AUGUST 2012

ST. SEBASTIAN SOUTH

DIVERSION
CONCEPTUAL DESIGN REPORT

Project No.

SLLRDC/W/13

Document no.

CD/SSD/06

Version

version 1

Date of issue

31 August 2012

Prepared

Mrs S. Shila Devi, Design Engineer

Checked

Mr. M. M. M. Moufar, Hydrologist

Mr. O. Thalgaswatta, Structural Engineer
Mrs. A. H. Thushari, Project Manager

Contents
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

General Description...............................................................................
Scope of Work........................................................................................
Design Basis...........................................................................................
Performance Criteria.............................................................................
Method of Calculating...........................................................................
Functional Description...........................................................................
Technical Basis.....................................................................................
Cost Estimate.......................................................................................

List of Figures
Fig. 1

Sections of Beira

Fig. 2

Location map

Fig. 3

Catchment area

Fig. 4

Schematic diagram of HEC-HMS

Fig. 5

Option 1

Fig. 6

Option

Fig. 7

Option 3

Fig. 8

Proposed improvement

Fig 10

Crest of the Ogee spill way

Fig 11

Pattern of Hydraulic jump

Fig 12
energy curve

Fig 13

Hydraulic jump interpreted by specific

-

Simple horizontal apron for stilling

basin
Fig. 14 -

Dimensions of the HB vehicle

Fig. 15

Front Elevation of Weir

Fig. 16

Spillway longitudinal section

List of Tables
Table 1 -

Input data to HEC-HMS

Table 2 -

Details of minimum concrete cover

Table 3 -

Safety factors for SLS & ULS

General Description
The Beira Lake is located in the heart of the city of
Colombo, and has a highly urbanized catchment of
696ha
that is mostly flat, with ground levels
ranging from less than 1m to 6m above mean sea
level. The lake covers 65.4 hectares and has a
mean depth of 2.0m. It comprises four main basins:
the East Lake, the Galle Face Lake, the West Lake
and the South West Lake. The East Lake is the
largest and deepest basin (43.2 ha, max. depth of
5.6m), while the other three basins are much
smaller and shallower (total of 22.2 ha, max. depth
of 3.4m). The sections of Beira lake is shown Fig.
1.
The water quality of the Beira Lake, that the West
and South West Lakes are generally much more
affected than the Galle Face and the East Lakes.
Once water quality of adjacent water bodies are
compared, it shows that the water quality of Beira
Lake is much worse, due to the quality of the
St.Sebastian south Canal and Norris canal waters
is also quite bad.

Fig 1 - Sections of Beira

Scope of Work
The poor quality of water in the St. Sebastian
South canal should not be pumped in to the Beira
lake via the pumping station at south lock and also
the outflow from the polluted Norris canal should
not be discharged to the Beira lake. Therefore it is
proposed to divert the flow of Norris canal and the
discharge of South lock pumping station using new
diversion canals into the sea outfall downstream to
the Macculum lock gate as shown in Fig.2

Fig 2 - Location map

At present, storm water from highly urbanized
catchment area of Beira lake normally drain out in
to the sea via circular weir in Gall face lake at
Galle face near old parliament premises. The crest
level of the weir is +1.8m MSL. In addition to this
there are two lock gates for Navigation purpose

one is called Macculum lock gate at lake house the

East Beira lake to the Colombo harbour, and the
other one is South lock gate at Maradana Technical
college connect the east Beira lake to the
St.Sebastian south canal.
The Beira lake is composed of inter connected
water bodies namely the east lake, Galle face lake,
west lake and southwest lake respectively. The
total area of Beira lake is 71ha
and the ground level surrounding the lake vary
from around +2.0 m MSL to +6 mMSL.
At the St.Sebastian South canal lock gate behind
the Maradana Technical junction, there is a pump
house that is used to pump water from the canal
into the lake to spill to the sea by the spillway
when needed. The pumping capacity of each pump
is 180,90 and 90 l/s respectively, which is
constructed to maintain the water level (1.8 m
MSL) of the Beira lake. The presents of former two
pumps are reported, but they have been out of
commission due to non adequate amount of flow to
operation system.
The semicircular concrete spillway is going to
construct at lonely pelican-Beira lake. The spill
crest level is 1.85 m MSL which maintains the
present minimum water level of the lake and keep
away from outlet of St.Sebastian canal via Beira
lake in to the sea.
The dry flow of Norris canal is allowed to flow into
the Beira Lake via filter media (Reed Bed) to
improve the water quality and to avoid the water
unbalance in the Beira Lake during dry weather
period. Part of the wet weather flow is diverted via
underground diversion canal along the D R
Wijewardhane Mawatha into the Northern Felcon
of East Beira Lake and then the flow from this

