Citation #1:

ROSENFELD, RICHARD, MICHAEL J. DECKARD, and EMILY BLACKBURN. "The Effects

Of Directed Patrol And Self-Initiated Enforcement On Firearm Violence: A Randomized
Controlled Study Of Hot Spot Policing." Criminology 52.3 (2014): 428-449. Criminal
Justice Abstracts with Full Text. Web. 28 Apr. 2016.
Abstract/summary of the source in your own words (5-6 sentences):
This article pertains to my research because it talks about hot spot policing, also known
as directed patrol. Directed patrol is proven to be effective in areas where crime is highly
concentrated. It helps by reducing crimes in the area with a saturation of police officers in the
target area. This source evaluates a 9 month directed patrol in St. Louis, Missouri. Officers were
deployed in more numbers in areas of high crime. The results yielded a reduction in nondomestic
firearm assaults.
Evaluation of the source in your own judgment as it relates to the topic (5-6 sentences)
consider the scholarship, credibility, intended audience, and the overall contribution to
your topic:
This article relates to my topic because it deals with enforcement tactics law enforcement
uses daily. This is the kind of work that law enforcement does on the regular in cities that have
high crime. The two authors both have credibility to the subject, Richard Rosenfeld, is a
professor at the University of Missouri, and Emily Blackburn works for the St. Louis
Metropolitan Police Department, these authors have credibility. Its intended audience would be
criminal justice scholars, the St. Louis Metropolitan Police Department, other law enforcement
agencies, or students researching law enforcement topics. It contributes to my topic by
displaying law enforcement tactics used daily.

Citation #2:
Swedler, David I., et al. "Occupational Homicide Of Law Enforcement Officers In The US,
1996-2010." Injury Prevention (1353-8047) 20.1 (2014): 35-40. Criminal Justice
Abstracts with Full Text. Web. 28 Apr. 2016.
Abstract/summary of the source in your own words (5-6 sentences):
This article talks about law enforcement line of duty deaths by homicide in law
enforcement, focusing on the years 1996-2010. The article excludes those killed in the 9/11
terrorist attacks. This study showed that the occupational homicide rate peaked in 2001, and was
lowest in 2008. Most law enforcement officers were killed by short barrel firearms (67%). 10%
were killed with their own firearm. This article concludes that officers should be highly trained
when dealing with suspects.
Evaluation of the source in your own judgment as it relates to the topic (5-6 sentences)
consider the scholarship, credibility, intended audience, and the overall contribution to
your topic:
The article relates to my topic because it deals with line of duty deaths in law
enforcement. The authors are very credible, they work for the center for injury research and
policy, so that would prove they have no bias and study these types of things all the time. The
intended audience is police departments researching statistics relating to line of duty deaths, or
students researching law enforcement. The overall contribution to my topic would be how its
related on how law enforcement officers perform their duties and the dangers to it.

Citation #3
Franklin, Neill. "The Drug War Endangers Police." Nation 297.20 (2013): 20. Academic Search
Premier. Web. 25 Feb. 2016.
Abstract/summary of the source in your own words (5-6 sentences):
The average white American finds it difficult to believe that so many people are being
arrested for small amounts of marijuana and the media doesnt report it. Upper class and middleclass and the wealthy are for the most part shielded from the information and are unaffected by
the policing of marijuana possession. Statics show since 1997 600,000 arrest in New York alone
for marijuana, while the arrest at the National level is about 10 million. This averages out to be
about 700,000 a year. In 1990 the war on drugs shifted from crack cocaine to marijuana under
Bill Clinton. Congress has allocated billions in Federal funding and has thus subsidized the arrest
of millions of young Americans. Many law enforcement officers lose their lives in the line of
duty due to our nations longest war, not only are civilians affected by this.

