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1 (ENGLISH RUSSIAN)

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1.

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3.
4.
5.

6.

The sliding dollar, along with record losses from General

Motors, the threat of $100-a-barrel oil and more bad news
from the mortgage industry, spooked Wall Street.
Alarmed that the weak dollar boosts Americas competitiveness relative to Europes, President Sarkozy of France told
the U.S. Congress that George Bushs administration needed
to do something about the dollar or risk an economic war.
A true dollar crisis has long been one of the more frightening
possibilities for the world economy.
Many countries that link their currencies to the dollar, from
Arab oil exporters to China, face inflationary pressure.
An unexpectedly sharp correction in house prices resulting
from the global credit squeeze poses a significant risk to growth
in Europe, according to the European Commission.
Overall euro zone inflation was expected to rise from 2 per
cent this year to 2.1 per cent next year before falling back to
2 per cent in 2009.
2 (RUSSIAN ENGLISH)

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1.

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11

Fundamental frequency , .
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RUSSIAN ENGLISH:
( ) proportion,
specific gravity.
( )
corporatization, distributing shares.
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non-ferrous metals, colour metals.
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1 (ENGLISH RUSSIAN)

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( 150 ).
US New-Home Sales Weakest for 12 years
By Stephanie Kirchgaessner and Chris Bryant in New York
(The Financial Times)
(1) Sales of new homes in the US plunged to a 12-year low last
month, signalling that the flagging housing market will remain a drag
on the US economy well into 2008. News of the bigger-than-expected
di p reversed Wall Streets buoyant start, sending the S&P, the Nasdaq
Composite Index and the Dow Jones Industrial Average lower before
they recovered to close slightly up.
(2) Homebuilder stocks suffered a sharp sell-off, with DR
Horton down 3.4 per cent and KH Home down 4.1 per cent. The
dollar was down 1.9 per cent for the week against a basket of six
currencies, its worst weekly performance since April 2006. The sale of
single-family homes fell 9 per cent to an adjusted rate of 647,000 last
month, according to the US Commerce Department. Forecasters had
predicted a decline to 720,000 units. New home sales fell 34 per cent
from last year, representing the steepest year-on-year drop since
1991.
(3) The inventory of homes for sale rose to 9.3 in November,
from 8.8 in the previous month. The median price of homes fell 0.4
per cent in November from the same period last year. The high level
of inventories will put downward pressure on prices, said Gary Bigg,
14

an associate economist at Bank of America. The headwinds of high

inventories and tighter credit availability also suggest that construction activity will decline through much of 2008.
(4) Shares in the homebuilder sector have lost 60 per cent of
their value this year as house prices have slumped and unsold home
inventories have risen. Morgan Stanley predicted that single-family
new home sales will have to drop an extra 30 per cent to 35 per cent
to bring inventories back into balance in 2008. The miserably weak
report showed it was too soon to talk about a stabilisation in the housing market, which was undergoing a very significant adjustment,
said Conrad DeQuadros, senior economist at Bear Stearns.
(5) It is difficult to say that the adjustment has run its course.
Weve probably got several months of weak housing data in front of
us, said Mr DeQuadros. But he said the data contrasted positive news
in the manufacturing industry this week. This is the tale of two economies. The rest of the economy is showing moderate growth. What that
means for the Fed, is we are probably going to see another rate cut
in January. It might be the last one for the year, Mr DeQuadros
said.
2 (RUSSIAN ENGLISH)
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obligatory mandatory. compulsive, obliging, responsible.
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were made without delay. ( , ..)
.
RUSSIAN ENGLISH:
. They suggested that we evaluate ( appreciate, estimate ..) his work.
, , .
ENGLISH RUSSIAN

...Russia, which was last year the

worlds second biggest oil producer,
has undergone a slowdown in its output growth in recent years. Companies including TNK-BP have big
plans to expand production.

,
. ,
TNK-BP,
.

17

Sergei Bogdanchikov, the chief executive of Rosneft, the state-controlled oil group, yesterday said it
planned to raise production to about
3.2m barrels per day, from just over
2m b/d expected this year. But Lord
Robertson said: If Russia is going
to be able itself, as a country, to
extract more from the ground, then
it will have to change that fiscal regime. And I am sure that point has
not been lost on the policymakers.

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3,2
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(From The Financial Times)

RUSSIAN ENGLISH

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.

