Annotated bibliography

"AlgeriaHeldBackByCorruption,PoorPlanningAlMonitor:ThePulseoftheMiddle
East."AlMonitor.2013.http://www.al
monitor.com/pulse/business/2013/04/algeriacorruptiongrowtheffect.html#.
Thissourcegivesbackgroundinformationandpossiblecausesforthegrowing
problemofhumansextraffickingwithinAlgeria.Notonlydoesittalkaboutcorruption
whichisamajorhindranceinthecombattingoftraffickingwithinitsbordersbutitalso
talksaboutthelackofplanningandresourcesavailabletotheAlgerianpeopletohelp
stopthisproblemaswell.Ittalksaboutaccusationsofcorruptionfromgovernment
officialswithinthecountryssecurityservicesaswellasseniorofficialsinthepublic
worksministry.Withmajorcorruptionfromofficialsalloverthecountryandthe
improperspendinganduseofpublicfundsthismakestheamountoffundsandresources
availableforthepublicawarenessandcombatofhumantraffickingverydifficult.Ifa
corruptofficialistakingallyourtaxpayerdollarsforhimselfofcoursetherewouldbe
nofundsavailabletoaidintheshuttingdownofsuchagrowingillegalenterprise.Not
onlydoesthisshowthatcorruptioncanplayamajorpartinthelawmakingsystemand
givesthemacertainleniencetogetawaywithcriminalactsbutalsolinkscorruptionto
thelackoffundsavailable.
"Algeria."U.S.DepartmentofState.
http://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/countries/2013/215381.htm.
ThissourceprovidedthemajorityofmyinformationonAlgeriaformypaper
whichledtotheoverviewofhumantraffickinginAlgeriaonmywebsite.Itisanofficial
reportfromtheStateDepartmentonthehistoryofhumantraffickingwithinAlgeriaand
howithasexpanded.Italsotalksaboutwhoismainlyinvolvedsuchasthechairmen
oftheseAfricanvillagesaswellasthemaintargetsforhumansextraffickingwithinthis
area.AlsodiscussedarepossibleexplanationsastowhyAlgeriaisaTier3countryon
theTVPAmapaswellaspossiblecausesfortheirplacementthereandtheirlackof
compliancewiththeTVPAminimumstandards.Notonlydoesthisreportgive
suggestionsforAlgeriatomakeeffortstocomplywiththestandardsbutitalsogoesinto
detailabouttheprosecutionofthoseinvolvedinhumantraffickingbutalsoaboutthe
protectionofvictimsofhumansextrafficking.Whiletheirprosecutionofperpetrators
seemsadequate,itishardtoenforcepunishmentduetothefactthatmanyvictimsare
detainedaredeportedbacktotheircountryoforiginorinsomecasesevenreleasedback
totheirchairmenwhoweretheonestotraffictheminthefirstplace.
Dillon,SaraA.WhatHumanRightsLawObscures:GlobalSexTraffickingand
theDemandforChildren.SuffolkUniversityLawSchool.Poseidon01.ssrn.com.
SaraDillonsjournalprovidedmajorbackgroundfortheargumentagainstthe
StateDepartmentandtheTVPATierSystemitself.Whileinmanyinstancesitisthelack
ofcooperationandeffortfromthecountrytocomplywiththeTVPAstandards,Professor
Dillonpointsthefingeratthesystem.Shemakescasesthatwhilesomecountriesmake
substantialeffortstobeincompliancewiththesestandardstheystillfindthemselvesat