Evaluation of the source in your own judgment as it relates to the topic (5-6 sentences)
consider the scholarship, credibility, intended audience, and the overall contribution to
your topic:
The source is credible because the author of the piece is a retired state police captain,
who worked in the undercover drug unit during his service. He lost one of his good friends in the
line of duty due to drug. The intended audience would be people interested in reading about the
war on drugs, and how it affects our country as internally. The intended audience also could be
students who are studying this kind of subject, or law enforcement officers researching the war
on drugs, it could be useful to them to get a viewpoint from someone in the same profession. The
overall contribution to my topic is to show how big the war on drugs is to law enforcement
officers daily. It helps to show how big the war on drugs is in America.

Citation #4
Landry, John M., et al. "Emergency Medical Response In Active-Threat Situations: Training
Standards For Law Enforcement
Abstract/summary of the source in your own words (5-6 sentences):
With law enforcement being the extremely dangerous job that it is, its important for
LEOs (law enforcement officers) to know lifesaving first aid, it is expressed when Landry states
that Agencies increasingly have expressed interest in training officers to provide medical care
during active-threat events. Faced with the shooting of 11 officers in a 2-year period, including 2
line-of-duty deaths, the city of Memphis, Tennessee, trained 4 officers to the emergency-medical
technician (EMT) basic level. Active shooter situations require highly trained officers to use
every aspect of their training while the situation is occurring, being medically trained just adds to
the de-escalation of the situation, it gives them the benefit of being able to treat fallen officers, or
wounded citizens in an area that is unsafe for fire/medical to access. When law enforcement
officers are trained with EMT certifications it helps in active situations where seconds of life
saving operation counts.

Evaluation of the source in your own judgment as it relates to the topic (5-6 sentences)
consider the scholarship, credibility, intended audience, and the overall contribution to
your topic:
This article is credible because its written and published by the FBI, the FBI analyzes
situations and tactics for law enforcement officers across the country, and helps them improve.
The intended audience would be scholars studying law enforcement in detail, or law enforcement
officers simply getting their news from the FBI. Usually these types of memos from the FBI
would be read by high ranking officers in a department, to get recommendations on tactics and
other law enforcement related things, I chose this article for my research because its directed to
law enforcement, and not students in general. I think this is useful because it makes my topic
scoped in on actual law enforcement tactics and helps explain my topic in more detail then an
article that would be written by someone with less credentials and knowledge of how law
enforcement works in general.

Citation #5
Sheets, Victoria. "Breaking Bad Law: Meth Lab Investigations Highlight Alaska's Current
Approach To Privacy." Alaska Law Review 32.2 (2015): 373-393. Academic Search
Premier. Web. 28 Feb. 2016.
Abstract/summary of the source in your own words (5-6 sentences):
States like Alaska have that strict privacy laws that make the war on drugs hard to
combat. Alaska was the first state to declare that a ban on possession and personal use of
marijuana was unconstitutional based on the states privacy laws. Due to their privacy that theyre
granted by their state constitution it makes it very easy for meth labs to be created. This could be
a public safety concern for its citizens. This article brings the court case Martin v. the state of
Alaska involved a state trooper getting tipped off by a security guard at a shopping center
because Martin and four other individuals were looking to purchase items commonly used in
methamphetamine production. The trooper followed them back to an apartment complex, waited
for hours but eventually went up to a window and looked in and was able to see through a broken
blind. What he saw was items commonly used to make methamphetamine, which caused him to
get a search warrant. Everyone in the home was arrested and charged with second-degree
misconduct involving a controlled substance. It took the officer too long to intervene with the
meth lab, this is a major safety concern. Meth labs put deadly chemicals into the air which can
cause cancer long-term.
Evaluation of the source in your own judgment as it relates to the topic (5-6 sentences)
consider the scholarship, credibility, intended audience, and the overall contribution to
your topic:
This article brings in a court case to highlight problems that law enforcement are faced
with. The author is associated with the University of Dukes law school which gives her
credibility. The intended audience would be students studying different aspects to law, case law,
or law enforcement. The overall contribution to my paper is how the article focuses on the
legality of obtaining a search warrant, getting probable cause, and how it relates to the courts. It
also expands my topics direction to focus on the legality of the tactics law enforcement use.