diversion together with the flow from the

catchment of the Felicon and the flow of the pump
station at South Lock are diverted via semi circular
weir followed by underground canal along the
Bastian Mawatha and Olcott Mawatha into the Sea
Outfall downstream to the Macculum Gate to
mitigate the floods in the areas of Pettha,
surrounding of Beira Lake and Norris canal.

Design Basis
Methodology

The prime objectives of proposed diversion of

storm water from Norris Canal and south lock
pump
station are,
1 Mitigate the flooding of areas of Pettha area,
surrounding areas of Norris Canal and
Maligawatta Area.
2 Prevent the discharge of poor quality water in
St.Sebastian South Canal.
3 Improve the Quality of polluted water of Norris
Canal in Dry weather flow in to the Beira Lake
To achieve the above 1, 2 and 3
(a) The part of wet weather flow of Norris Canal
is diverted into the Northern Felicon of East
Beira Lake by constructing underground
reinforced concrete box canal along the D R
Wijewardhana Mawatha.
(b) The discharge of South Lock pump Station
and storm water flow from the catchment of
Northern Felicon together with flow from
Norris anal diversion in (a) above are
diverted to the Sea Outfall downstream to
the
Maccalum
Gate
by
constructing
underground reinforced concrete canal along
the Bastian Mawatha and Olcott Mawatha.
(c) To avoid the unbalance of water budget of
Beira Lake in dry weather period , discharge
the dry weather flow of Norris Canal into the
Beira Lake through horizontal flow Reed Bed
to improve the quality of polluted water of
Norris Canal.
(d)
(e)
Standards
(f)
(g) Standard for hydrological and hydraulic
analysis HEC-HMS Software is used to determine

11

the peak discharge Flow Master Software is used

to determine the canal section
(h)
(i) WES Standard Spillway Shapes is used to
establish the weir profile.
(j)
(k) Standards for structural and geotechnical
designs British Standard for steel, concrete and
composite bridges (1978, 1990- BS 5400.
(l)
(m)
British Standard for structural use of
concrete (1985) - BS 8110.

(q)

(n)

BS 8002 : 1994 Code of practice for

Earth Retaining Structures.

(o)

BS 8004 :
design of Foundations.

- Code of practice for

(p)
Reinforced
Concrete
Designers'
Handbook,
Charles E. Reynolds and James C Steedman, 10th
edition.
(r)

13

Performance Criteria
(s)
(t) The boundary condition of diversion drain is
the water level of the Beira lake & Maccalum gate
downstream. The design is carried out for 10 years
return period and design JICA distribution. With
these concepts and information the canal is
modelled using HEC-HMS.
(u)

15

Method of Calculating
(v)
(w)
Calculation of peak discharge
(x)
(y) Estimate of peak storm water from HEC-HMS
model and use the Flow master to find the suitable
section of the underground box drain.
(z)
(aa)

(ab)
(ac) Fig 3 - Catchment area
(ad)

17

(ae)

(af)
(ag) Fig 4 - Schematic diagram of HEC-HMS
(ah) HEC HMS design presents peak discharges by
relevant catchments as a output of hydro graphs,
to structural design. The sub catchment areas
details are,
(ai)
(aj) Table 01 - Input data to HEC-HMS
(ak)
(al) Lo
(am)
(an)
(ao)
cati
A
M
R
on
(as)
(at)
(au)
(ar) Ar
0
0.
0.
ea
(ax) No
rris
cana
l
(bd) Su
b

(ay)
2

(az)
0.

(ba)
0.

(be)
0

(bf)
0.

(bg)
0.

(ap)
S

(aq)
Di

(av)
8

(aw)
5.