Belarus has already completed all

work that it had to do to establish
the joint company. The company
would extract oil in used fields where
there are abandoned wells. Venezuela offered several such locations and
Belarus has chosen two.

.

. (www.naviny.by)

A draft contract for oil extraction

and other necessary documents are
currently under consideration by the
National Assembly of Venezuela. The
parties ( sides) would consider
signing these documents during the
Presidents forthcoming visit to Venezuela. (: www.naviny.by)

18

 , .

.
employ () .
.
Aachen, Maastricht and Lige are practically neighbours only
about twenty miles separate them but they are in three countries, speaking three distinct languages (namely Dutch, French
and German), yet the people of the region employ a private dialect
that means they can understand each other better than their
fellow country-men. (Bill Bryson. Neither Here Nor There.
London: Black Swan, 1998, p.85).
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19

2.
3.
4.
5.

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1 (ENGLISH RUSSIAN)

. .
Carlsberg and Heineken pay a hefty price for Scottish & Newcastle
(1) An annoyance of the British pub is the occasional long
wait to catch the barmans eye. Waving a banknote can help. On Friday
January 25th, after protracted flashing of cash, Carlsberg, a Danish
brewer, and Heineken, a Dutch one, finally got the ale they craved.
Scottish & Newcastle (S&N), Britains biggest brewer but a lightweight in global terms, succumbed to an offer that values the business at 7.8 billion ($15.28 billion). The European pair had been
stalking S&N for many months before they started mentioning money
last October. (...)
(2) Carlsberg and Heineken, like the other big brewers, face a
problem in established markets. Rich-country drinkers are losing their
taste for beer. Growth has slowed and sales are even shrinking as
wealthier tipplers turn to wine. To maintain profitability brewers have
sought growth elsewhere, particularly in Latin America, Asia, Eastern Europe and Africa where beer drinking is still growing at a cli p,
although margins are slim. Another strategy has been to snap up smaller
rivals in mature markets and to boost profits by cutting costs, for
example by rolling together management and distribution networks.
(3) This deal has something for everyone. The worlds biggest
brewers are running out of targets in the developing world and medium-sized brewers in rich countries are in short supply. Carlsberg
20

was particularly tempted by the prospect of getting its hands on the

entirety of Baltic Beverages Holding (BBH), a 50-50 joint-venture
with S&N in Russia. BBH is the biggest brewer in a country where
beer sales are growing strongly and business is booming. The firms
revenues rose by some 20% in 2006 and by 33% in the first nine
months of last year. S&N cannily played Carlsberg by endeavouring to
acquire the whole of BBH itself. Carlsberg will also plug gaps in its
international portfolio by acquiring brewing operations in Greece,
China and Vietnam as well as in France, where S&Ns Kronenbourg
is the top-selling beer.
(4) Heineken gets something different out of the purchase. As
well as snapping up S&Ns operations in Ireland, Finland, Belgium
and India, it gets some premium brands in America. It also becomes
Portugals second-largest brewer and Britains biggest. (...) Heinekens
shareholders have also got a foretaste of what the future holds in the
industry. As the tie-up between Anheuser-Busch and SABMiller in
America demonstrated last year, there are few opportunities for the
worlds big brewers to take over fast-growing ones. The rationale for
the American deal was that two huge brewers could join up to stri p
out costs in a market as flat as a pint of British bitter. As consolidation
continues apace, beermakers may turn more aggressively on each
other. (The Economist)
2 (RUSSIAN ENGLISH)
( )

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15 2008 . . .
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(Russian English 1).

21

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23

ENGLISH RUSSIAN: Why is it that smokers always head out

coatless, no matter what the weather? (head out
, )
RUSSIAN ENGLISH:
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1.
2.
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1 (ENGLISH RUSSIAN)
,
. , 2007 , 25

