
"
manner?
what does
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
intended to express
is the
In what
way
What
remark
is to be made
of them ?
attention to be withdrawn
from them?
is the specialprovinceof faith ? What
therefore is the
What
"
"
"
"
inquiry?
this
From
is the
field,what
what
do
first great
object
his operation,
infer ? Where
has he fixed the impress of his
and what do we
and what do we, by the jointoperation of conmoral attributes,
Bcience and reason,
is said of our
perceive him to be ? What
do they force themselves
knowledge of these attributes ? How
conviction
?
our
upon
What
insuperableconviction arises from our conception of
"
trace
we
"
"
"
Buch
"
"
What
is affirmed with
respect
to
these
do
235
QUESTIONS.
force
they especially
they
are
With
"
Who
themselves
what
meet?
is the
conviction?
our
upon
How
"
in the sacred
detailed and
impressedupon us
writings?
do
these
in
moral
constitution
our
ciples
prinimpression
What
is the office of faith in regard to these?
"
"
who
man
lives
by
faith ?
train of feelingarise in a
will a new
In what
circumstances
mind
feel
?
How
does
he
man's
concerning his dailyconduct ?
What
is his conviction
to the time
as
past of his life?"
"
"
What
inward
conviction
what
circumstances
Under
the
be
soul ?
With
"
these
with
contemplated
assured
man
who
deepest interest?
habituallyunder the
the
acts
Of
"
influence
truths ?
hour
constitutes a peculiarlysolemn
What
What
holds true of every man
who, after serious
heart ?
to his
own
what
must
If one's
"
condemns
heart
he^ feel ?
Why cannot
for
i
n
this
refuge,
extremity?
Deity
to
is the
of these
man^
any
"
inquiry,appeals
in this
him
we
"
what
review,
of the
"
his
not
condition
own
but
"
What
?
acknowledge
"
must
What
What
he
he perceive?
can
will he
decision
necessarily
"
arrive at ?
is said of oui
led to this conclusion
? What
refuge ? By what are we here met, and to what
does it call us?
does it
How
does it come
supported? What
is it adapted
disclose ? What
necessities does it meet ? How
what
are
efforts to find a
By
we
"
"
"
"
"
"
to each
How
"
"
"
In what
of Christian
truth?
the scheme
other relation does it hold an importantplace,and for what
son
rea? What
does any one
feel with regardto it ?
How
the objectsof faith ?
What
have
before
we
are
many
prominent a place in
"
"
"
the
faith to be ?
Who
such
truths in faith ?
What
have
we
faith,and how may that best be done ?
seen
operationof
"
"
"
is the
next
man
to do
who
in
receives
regard
to
rejects
the character
of the individual?
How
does this apply to the office of faith in the matter
of
salvation ?
of the confusion in which
From
what has much
this
been
has
involved
arisen
?
What
do
form
?"
Who
subject
they
is the man
that will not seek the remedy ?
Suppose he contents
"
"
"
himself
with
merely admitting
the
facts?
"
In what
are
the
236
QUESTIONS.
contained
grounds
From
do
what
which
on
derive
we
"
truths
these
the
addressed
are
sincerity
of
the
to
offer
us
What
is
"
he
said
does
to
What
is
What
not
this
by
meant
"
beheves
who
do
he
beheves
who
do
is
"
him
who
to
What
it
the
hath
vain
undertake
to
of
hope
this
not
this
which
by
doctrine
What
has
is
What
in
Christianity
it
does
remarked
be
to
does
how
is
What
in
exhibit
been
regard
What
does
this
does
the
is
character
true
of
hypotheses
the
What
it
of
it
How
of
enlargement
What
opposed
as
is
How
is
reality
of
be
the
delusion
on
such
is
the
it
ported?
sup-
looked
is
and
seek
he
for
What
are
"
What
causes
"
falsehood
for
look
to
upon
principle
and
test
to
man
particularly
to
What
is
said
"
attainment
further
gains
of
his
does
in
this
What
is
he
know
progress
knowledge
"
his
subject
amount
What
Where
what
the
effect
of
each
To
what
is
What
does
it thus
"
he
led
"
In
what
compared
improvement
?
go
forward
To
"
what
is
it in
by
produce
circumstances
does
"
moral
is
"
man
the
of
making
In
"
founded
be
to
that
step
the
the
to
system
"
acquirements
these
are
faith?
of
acceptance
proofs
the
apply
reveal
reveal?
vious
ob-
then
"
does
reality
the
his
of
"
of
What
"
evidence
system
is
"
Christian
"
besides
therefore
does
"
What
"
further
what
proclaim?
head
"
such
For
"
appear
this
doctrine
this
it
this
on
"
does
opinion?
does
How
former
What
said
is
erroneous
How
fallacy
what
What
It ?
and
"
"
To
us
proofs
systems
two
"
else
equally
this
to
logical
What
to
is
misrepresented
the
to
provide?
other
the
regard
mere
all
the
are
"
before
What
"
perverted
in
assurance
What
required
acceptance?
"
mentioned
and
with
who
him
of
were
What
God
to
comes
said
be
?
"
therefore
conclusion
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the
relative
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extensive
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undertaken
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materials,the
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author
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"
N.
Y.
Observer.
have
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appears
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VALUABLE
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DEMONOLOGY
Walter
By
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curious, interesting,
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WITCHCRAFT
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is
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in wliich
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HISTORY
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quainted. Historical
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the mind
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POLAR
With
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ao
are
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The
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haa
such
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valuable.""
Eminent
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fessors
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is
difficulties that
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on
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men
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The
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mind
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world, and the subject is one
every curious
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Y.
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a
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by
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The
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Mr.
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handsomely.
is
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educa-
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is not
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