(bb)
8
(bh)
9

19

(bc)
1
(bi)
0.

basi
n1
(bj) Su
b
basi
n2
(bp) Su
b
basi
n3
(bv) Pu
mpin
g
stati
on

(bk)
0

(bl)
0.

(bm)
0.

(bq)
0

(br)
0.

(bs)
0.

(bw)

(bx)
0.

(by)
0.

(bn)
9

(bt)
9

(bz)

(cb)
(cc) Design rainfall for 10 year return period
(hourly distributed over 24 hours from JICA
study, 2003)
(cd)
(ce) The total design discharge is 22 m3/s
(cf)

21

(bo)
1.

(bu)
0.

(ca)
5.

6
(cg)

Functional Description
(ch) The intended function of this proposal is that
the conveyance of flood water from Norris Canal ,
flood water discharge from South Lock Pumping
Station and flood water from catchment of two
finger shaped Northern Felicons of East Beira Lake
into the Sea by passing the Beira Lake to mitigate
the flooding situation in the areas of Pettha,
Gunasinghe Pura, Maligawatta and Norris Canal as
the conveyance capacity of circular weir outfall in
Galle Face Lake at Old Parliament Premises is not
adequate to cope with peak flood of the Beira Lake
drainage basin. Three options could be considered
as follows.
(ci)
(cj) Option 1
(ck) Construction of underground diversion canal
from location A of Norris canal up to the location B
where the St.Sebastian South canal confluence.
After that the flow diverted into the Sea out fall
canal downstream to the Macculum gate via
underground canal along the W E Bastian Mawatha
and Olcotte Mawatha(E-F) provided that the finger
shaped Northern Felicons of East Beira Lake have
to be filled. Also polluted dry weather flow of the
Norris Canal has to be allowed to flow into the
Beira Lake to prevent the water unbalance.
Therefore dry weather flow with polluted water of
Norris Canal has to be sent through some filter
media(horizontal Reed Bed) to improve the water
quality.
(cl)
(cm)
Option 2
(cn) Construction of a weir at the location D to
maintain the minimum water level of Beira Lake at
+1.8 mMSL and construction of outlet canal up to
the sea out fall canal downstream to the Maccalum
Lock Gate along the W E Bastian Mawatha and the
Olcott Mawatha. (E-F) In this option also polluted

23

water in dry weather flow of Norris Canal has to be

sent through some filter media (horizontal reed
bed) to improve the water quality. Construct the
Crossing structure at C to prevent the water from
Beira Lake.
(co)
(cp) Option 3
(cq) Construction of diversion canal from location
A of Norris Canal upto the location B to and
construction of weir at location D to maintain the
water level at +1.8 m MSL and construction of
outlet canal upto the sea outfall canal downstream
to the Maccalum Lock Gate along the W - E Bastian
Mawatha and the Olcott Mawatha (E-F) disconnect
the interconnection of water body at location C.
(cr)
(cs) Option 2 is considered as more feasible option
since it has the least work scope and hence it
incurred the least cost. Therefore, this report
contains the technical basis for Option 2 only.
(ct)
(cu)

25

(cv)
(cw)Fig 5 - Option 1

(cx)

27

(cy)
(cz)
(da)Fig. 6 - Option 2
(db)

29

(dc)

(dd)
(de)Fig.7 - Option 3

31

(df) The proposal can be summarized as follows

(dg)
(dh)

Canal Stretch
Qty

Drain structure

(di)

Section 4.0 x 2.75

= 850 m
850m. Refer Fig.1.2.1
Section 2/3.75 x 2.5 = 600 m

(dj)
(dk)

Weir (1.85 m MSL )

Closed crossing structure

= 01 No.
= 01 No.

Proposed Closed
crossing structure

(dl)
(dm)
(dn)
(do)
(dp)

33

(dq)
(dr)
(ds)
(dt)

Fig. 8 - Proposed improvement

35

Technical Basis
(du)
(dv) Proposed Weir
(dw)
(dx) Background
(dy)
(dz) Hydraulic capacity computation for the semi
circular ogee weir structure are based on HECHMS model output of peak discharge.
(ea)
(eb) The study evaluated for weir control under
free outlet condition by using the following
equations.
(ec)
(ed) Q design = CLH 3/2
(ee)
(ef)
Design Procedure
(eg)

Determine required designs discharge

Evaluate stability of downstream channel in

order to set structure toe elevation.