 , , , . ?
Choosing Order Before Freedom
By RICHARD STENGEL
(1) In a year when Al Gore won the Nobel Peace Prize and
green became the new red, white and blue; when the combat in Iraq
showed signs of cooling but Baghdads politicians showed no signs of
statesmanshi p; when China, the rising superpower, juggled its pride
in hosting next summers Olympic Games with its embarrassment at
shi pping toxic toys around the world; and when J.K. Rowling set
millions of minds and hearts on fire with the final volume of her 17year saga one nation that had fallen off our mental map, led by
one steely and determined man, emerged as a critical linchpin of the
21st century.
(2) Russia lives in history and history lives in Russia. Throughout much of the 20th century, the Soviet Union cast an ominous
shadow over the world. It was the U.S.s dark twin. But after the fall of
the Berlin Wall, Russia receded from the American consciousness as
we became mired in our own polarized politics. And it lost its place in
the great game of geopolitics, its significance dwarfed not just by the
U.S. but also by the rising giants of China and India. That view was
always naive.
(3) Russia is central to our world and the new world that is
being born. It is the largest country on earth; it shares a 2,600-mile
(4,200 km) border with China; it has a significant and restive Islamic
population; it has the worlds largest stockpile of weapons of mass
destruction and a lethal nuclear arsenal; it is the worlds second largest oil producer after Saudi Arabia; and it is an indispensable player
in whatever happens in the Middle East. For all these reasons, if
Russia fails, all bets are off for the 21st century. And if Russia succeeds
as a nation-state in the family of nations, it will owe much of that
success to one man, Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin.
(4) No one would label Putin a child of destiny. The only surviving son of a Leningrad factory worker, he was born after what the
Russians call the Great Patriotic War, in which they lost more than
26 million people. The only evidence that fate played a part in Putins
26

story comes from his grandfathers job: he cooked for Joseph Stalin,
the dictator who inflicted ungodly terrors on his nation.
(5) When this intense and brooding KGB agent took over as
President of Russia in 2000, he found a country on the verge of becoming a failed state. With dauntless persistence, a sharp vision of
what Russia should become and a sense that he embodied the spirit of
Mother Russia, Putin has put his country back on the map. And he
intends to redraw it himself. Though he will step down as Russias
President in March, he will continue to lead his country as its Prime
Minister and attempt to transform it into a new kind of nation, beholden to neither East nor West.
(6) TIMEs Person of the Year is not and never has been an
honor. It is not an endorsement. It is not a popularity contest. At its
best, it is a clear-eyed recognition of the world as it is and of the most
powerful individuals and forces shaping that world for better or
for worse. It is ultimately about leadershi p bold, earth-changing
leadershi p. Putin is not a boy scout. He is not a democrat in any way
that the West would define it. He is not a paragon of free speech. He
stands, above all, for stability stability before freedom, stability
before choice, stability in a country that has hardly seen it for a hundred years. Whether he becomes more like the man for whom his
grandfather prepared blinis who himself was twice TIMEs Person
of the Year or like Peter the Great, the historical figure he most
admires; whether he proves to be a reformer or an autocrat who takes
Russia back to an era of repression this we will know only over the
next decade. At significant cost to the princi ples and ideas that free
nations prize, he has performed an extraordinary feat of leadershi p
in imposing stability on a nation that has rarely known it and brought
Russia back to the table of world power. For that reason, Vladimir
Putin is TIMEs 2007 Person of the Year.
2 (RUSSIAN ENGLISH)
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31

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32

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33

 . They will come back

only in two weeks. They wont come back until two weeks from
now.
, ,
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1.

500
.

1. Among the number of

strikers of Ford company
in Vsevolozhsk the strike
stopped 500 people.

1. 500 workers out of

those on strike at Ford
company in Vsevolozhsk
discontinued (stopped)
being out on strike.

2. ,

.

2. With the trade union

it was agreed that part
of the people would
come out of strike.

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the trade union that part
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,
.

3. The people coming

out of the action of protest will sit at home and
wait for the phone call
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of the protest action are
to stay at home waiting
for their employers
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them know about the end
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of the strike beginning
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5. , , .

5. For those who stayed

to strike, the trade union
will compensate their
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compensate wages to
those who continue to be
on strike.

34

1.
2.
3.
4.

5.
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1 (ENGLISH RUSSIAN)

. ,
.
FEMALE LEADERSHIP: CHANGING BUSINESS
FOR THE BETTER
Workplaces today use more direct communication and less hierarchy.
Women helped effect this change.
By Sally Helgesen (The Christian Science Monitor)
WOMEN: TALK FOOTBALL, PLAY GOLF
(1) When I published The Female Advantage: Womens Ways
of Leadershi p in 1990, it was the first book to focus on what women
had to contribute to organizations rather than how they needed to
change or adapt. At the time, women were being urged by a phalanx
of experts to conform to a mainstream leadershi p style that was considered a fundamental requirement for anyone who hoped to exert
authority in public life. Gurus of every variety advised women to start
using football metaphors in meetings, take up golf even if they disliked it, and pull rank on subordinates in order to show their skill at
keeping people in line.
35