Citation #6
Shepard, Edward M., and Paul R. Blackley. "Drug Enforcement And Crime: Recent Evidence
From New York State." Social Science Quarterly (Wiley-Blackwell) 86.2 (2005): 323342.
Abstract/summary of the source in your own words (5-6 sentences):
The authors Edward Shepard and Paul Blackley attempt to link drug law enforcement to a
decline in crime, this would help to prove that enforcing drug laws, it would reduce crime. In
contrast to their expected findings, there is no statistical link to a drop in crime because of drug
enforcement. The statistics were taken from 1996 to 2000, in 62 counties in the state of New
York. The crimes they analyzed were violent crimes that involved drugs. There was no link that
drug arrests and enforcement had an effect on crime. This suggests that the current way we
handle drugs in national policy is not working, and only endangers police officers and civilians.
When drug dealers are taken off the streets, it leads to a higher price on drugs.The higher prices
lead to more violence which makes the war much more dangerous for civilians and for law
enforcement, as it develops and more drug related violence occurs, innocent people could lose
their lives simply over a drug. Rehabilitation of drug users is a major key to reforming the way
that America handles the war on drugs.
Evaluation of the source in your own judgment as it relates to the topic (5-6 sentences)
consider the scholarship, credibility, intended audience, and the overall contribution to
your topic:
The author is affiliated with Le Moyne College, and the article was published by the
Social Science Quarterly which gives it credibility. The intended audience would be law
students, criminal justice students, or other audiences that would be studying crime statistics
related to drugs. This contributes to my topic of law enforcement because it highlights current
problems in the criminal justice system. This expands my topic by bringing up how our
legislation affects street level police officers in their duties.

Citation #7:
Insinna, Valerie. "More Body Cameras Becoming Available To Law Enforcement." National
Defense 99.738 (2015): 10. Academic Search Premier. Web. 28 Feb. 2016.
Abstract/summary of the source in your own words (5-6 sentences):
Recently, research has been conducted on the use of body cameras. A new company
based in the US has developed a product called B-Cam SRU. This camera sits on the chest and
all the officer has to do is push the button to begin recording. The product is water proof and is
ruggedized to withstand drops of two meters or more. It can also record high definition video.
The battery life on the product last about 6 six hours and can be easily swapped out with a fresh
one. A safety feature on the product is a 32 GB flash drive that is tamper proof and built into the
B-Cam. The software on the camera makes it impossible for footage to be deleted or edited,
allowing for more accountability. Human error still has to be accounted for when dealing with
body cams, the camera could fall off of the officer during a scuffle, or the officer could forget to
press record.
Evaluation of the source in your own judgment as it relates to the topic (5-6 sentences)
consider the scholarship, credibility, intended audience, and the overall contribution to
your topic:
The article was published by the National Defense publication, it deals with issues with
security and enforcement in America. There is no bias in this article, as its informative on a body
camera and simply explains the benefits of law enforcement using body cameras. The intended
audience could be researchers researching law enforcement, or body cameras, the audience could
also be police departments looking to invest in body cameras. It contributes to my topic by
adding more elements to the collection of my research relating to law enforcement.