Determine required drop D

Determine tail water conditions at design

discharge

Choose a structure size

(eh)
(ei)
(ej)
(ek)
(el)

For Ogee weir

Q

Design

(em)

(en)

(eo)
way crest

C L e He
=

Design

3/2

Design Discharge

Coefficient of Discharge

Effective length of Spill

(ep)
He
=
including the velocity head

Total head over the crest

37

(eq)
(er)

(es)
(et) Fig 9 - Elements of Nappe-shaped crest profile
(eu)
(ev)
(ew)
Weir coefficient = 2.21

(ex)

(ey)
(ez)
(fa)
(fb)
(fc)

Designing the crest of the Ogee spill way

Based "WES standards spillway shapes"

C (Origin or apex. of crest)

r1

(fd)
1.85
0.85
Dis curve in accordance
with
eq

r2

(fe)
(ff)
(fg)
(fh)
(fi)

=2. H d

b
Vertical

Crest axis
F1 = 0.5 Hd
F2 = 0.2 Hd
a = 0.175 Hd
b = 0.282 Hd

39

.y

(fj)
(fk)
(fl)
(fm)
(fn)
(fo)
(fp) Fig 10 - Crest of the Ogee spill way
determine energy dissipaters and stilling

basins
(fq)
(fr)
(fs)
Protection against scour downstream
of dams
(ft)
(fu) The velocity of flow downstream from weir is
always high and it erosions the bed and bank of
river below the weir. There are many types of
devices. To dissipate energy of flow downstream in
order to make the flow enter the earth canal at a
safe velocity
(fv)
(fw) The most frequently used energy dissipater is
a hydraulic jump.
(fx)
(fy) Condition for formation of hydraulic jump
(fz)

When depth of flow is forced to change from

a supercritical depth to a subcritical depth

Froude number decreases from greater than

1.0 to less than 1.0.

Jump will not occur when Froude number is

less than 1.0

Jump does not occur from subcritical to

supercritical flow only vice versa.

(ga)
(gb)
Hydraulic jump as an energy
dissipater
(gc)

41

(gd)

Jump equation

Y2 1
= (1+ 8 F 1 21)
Y1 2
(ge)
(gf)
(gg)
(gh)
(gi)
(gj)
(gk)
(gl)
(gm)
(gn)
(go)
(gp) Fig 11 - Pattern of Hydraulic jump

(gq)
(gr)
(gs)
Where Y1 and Y2 are depth before and
after the jump, respectively
(gt)
(gu)
V1 = flow velocity before the jump
(gv)
g = gravity acceleration, and

F 1=

V1
gy 1
Length of jump

(gw)
(gx)
(gy) many studies for length of jump have been
conducted. The equation gives the length of jump
The length of jump may be defined as the distance
from the point where the jet with a supercritical
velocity rises to the point where the streaming flow
meets the sequent depth of subcritical flow.
(gz)
(ha) length of hydraulic jump on a horizontal floor
(hb)
(hc)
L j = 5 (Y2 - Y1) ..............by
Bakhetett, Matzke
(hd)

43

(he) The energy loss in a hydraulic jump on

horizontal floor may be computed by the following
equation.
(hf)
(Y 2 -Y 1 )
(hg) H L =
4Y2 Y 1
(hh)
(hi)
When HL = Head lost through the
hydraulic jump
(hj)
Y2 = Depth after the jump,
and
(hk)
Y1 = depth before the jump
(hl)
(hm)
Note subcritical depth y2 only
depends on y1 and the Froude number.
(hn)
(ho)

(hp)
(hq)
(hr)
(hs)
(ht)
(hu)
(hv)
(hw)
(hx)
(hy)
(hz)
(ia)

45

(ib)
(ic)Fig 12 - Hydraulic jump interpreted by specific
energy curve
(id)

(ie) Loss of energy

(if) Theoretical depth after jump alternate
depth
(ig) Actual depth after jump sequent depth
(ih)

From Calculation
(ii)
3
Q = 20 m /s
Le = 30 m
(ij)
(ik)