thebottomofthetiersystem.Shealsopointsoutthatsomecountrieswhomakelittleto
noeffortincompliancestillremaininatoptierposition.Sheaccreditsthisdiscrepancyto
theunclearrequirementssetforthbytheStateDepartmenttofulfill.Itseemsthattheact
ofproposingandpassinglegislationagainsthumantraffickinganditsperpetratorscarries
moreweightinthegradingsystemthantheactualimplementationofanysuchlawsand
legislation.Anycountrycanpassalawbutforpoliceandgovernmentofficialsto
actuallyenforceandimplementsuchlawscanbeadifferentstory.SaraDillonstatesthat
themajorproblemisthegapbetweenthepassingoflegislationandtheimplementation
ofsuchlegislation.
Galatsidas,Achilleas,MarkAnderson,andAnnieKelly."WhichCountriesHave
theWorstRecordforHumanTrafficking?Interactive."TheGuardian.
http://www.theguardian
ThisistheveryfirstsourceIusedwhenconsideringtopicsforthisprojectaswell
asthepaperIwroteonthesubject.Itnotonlysparkedmyinterestofthetopicofglobal
humansextraffickingbutwhichalsoprovidedthekeymapinwhichmyresearchwas
foundedupon.Thisinteractivemapnotonlyshowsreaderswhichcountrybelongsto
whichtierbutalsowhateachtierentailsaswellastheprogressionordigressionofeach
countryandtheirpatternoftiersovertime.WhileusingtheinteractivemapIfoundmy
threespecificareasofresearch,whichincludesRussia,AlgeriaandVenezuela.Tier1is
compromisedofcountriesthatfullycomplywiththeTVPAstandards.Tier2includes
countriesthatdonotfullycomplywiththeTVPAstandardsbutarecurrentlymaking
significanteffortstobeingtheircountryintocompliancewiththosestandards.TheWatch
Listismadeupofcountrieswherethenumberoftraffickingvictimsissignificantlyhigh
andthereisnoevidencethatthesecountriesaremakingeffortstoimprovetheirsituation
basedontheircommitmentsoverthenextyear.
McCarthy,LaurenA.BeyondCorruption:AnAssessmentofRussianLawEnforcement's
FightagainstHumanTrafficking.UniversityofWisconsin,Departmentof
PoliticalScience.
LaurenMcMarthysdocumentsonRussiasfightagainsthumansextrafficking
wereveryinformative.Whilemanyshorterarticlessimplyblametheapparent
governmentcorruptionforallofRussiasproblemsincludinghumantrafficking,her
articlegivesaresearchedaninsidelooktothespecificproblemsofgovernmentofficials
andwithinthepoliceforceitself.SheevenpointsoutthatasofOctober2007outofthe
morethan350humantraffickingcasesthathadbeenregisteredunderthenewlaw,which
criminalizedhumantrafficking,only10ofthosecasesweretakentocourt.Sheaccepts
thatcorruptionverywellplaysamajorroleintheillegalenterprisebutsherefusesto
acceptthatcorruptionaloneisresponsiblefortheentirerisingandexpansionofsucha
problem.ShefindsflawswithinthebasicstructuresoflawenforcementwithinRussiaas
wellastheoutdatedtrainingofofficialsonhowtodealwithtraffickingvictimsandthe
properprotocolforwhoexactlyisinchargeofeachcase.Shealsogivesacomprehensive
backgroundofRussianhumantraffickingandproblemswithidentifyinganduncovering
traffickingandthoseincharge.

"Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons

Especially Women and Children." Organization for Security and
Co-operation in Europe. http://www.osce.org/odihr/19223?
download=true.
This source describes in detail the full provisions, requirements
and regulations of the prevention, suppression and punishment of
individuals involved in the trafficking of humans especially the
trafficking of women and children. It states that it a supplement to the
United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime. It
also lists the three purposes of such protocol which includes: to
prevent and combat trafficking in persons paying particular attention
to women and children, to protect and assist the victims of such
trafficking with full respect for their human rights; and to promote
cooperation among States Parties in order to meet those objectives. It
also gives a clear definition of what exactly qualifies as Trafficking in
persons and sets forth clear guideline for each State Party to
criminalize the trafficking of humans as well as setting guidelines to
abide by for the protection of the victims. In Article 9, it states that
State Parties are to establish policies and programs to prevent and
combat trafficking and to protect victims, especially women and
children from ever being a victim to such exploitation again.
"Russia."U.S.DepartmentofState.
http://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/countries/2013/215551.htm.
ThissourceIfoundtobethemostinformativeaboutRussiaandtheextentof
humansextraffickingwithinthecountry.WhileIfoundthedrivingreasonthatRussia
doesnotcomplywithTVPAstandardsandismakingnoeffortstodosoiscorruption
withinthegovernmentitevenconfirmedthistheory.Itstatesthatintelligencefrominside
sourcesconfirmtherearemanycorruptgovernmentofficialsthatalsoplaymajorand
directrolesinhumantrafficking.Theseroles include the aiding in the
transportation of trafficking victims in and out of the country,
protection for those involved and in charge of such operations as well
as in some cases sending victims back to their traffickers after they
have escaped. An example of this is the former Chief of the Criminal
Investigation Unit of a police precinct who had provided protection to a
trafficking ring and its leaders as a result he received two suspended
sentences of 8 years and 4 years of imprisonment. There are even
reports that the Russian law enforcement did not always cooperate or
respond to investigation requests from foreign governments who were
trying to combat human trafficking.
"TheFacts."Polaris.2015.https://polarisproject.org/facts.
ThePolarisProjectisnotonlymentionedinmytimelineoftheevolutionand
historyofforcedmigrationbutalsoprovedusefulinvariousfactsabouthuman