Citation #8:
Smith, Lucky F. "Effects of Clandestine Labs." Telephone interview. 28 Apr. 2016.
Abstract/summary of the source in your own words (5-6 sentences):
I spoke to Johnson County Sheriffs office detective Lucky Smith, with 25 years of
experience in law enforcement, his many achievements in his department has given him
experience in the war on drugs up close and personal. His experience in the war on drugs gives
us an expert view on the war on drugs, he defines a clandestine lab as a lab that produces any
illicit drugs, and this could be meth, butane honey oil, and LSD. These labs are very dangerous,
they contain chemicals that are highly explosive and usually not handled by experts. The gases
that these chemicals create are very poisonous, and in the long term can cause cancer. The charge
for this would be production of methamphetamine, for example. And if there are children are
present during the cooks, you would be charged with child endangerment. These labs are a huge
endangerment to the public, these chemicals are not being used for their proper purposes, and
people breathing in the air around them can cause them serious health issues long term.
Evaluation of the source in your own judgment as it relates to the topic (5-6 sentences)
consider the scholarship, credibility, intended audience, and the overall contribution to
your topic:
Detective Lucky Smith is a very credible source when it comes to law enforcement. He
has worked in every division including the Street Drug unit, and Special Investigations division,
hes currently assigned to the Investigations unit, Honor Guard, Clandestine Lab Response Team,
Metro Squad, Strategic Offender Risk Reduction, Kansas City Regional Mortuary Operational
Response Group which handles mass casualties in the area, he guest lectures at Washburn, and is
an instructor at the Johnson County Sheriffs Office Police Academy. The intended audience
would be anyone studying law enforcements role in the war on drugs. The overall contribution
to my topic would be how Detective Smith put the war on drugs in perspective since hes seen
what these drugs do to people and children.

Citation #9:
McAllister, Brian. "FBI - Officer Survival Spotlight: Foot Pursuits: Keeping Officers Safe." FBI
Law Enforcement Bulletin (2015): 14-17. Academic Search Premier. Web. 4 Mar. 2016.
Abstract/summary of the source in your own words (5-6 sentences):
This article expresses the dangers of law enforcement foot pursuits, McAllister defines a
foot pursuit as a tool used by law enforcement that entails the act of chasing or pursuing on
foot a fleeing offender actively trying to evade capture. Foot pursuits are one of the most
dangerous situations law enforcement officers can be in, and only 20% of law enforcement
officers received full training regarding this. The FBI recommends that law enforcement officers
have at least 2 officers for an effective arrest of an offender. Initially officers should analyze the
situation before chasing, calling backup units, and analyzing the terrain go into play. Officers
should set up a perimeter around the area and look for the suspect in bigger numbers then just
one officer.
Evaluation of the source in your own judgment as it relates to the topic (5-6 sentences)
consider the scholarship, credibility, intended audience, and the overall contribution to
your topic:
The article was in the FBI Law Enforcement bulletin, which is a credible source of law
enforcement tactics and news. The intended audience would be for law enforcement officers, or
students studying law enforcement tactics. It contributes to my topic by focusing in on the
situations law enforcement officers face daily, and how they handle these situations. It also
contributes to my topic by showing more tactics law enforcement officers use when handling
suspects and offenders during foot pursuits.

Citation #10:
Swedler, David I., et al. "Occupational Homicide Of Law Enforcement Officers In The US,
1996-2010." Injury Prevention (1353-8047) 20.1 (2014): 35-40. Criminal Justice
Abstracts with Full Text. Web. 4 May 2016.
Abstract/summary of the source in your own words (5-6 sentences):
This article explains how being in a career of law enforcement makes you at risk to be
killed while on the job, Swedler states Law enforcement officers (LEOs) have an occupational
homicide rate 3 times the national average, and it is the second leading cause of occupational
mortality for this group, behind motor vehicle collisions. Law enforcement officers in America
has a significant higher chance of being shot and killed in the line of duty compared to other
countries with less personally owned firearms available to citizens. Law enforcement officers
have to rely on their training in situations where their lives are in danger. This article stretches on
how law enforcement officers need to keep training with situation where their lives may be in
danger so that if they ever face the situation in real life, theyll be prepared.
Evaluation of the source in your own judgment as it relates to the topic (5-6 sentences)
consider the scholarship, credibility, intended audience, and the overall contribution to
your topic:
The author studies occupational homicides for certain professions. This gives the article
no bias, and makes the author an expert on the matter of people being injured or losing their lives
during their duties of any job. The intended audience could be other researchers on the safety of
a workplace, law enforcement officers, or students studying law enforcement. The overall
contribution to my topic is how it shows the dangers of law enforcement as a profession.