(il)
(im)

Y1 =
Y2 =
Froude number
Jump length

design

/L

0.2 m
0.6 m
= 2.5
=

2m

(in)
(io)

Choose a suitable stilling basin

(ip)
(iq)
FR1
= 2.5
(ir)
(is) There for in this case a simple concrete apron
of length 5(Y1-Y2) is generally sufficient to
provide protection in the region of hydraulic
jump,
(it)
(iu) Due to dissipation of energy of water flowing
over weirs proposed stilling basin to prevent
possible erosion and scouring due to high
velocities. shown Fig....................
(iv)
(iw)
Length of stilling basin = 5(y2 y1) = 2.0
m
(ix)
(iy)

47

(iz)

(ja)
(jb) Fig 13 - Simple horizontal apron for stilling basin

(jc)
(jd)
Box drain
(je)
(jf)
Load Conditions
(jg)
(jh)
i. Earth pressure
(ji)
(jj) Soil pressure calculated as triangularly
distributed load, and water pressure
calculated as triangularly distributed.
(jk)
The following earth pressure coefficient
shall be used in the design calculation:
(jl)
(jm)
(a) Coefficient of earth pressure at rest
(Ko)
(jn)
(Jaky's Equation)
(jo)
(jp)
(jq)
(jr)

K o = 1-Sin '
(b) Coefficient of active earth pressure (KA)
(Columb's equation)

49

(js)

( + )Cos( +)

cos
sin(+ )sin ()

cos 2 Cos( + ) \{1+

Cos2 ( - )
K A=

(jt)
(ju)
(jv) (c) Coefficient of active passive pressure (K p)
(jw)
(Columb's equation)
(jx)

( + )Cos( +)

cos
sin(+ )sin ()

cos 2 Cos( + ) \{1-

Cos 2 ( - )
K P=

(jy)

(jz)
(ka)
(d) Coefficient of active earth pressure
during Earthquake (KAE),is not taken is
to
account
(kb)
(kc)
Where,
(kd)
(ke)

:
Internal angle friction of soil
(kf)
'
friction soil

Effective angle of internal

(kg)

:
Angle
surface and vertical direction
(kh)
(ki)
(kj)
(kk)

:
:

between

wall

Slope of backfill

Angle of wall friction

51

(kl)
(km)
(kn)
(ko)
(kp)
Hydraulic pressure
(kq)
(kr) Internal hydraulic pressure also calculated as
triangular loading internally
(ks)
(kt)
ii Dead load
(ku)
(kv) The weight of the materials and part of the
structure
that are structural elements, but
excluding superimposed materials such as road
surfacing, rail track ballast, parapets, mains, ducts,
miscellaneous furniture, etc. superimposed dead
load is define as the weight of all material forming
loads on the structure that are not structural
elements.
(kw)
(kx)
Unit weight of construction material for
calculation of dead load shall be used as listed
below unless otherwise specified.
(ky)
(kz) Material
weight
3
(kN/m )
(la) Water

9.81

(lb) Reinforced concrete

24.5

23.5

to

(lc) Plain concrete

22.5

21.5

to

(ld) Structural steel

(le)

Gabions

(lf) Stone masonry

(lg)

78.5
18
22

Brick layer
17.5

(lh)

Existing Soil

16

53

(li) Compacted fill (Soil)

19

(lj) Gravel/Boulders

19

(lk) Light weight aggregate concrete

- 17
(ll) Cement mortar

15
21.5

(lm)
Waterproof asphalt
22
(ln)
(lo) (iii)
Live load
(lp)
(lq)
Live loads are define as loads due
to vehicle or pedestrian traffic. live loads are
further classified in to primary live
loads and secondary live loads as follows:(lr)
(ls) (a) Primary live loads
(lt)

Vertical live loads, considered as static

loads, due to directly to the mass of
traffic.
(lu)
HA loading and HB loading as per
BS5400 fall under this category.
(lv)
HA - Loading
(lw)
Uniformly distributed load per one
notional lane
(lx)

L<30

(ly)
L> 30
less than 9 kN/m

UDL = 30 kN/m
UDL = 151x(1/L)0.475 but not

(lz)

Where L is the loaded length (in m)

(ma)
is

Knife edge Load- Per one notional lane

(mb)

KEL = 120 KN

(mc)

Wheel Load

(md)
Wheel Load is for 100 KN wheel load
placed on the carriage way and
uniformly
distributed over the circular contact area
(340mm diameter), an
effective pressure
of 1.1N/mm2 is assumed.