(2) Play the game was the message aimed at women seeking
success in the male worlds of business, government, law, academia,
and the military. Betty Harragan, author of the bestselling Games
Your Mother Never Taught You, summed up the conventional wisdom of the day in her amusing and often helpful guide for women:
She advised women to leave their values at home. Youre in the army
now, was her message. So get with the program, and if it moves,
salute it!
(3) This conventional wisdom was based on three assumptions.
First, organizations were not going to change simply because women
had begun to enter them in substantial numbers. Second, changes
wrought by the networked technologies that were then evolving would
not fundamentally change organizational structures or reshape peoples
expectations of their leaders. And third, womens handicaps as leaders, the result of their age-old exclusion from the public world, would
always outweigh whatever advantages they might confer. [ 1.6]
2 (RUSSIAN ENGLISH)
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. (
) , (,
) . , -.
. . , ,
.

, , ,
(-, , ). () .

.6 ( , ):
Bill Bryson. Brysons Dictionary of Troublesome Words. New York: Broadway Books, 2002.

40

As far as next season, it is too early to make forecasts (The

Baltimore Sun). As for ... ( ).
He will be joining the board of directors in March (The Times).
will join ( , ).
The general consensus in Washington ... (The Chicago Tribune) The consensus (: ).
None of her friends, she says, would describe themselves as a
feminist (The Guardian) themselves as feminists herself as
a feminist.
, .
ENGLISH RUSSIAN:

(1) A London-listed
oil company has finally
won the right to get its
long-running dispute
with Roman Abramovich, the owner of
Chelsea Football Club,
fought out in a British
court.

, ,



.

, ,


.

(2) Sibir Energy, the

biggest company on the
Aim market, claims
that it was cheated out
of its 50 per cent stake
in a huge Russian oil
field by Sibneft, the oil
company Abramovich
sold to Russias state oil
firm Gazprom.

,
,
50%

,
, .

,
, ,
50-


, ,

41

,
.

(3) The company has

been attempting to sue
Abramovich for its
share of the field, estimated to be worth
up to 1bn.

,
1 -.

.
,
,
1 .

(4) The joint venture

company through
which Sibir owned its
holding was placed
into liquidation in
Russia some time ago.
But the High Court
last week appointed a
liquidator of its own,
who has been granted
powers to pursue
Abramovich through
the British legal system.

,
,
.
,

.

,
,
.


,
.

(5) In a bizarre twist,

the case has embroiled
Boris Berezovsky, the
London-based Russian
dissident locked in a
continuing row with
Abramovich over a
5 bn fortune.

,
, - 5 .
-.

,
,
-
5 .

42

(6) The Sibir case has

been rumbling on for
several years. Elements
of the dispute have
been heard in courts in
the British Virgin Islands and Moscow.

.

.

,


.

(7) Chalva Tchigirinsky, the Russian entrepreneur who is Sibirs

biggest shareholder,
has previously said that
he is in talks with
Gazprom about reaching a settlement. (The
Daily Telegraph)

,

, , , .
(

,
,
, ,

. (Inopressa.ru)

RUSSIAN ENGLISH:

(1)
178 .

Under observation of
narcotics service of
Belarus are 178 thousand people.

As many as 178,000
people diagnosed as alcoholics are monitored
by Belarus drug and alcohol abuse rehabilitation centers.

(2) ,
,
,
2-3%.

Its a pity, the quantity

of Belarusians suffering from alcoholic dependence increases by
2-3%.

Too bad, the number of

Belarusians diagnosed
with alcoholism increases by two to three
percent every year.

43

(3)
,

22
,
15 . ()

In accordance with
some data, alcoholism
is leading to the reduction of life on 22 years
by average, and alcoholism abuse by 15
years on average. ( )

According to some research reports, alcoholism and alcohol abuse

reduce life expectancy
on average by 22 and 15
years, respectively.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

( )?
?