traffickingglobally.Itincludesdifferentmethodstraffickersusetogainvictims
suchas:violence,threats,falsepromisesandotherformsofcoercion.Some
victimsareromanticallyinvolvedwhileothersaresoldintohumantraffickingby
theirparentsorotherfamilymemberstopayoffdebts.Victimscanrange
anywherefrommen,women,children,youngandoldbutthemosttargetedby
thisbusinessareyoungwomenandgirls.Itgiveskeystatisticsaboutthenumber
ofreportedhumantraffickingcasesintheUnitedStatesasof2007aswellasthe
profitmadefromhumantraffickinginDenver,Coloradoaloneequaling$39.9
millionandeven$290millioninAtlanta,Georgia.Italsocategorizesthehuman
traffickingvictimsintothreepopulations:Childrenundertheageof18induced
intocommercialsex,adultsaged18oroverinducedcommercialsexthrough
force,fraudorcoercion,andchildrenandadultsinducedlabororservicesthrough
force,fraudofcoercion.
"Venezuela."U.S.DepartmentofState.
http://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/countries/2013/215648.htm.
This source also comes from the US State Department and gives
an extensive overview of the human trafficking problem within
Venezuela. It gives two major root causes for the lack of compliance
with TVPA standards as well as the expansion of the enterprise within
Venezuela. One major cause is due to government corruption as we
saw in Russia as well. Many corrupt government officials are suspected
of embezzling taxpayer money while many economic and development
projects remain unfinished or overpriced for the quality of the job. With
this sort of corruption, it can be assumed that there would be a lack of
funds and resources available to local law enforcement and the citizens
of Venezuela to combat human sex trafficking. Another major root
cause is the insubstantial and lack of paperwork throughout the entire
system. The lack of paperwork includes population of the country and
proper identification and categorization of trafficking victims. Without
proper paperwork this makes it extremely difficult to not only identify
those in charge of such trafficking reasons but also to punish them.
Also, due to the lack of public statistics of human trafficking within
Venezuela it remains unclear just how many prosecutions the
government initiated or how many were even convicted in 2012.
"STOPTHETRAFFIKTheScaleofHumanTraffickingWorldwide."STOP
THETRAFFIK.https://www.stopthetraffik.org/thescaleofhumantraffiking.
StopTheTraffikisagreatadvocacygrouplocatedintheUnitedStates.Notonly
dotheyhavecountlessresourcesforvictimstoutilizeonthewebsitebuttheyalso
informseveryonehowtheycanidentifyhumantraffickingintheircommunities,whythis
problemaffectsthemandwhatmeasurestheycantaketohelpstopandpreventhuman
trafficking.Theygatherintelligenceonwheretraffickingishappeninginlocal
communitiesandworkswithlocallawenforcementagenciestoeradicatethisproblem.
Recently,theyhavecreatedasetofresourcesforchurchestoutilizetohelpendhuman

trafficking.Theyalsogivereadersalistofhowtospotdifferentwayspeoplecanbe
exploited,whichincludes:sexualexploitation,forcedstreetcrime,domesticservitude,
andforcedlabor.Theydefinehumantraffickingastobedeceivedortakenagainstyour
will,bought,soldandexploited.Thiswebsitealsogivesreadershotlinenumbersfor
victimsandhotlinenumberstoreportsuspiciousactivityaswellasanemailaddressto
reachmembersoftheorganizationtogainmoreresourcesandinformation.