55

(me)

HB - Loading

(mf)

(i) Unit load

(mg)

The figure below shows the plan and

axle arrangement for one unit of nominal
HB loading. one unit shall be taken as
equal to the 10KN per axle (i.e. 2.5KN per
wheel) the overall width shall be taken as
3.5m. The minimum number of units of
type HB loading that shall normally be
considered is 25, but this number may be
increased up to 45 as directed by the
appropriate authority.

(mh)
(mi)

(mj)
(mk)Fig. 14 - Dimensions of the HB vehicle
(ml)
(mm) (ii) Wheel loads shall be assumed to be
uniformly distributed over a circular
contact area, assuming an effective
pressure of 1.1 N/mm2. Alternatively, a
square contact area may be assumed,
using the same effective pressure.
(mn)

Foot way live

57

(mo)
(mp)

L< 30m w = 5.0 kN/m2

L> 30m w = P x 5.0 kN/m2

(mq)
m)

where, L is the loaded length (in

(mr)
(ms)
(mt)

P = UDL/30
(b) Secondary live load
Live load due to change in speed or
direction of the vehicle traffic and load
due to vehicle braking shall fall under this
category.
(Source BS 5400 - Part 2)

(mu)
(mv)
(mw)
Breaking load
(mx)
(my)
This load shall be applied in one
notional lane only.
(mz)
for type HA ; F = (8 kN/m x L +
200) kN to a maximum of 700 kN. applied to
an area of one notional lane width
multiplied by the loaded length.
(na)
(nb)
for type HB ; 25% of total HB load
applied as equally distributed between the
eight wheels of the vehicle 1.8 m apart.
(nc)
(nd)
Moment Calculations
(ne)
(nf) Moments of edges and at middles calculated
according to the Reinforced Concrete Designer's
Hand Book "table 186" the equations represent in
hand book followed as it is. The
calculated
moments combined in 6 load combinations and
considered the critical movement combination and
its value for structural design. Supporting
movement calculation sheet is attached.
(ng)
(nh)
Combination 01

59

(ni)
Wall weight + Slab weight + Lateral Earth
pressure + Hydro static on walls + Internal
Hydraulic Pressure on internal walls + HB
Loading
(nj)
(nk)
Combination 02
(nl)
Wall weight + Slab weight + Lateral Earth
pressure + Hydro static on walls + Internal
Hydraulic Pressure on internal walls + HA
Loading
(nm)
(nn)
Combination 03
(no)
Wall weight + Slab weight + Lateral Earth
pressure + Hydro static on walls + HB
Loading + HA Loading
(np)
Combination 04
(nq)
Wall weight + Slab weight + Lateral Earth
pressure + Hydro static on walls + Internal
Hydraulic Pressure on walls
(nr)
(ns)
Combination 05
(nt)
Wall weight + Slab weight + Lateral Earth
pressure + Hydro static on walls
(nu)
(nv)
Combination 06
(nw)
Wall weight + Slab weight + Lateral Earth
pressure + Hydro static on walls + Internal
Hydraulic Pressure on walls + HB Loading +
HA Loading.
(nx)
(ny)
From Movements, Critical moment of each
position is considered to the design and the
design is continued with that critical movement
as in the BS 8110.
(nz)
(oa) Basic Conditions of Reinforced Concrete
(ob)
(oc)The limit state theory has been used in the
design of reinforced concrete structures, As for

61

non- prestressed steel reinforcement, the modulus

of elasticity, Es , may be taken as 2,000,000 or
2,100,000 kg/ Sq.cm.
(od)
(oe) (ii) The following minimum concrete cover
shall be provided for reinforced concrete.
(of)
(og) Table 2 - Details of minimum concrete cover
(oh)
(oj) U
ni
t
(
m
m
)
(ol)
(om)
S
B