, ?
?
?
?
1 (ENGLISH RUSSIAN)

-.
.
FEMALE LEADERSHIP: CHANGING BUSINESS
FOR THE BETTER
By Sally Helgesen (The Christian Science Monitor)
WHAT FEMALE LEADERSHIP LOOKS LIKE
(1) Having spent a lot of time working in a variety of companies,
I was convinced that these assumptions were not necessarily true. On
44

the contrary, it seemed obvious that organizations were beginning to

undergo rapid and unpredictable changes as demographics, technology, and the economics of work shifted. It seemed that women might
squander a historic opportunity to influence the public world if they
were discouraged from honoring and developing their distinctive skills.
(2) I decided to test this notion by spending time with some of
Americas most talented and confident women leaders. My goals were:
(1) to identify what women at their best could bring to a range of
enterprises and (2) to bring to public awareness an appreciation of
those qualities. My study included a highly diverse mix of women
entrepreneurs, corporate executives, and nonprofit leaders. Yet I found
that they had certain characteristics in common. These women placed
a high value on relationshi ps and judged the success of their organizations based on the quality of relationshi ps within them. They preferred direct communication to communication up and down a chain
of command. They were comfortable with diversity, having been outsiders themselves and knowing in their bones what kind of value
fresh eyes could bring.
(3) They were unwilling (as well as unable) to compartmentalize their lives and so could draw upon personal experience to bring
private-sphere information and insights to their jobs. They were skeptical of hierarchies and surprisingly disdainful of the kinds of perks
and privileges that distinguish hierarchical leaders and establish their
place in the pecking order. They preferred leading from the center
rather than the top and structured their organizations to reflect this.
Finally, they were willing to ask big-picture questions about the work
they were doing and its value for the world.
NEW SKILLS FOR A CHANGING WORKPLACE
(4) My book struck a chord, eliciting a response from women
around the world and remaining in print for nearly two decades and
counting. But what has been extraordinary for me is to watch how the
skills exhibited by the women leaders I studied have become more
appropriate and desirable in todays workplace. Networked technologies, the evolution of a knowledge economy, and the demographics
of globalization all support precisely the skills, talents, and presumptions that women bring to organizations.
(5) Technology today not only facilitates but demands direct
communication, an advantage for those who are comfortable doing
45

so. Networked technologies also undermine hierarchies, a plus for

those who enjoy leading from the center rather than the top. In a
global economy, comfort with diversity has become essential. As work
and home become harder to separate in our 24/7 workplace, compartmentalizing becomes aliability.[ 1.7]
2 (RUSSIAN ENGLISH)

.
,
( )
,
.
(1) . , .
20 5 ;
;
, ;
.
(2) .

, .

. , , , .
(3) , , . -

,
, , 46

. . ,
.
(4)
, . , , , .
, . .

1.7.

( , , , , .).

, .
,
.
.
,
, .

, ,
, . ,

( ) , ? , take (, ) give () .
. , , borrow ( , ) lend
( , ).
, , . , 47

 , ,
. ,
, .
. . (: , 1980, .18):
, , (
) , . , ,
, , , ,
.
,
. , :
(ENGLISH RUSSIAN )

(RUSSIAN ENGLISH)

, :

, :

Walk up and down the room , -; show

around, up, off, in ... , , ,
/ ...; Come on in!
, ! Its up to you!
! Incoming and outgoing
mail
; We took him up
on his offer.
.

( ) get off;
( ) get in;
come; leave;
( )
proceed from the assumption; ( ) depart,
() pass by.

, , :

She couldnt see anything suspicious

anywhere.

(1)
(,

(2) :

48

(ENGLISH RUSSIAN )
(1) She didnt (wont) come
until 10 P.M.
(2) He did catch the train.
She does believe its worth
going there.

(RUSSIAN ENGLISH)
(1) ()
10 .
(2) -
.
,
.

When she came up closer, Alice saw

an envelope on the table.

,
.

NO,
YES:

( ,
)
YES, NO:

If Im not mistaken, this is not your

first visit here. No (Ive been here
before).

, . . (
).

You cant trust people now. Oh

yes, you can.

.
( ), .

( Continuous Perfect):

To treat to cure; to take (to sit)

exams to pass exams.

; .

- () :

Crash ; feel
;
shave (-.) ; wash .

, ... Please be advised that...; ...

Please find attached a copy of ...