(oi) Condition

(on) 1. Not exposed to weather

(oq) 2. Important structures and
structures exposed to weather
(ot) 3. Structures effecting harmful
chemical action (acid, oil,
(ou)
salt, etc.) on which no
protection is provided
(ox)
{Source : BS 5400 :
part 4 :1990}
(oy)
(oz)
(pa) (iii)
Spacing of Reinforcing Bars
(pb)

BS 8110 : part 1 : 1985 is followed

(pc)
(pd)
(iv)
Anchorage bond lengths and lap
lengths of bars
(pe)

BS 8110 : part 1 : 1985 is followed

63

(oo)
1

(op)
2

(or)
2

(os)
5

(ov)
3

(ow)
5

(pf)
(v) Design of reinforcement.
(pg)
(ph)
The following design procedure was
followed according to BS 8110 : part 1 :
1985
(pi)
(pj)
If K>K' say doubly reinforced
(pk)
(pl)
Then evaluate z = d{0.5+(0.25-K/0.9)} and it
should not be greater than 0.95d
(pm)

x = (d-z)/0.45

(pn)
K')fcubd2/0.87fy(d-d')

As'=

(po)
As'

As = K'fcubd2/0.87fyz +

(K-

(pp)
(pq)
and If d'/x exceeds 0.43, the
compression stress will be less than 0.87fy
should be
obtained from BS8110 part
01
(pr)
(ps)
But if we use singly reinforcement
we provide compression reinforcement also
to overcome practical problems.
(pt)
(pu)
(vi)
Crack width of Reinforced
concrete sections
(pv)
(pw)
For the calculation of crack widths of
sections the following procedure mentioned in
the " Reinforced Concrete Designer's Hand
Book , Charles E. Reynolds and James C.
Steedman, 10th edition was followed.
(px)
(py)
The following procedure are used
to find the Crack widths.
(pz)

65

Determine

moment

concerned from
service load

Determine

Ms

elastic

at

section

analysis

instantaneous

value

with
elastic

modular of concrete Ec

Evaluate x and z using the following

expressions
(qa)
(qb)
x/d = {(e+(e-1)') 2+2(e+(e1)' * d'/d)}- (e+(e-1)')
(qc)
z/d={3(x/d)2-(x/d)3+6(e-1)'(x/d-d'/d)
(1-d'/d)}/[3(x/d)2+6(e-1)'(x/d-d'/d)]
(qd)

Check stress in tension steel fs

(qe)
(qf)

fs = Ms/(As x z)
Calculate strain 1

(qg)
(qh)

1 = fs/2 x 105{(a'-x)/(d-x)}
Calculate strain m

(qi)
m = 1 - ( bt (a'-x)(h-x) /
600000As(d-x)
(qj)

(qk)
(ql)
(qm)

Design surface crack width

Wr = 3acrm/[1+2((acr-Cmin)/(h-x)]
Where

(qn)

(qo)
e
=
modulus of concrete

400/Ec and Ec : Young's

(qp)

=
As/bd and
tension steel provided

As : area of

(qq)
'
=
As'/bd and As': area of
compression steel provided
(qr)

= Neutral axis depth

67

(qs)

= Lever arm

(qt)

b, bt

= breath of the section

(qu)
Ms
=
moment of the section
(qv)

Wr

(qw)
acr
steel surface

Maximum

Service

= Width of the crack.

=

Minimum distance to the

(qx)
(qy)
Crack width is limited below 0.2mm
(qz)
(ra)
(vi)
Partial safety factor f1 and f3
used in the limit state analysis are as follows:
(rb)
(rc)
f3 is 1.1
(rd)
(re)
(rf)
(rg)
(rh)
(ri)
(rj)
(rk)
(rl)

f1 is shown below

(rm) Table 3 - Safety factors for SLS & ULS

69

(a) Structure

(b) S
L
S

(d) Superstruct
ure

(e)

(f)

(h) 1
.
0
0
(k) 1
.
2
0
(n) 1
.
1
0

(i) 1
.
2
0
(l) 1
.
5
0
(o) 1
.
3
0

(g) Dead
Load
(concrete)

(j) HA type
(m) Live Loads
(p) HB type
(s) Breaking
load
(v) HA type

(y) HB type

(ab)Foot
Load

path

(ae)Substructur
e
(ah)Self weight

(ak)Earth
pressure

(an)Live
Loads
Surcharge

(aq)Fill weight

(t)

(c) U
L
S

(u)

(w) 1
.
0
0
(z) 1
.
0
0
(ac)1
.
0
0
(af)

(x) 1
.
2
5
(aa)1
.
1
0
(ad)1
.
5
0
(ag)

(ai) 1
.
0
0
(al) 1
.
0
0
(ao)1
.
0
0
(ar) 1
.
0
0

(aj) 1
.
2
0
(am)
1.50
(ap)1
.
5
0
(as) 1
.
5
0

71

(ro)
(rp)
(rq)
(rr)
(rs)
(rt)
(ru)
(rv)
(rw)
(rx)
(ry)
(rz)
(sa)
(sb)
(sc)
(sd)
(se) Source : BS 5400: part 2 : 1978 and part 4 :
1990
(sf)
(sg)
The materials to be used.
(sh)
(si)
Reinforced concrete
(sj) Concrete to be used is classified into several
classes on the basis of the characteristic
compressive strength at 28 days for concrete with
any type of cement (excluding high alumina
cement) and as well as maximum size of the
aggregate.
(sk)
(sl)
Reinforcing Bar
(sm)
The reinforcing bar shall conform to
the specifications for deform steel bar and round
steel
bar of British standard or equivalent as shown below.
(sn)
(so) Grade:
250 N/mm2,460 N/mm2 as per
B.S.4449, B.S.4461 &
B.S.4483
(sp) Size :
diameter)

6,10,12,16,20,25,32

mm

(in

73

(sq)
(sr)

Soil

(ss)
The embankment material and
back filling soil excluding sub grade for
pavement
shall
confirm
to
the
following criteria
(st)
(su)
(sv) (a)
Material
(sw)
- More than 5% of material shall
pass sieve #200 (0.074 mm of diameter)
(sx)
- Material shall not contain gravel
with diameter greater than 10cm
(sy)
- The clay and silt content should not
be more than 25%
(sz)
- Highly organic soils shall not be used
as embankment material
(ta)
(tb) (b) Dry density after compaction
(tc)
Dry density of compacted material shall be
greater than or equal to 95% of
the maximum dry density obtained from the
standard compaction test.
(td)
(te) (c) Moisture Content
(tf)

Moisture content during compaction within

range:

(tg)
(th)
(ti)
(tj)

Optimum moisture content 2.0 %

75

(tk)

(tl)
(tm) Fig. 15 - Front Elevation of Weir
(tn)
(to)
(tp)
(tq)

(tr)
(ts)
(tt) Fig. 16 - Spillway longitudinal section

77

(tu)
(tv)
(tw)
(tx)
(ty)

79

Cost Estimate
(tz)
(ua)
(ue)
I

(uh)
1
(ul)
2

(up)
3

(ux)

(vb)

(vf)

(vj)

(vn)

(ub)

(uc)
(uf) DESCRIPTION

(ui) PRELIMINARIES

(uj)

(um)
CONSTRUCTION OF
CONCRETE WEIR (LENGTH 30m)
(uq) CONSTRUCTION OF CONCRETE
BOX DRAIN - (LENGTH 600m)
(uu) SIZE - 3750 x 2750 mm / 2 BAY

(ur)

(uv)

(uz)

(uy) SUB TOTAL - 01

(vc) ADD 3% Provision for Day Works

(vg) ADD 12% Provision for Price
Escalation and Physical
Contingencies
(vk) SUB TOTAL - 02

(vd)

(vh)

(vl)

(vp)

(vo) ADD 12% VAT

(vs) GRAND

(un)

TOTAL

(vt)

(vr)

(vv)
(vw)

81

(ud)
(ug) AMO
UNT(S
LRS)
(uk)
25,00
0,000
.00
(uo)
30,00
0,000
.00
(us)
(uw)
467,0
00,00
0.00
(va)
522,0
00,00
0.00
(ve)
15,66
0,000
.00
(vi)
62,64
0,000
.00
(vm)
600,3
00,00
0.00
(vq)
72,03
6,000
.00
(vu)
672,
336,
000.
00