49

(ENGLISH RUSSIAN )

(RUSSIAN ENGLISH)

Alpine skiing
( , );

. Its not
uncommon to get a second education
now. ( )

They went through the work with a

fine tooth comb.
(.: ) . ( )

, ... The first thing I did upon arrival ... ()

,
(.. ,

):

,
(.. ,
):

Mid-morning ;

! Well done! Good job! Atta

boy (girl)!

a meal
(., );

(
) polar bear divers;

the northernmost town ;

24 hours, around-the-clock;
( ),
( ) the money is
sitting in the accounts, the photo is
sitting on the table;

an 18-month-old child ;
to be excited to do smth. , ;
a win-win situation ,
;
thirsty ;
Im thirsty ;
the right (wrong) person ( )
;

50

() its cold (its hot):

I cant sleep;
give-and-take
(raw) materials;
() a person of
integrity;
, mother-in-law;

(ENGLISH RUSSIAN )

(RUSSIAN ENGLISH)

half-brother and step-brother ,

,
;

() in-laws;

siblings ;
second cousin
(~ );

! Easier said than

done;

U-turn 180 ;
faculty (U.S.A.)
;
101 (one-oh-one) , ;
equinox ( , -) 21
(autumnal equinox) 23
(vernal equinox);
Palm Sunday (
) ;
Black sheep ( .
) .

() God mother;
maternity
leave;

Ph.D. (Philosophy
Doctor);
( ) a post-doctoral
degree, Dr. hab. (. doctor habile);
() a university (an
undergraduate) student;

graduate school (Masters program
and Ph.D. program);
doctoral student;
Christmas Eve (.:
);
pay check, pay envelope;
( . ) save for a rainy day.

, , ,
, . ,
, ,

,
.
, Id like
to make a collect phone call
, -
51

 ,
, a
collect phone call.

. ,
, - (automated voice) , , ,
, , . ( , ,
.) ,
, . ,
,
, .
:
.
(Big Ben ;
perestroika) , (master-key -,
; a students grade
book).
, ,
, .

, ,
:

,
,
:

a collect phone call

;

a shared taxi (for 1012 passengers) following a fixed

route to a specific destination;

a follow-up letter , ();

a kangaroo ticket , ;

52

a low standard flat in a

block built in the early 1960s when
Nikita Khrushchev was the Soviet
leader;
a students
grade book;


, ,
:

,
,
:

Holiday season

;
Boxing Day (26 ), . ,
(Christmas box)
;
a semi-detached house , ( );
privacy , () ( ,
, ..);
master-key -, () ;
fraternity/sorority /
8-12
,
/
;
caucus(es) ()
( );
primaries
.

( ) a job assignment for university graduates;

a ticket for a group tour,
accommodation in a health resort;
to have a
bottle of vodka or wine for a company of three men;
collective farm;
() place of
honour;

- ( )
surrender requirement;
a party arranged at
work which is sponsored by a person who is leaving on vacation;
registration of a fixed
living place without which one cannot be provided with a job, medical
treatment and other services;
a car manufactured beyond the former Soviet Union;
to have a
symbolic (alcohol) drink before
leaving after partying or visiting
friends; one for the road;
to sit down
for a moment to collect thoughts
before leaving home on a longer
trip.

, 53

, ,
.
:
,
: steppe, tundra; sequoia , jungle ;
:
30 miles east of Boston ,
, , a two-hour drive from home
,
;
,
: Middle East ( ) ; the Arctic Ocean (
) ; Central ( Middle) Asia
.
, :
( rest home, samovar; ale
, tavern );
( Punch,
balalaika; blues , banjo );
( rouble, a 10-rouble
note; pound , dime , 10 ).
:

- ,

- (
oblast, region; wojewdstwo, region; county 7, state , townshi p ,
);
( executive committee, hetman; House of Commons ,
sheriff );
7
County , ; county
; DC (District of Columbia) , .

54

 ( pusher, go-getter;
shuttle trader; hi ppy , white and blue collars
, ..
) .

( ),
( ).8

( , ; , ..).
,
(, , ).
( , , , ).
,
, (
, ,
).
, , ,
. , - . : cow () + boy (), (, ). ,
.
,
.

1.
2.

?
?

.: . , . . . .: , 1980, . 57.
8

55

3.

?
4.
?
5. ,
?
6. ?
7. ?
8.
?
9. ?
10. . .
11.
?
1 (ENGLISH RUSSIAN)
,
,
.
FEMALE LEADERSHIP: CHANGING BUSINESS
FOR THE BETTER
By Sally Helgesen (The Christian Science Monitor)
NO MORE MR. TOUGH GUY
(1) Twenty years ago, anyone attending a business conference
was likely to hear a speaker observe without irony that unless
youre the lead horse, the view never changes. Today, no one would
say this. Twenty years ago, Fortune magazine featured Americas
Toughest Boss in a recurring cover story. It lauded the leader who
56

was tough enough to crack heads, which, of course, was presumed

necessary to get things done. This kind of feature has long since been
dropped.
(2) The tough-guy approach to leadershi p is in disrepute these
days, with successive tyrants and bullies having come in for censure.
Even the most ruthless organizations today feel compelled to put out
statements about how they value relationships and support diversity.
Companies compete to take a greener, more holistic approach. They
recognize that the get while the gettings good mentality that distinguished the industrial era is unsustainable in todays more interconnected world. Leaders emphasize sustainability and contribution and
they acknowledge the need to nurture the human spirit. Inclusive has
become a buzzword, web like a simple descri ption of how things work.
(3) And so female-leadership characteristics that just 18 years
ago seemed far outside the mainstream are now seen as desirable. In
retrospect, it seems ridiculous that we could have imagined that one
half of the human race, excluded from positions of leadershi p for
most of human history, could enter the public sphere and begin to
reach positions of real authority and influence without having a significant impact on how organizations were led. As individuals, women
may experience ups and downs over the course of their careers. But
the influence they have had on which leadershi p qualities are valued
has been nothing short of extraordinary.
2 (RUSSIAN ENGLISH)
. ,
, .
,

()
(1) , , , 57

 Upteka .
- , ?
(2) , ,
-, .
, ,
. ,
, , ,
Br 7 .?
, , ,
.
(3) . . , ,
, .
, , ,
. .
(4) . ,
, . ,
, - . , , .
, .
...
. , ,
.
, : ,
, .


(5)

. ?

.
,
( ),
58

 - . ,

. , .
(6) - , , ?
. ,
, , , .. , .., , ,

.
, . , , . , ?
. ?
(7) , .
...
!
, .
,
. . , , .
.
, , , .. -,
. (
1.8).

1.8.

;
.
(background knowledge)

,
.
59

 , , :
(1)
(

, );
(2) ( );
(3) , , ( , );
(4) ( , ,
, ..);
(5) ,
( ,
);
(6) , , , - . ( );
(7) , ,
(
);
(8)
( ,
);
(9) , ( , ,
);
(10) ( ; 60

, ,
, ).


. .
(ENGLISH RUSSIAN )

(RUSSIAN ENGLISH)

1. A foot-high plastic Jesus doll is

about to do battle with Barbie in toy
aisles across America.

.
(30, 5 ),
,


, .

1. , . . We again convinced
ourselves in the important and growing
role of business associations in the
world, underlined V. Kariagin. We
had another opportunity to see for
ourselves an increasingly important
role of business associations in todays
world, stressed V. Karyagin.

2. Once we were shown the CAT

[computer-aided tomography] scans
there was no need for words. ,
.
, , .

2.

, TNK-BP

. Lord Robertson, in the past a
British politician and the General Secretary of NATO, said that TNK-BP and
Russian state companies Rosneft and
Gazprom are suffering from the growth
of production expenses and high taxes.
Lord Robertson, the former British politician and NATO secretarygeneral, said TNK-BP and Russias
state-controlled companies Rosneft
and Gazprom were being hit by rising costs and higher taxes.

61

(ENGLISH RUSSIAN )

(RUSSIAN ENGLISH)

3. US will suffer but growth will

hold up, Treasury chief Henry
Paulson told The Times.
, ,
.
,
, .

3. P
15

,
. The
Russian oligarch Vladimir Potanin is
trying to get $5 milliards from Londons
investing banks in order to become the
owner of the control packet of Norisk
Nikel. Vladimir Potanin, the Russian oligarch, is trying to raise $15
billion from London investment banks
to take control of Norilsk Nickel.

4. They persuaded voters and skeptical legislators that the promised

land was just round the corner.
, .
,
.

4. ,
( ) ,
- ,
. I think that the position of the IFC, that is a good cooperation with business associations and
helping them technically, has justified
itself. It is my belief that the approach of the IFC for operating in
Belarus, namely, a close cooperation
with business associations and providing them with a technical assistance, has proved to be efficient.

5. Western governments shouldve

been prepared to take responsibility
for the aid they gave to Russia rather
than force the IMF to be engaged
in games of make-believe.
, ,

. -

5.

, ? How much
labour does the procedure of receiving
a license take and is it possible now to
appreciate possible costs of time and
wastes of budget which will appear after non-payment of taxes? How

62

(ENGLISH RUSSIAN )

,

, ,
- .

(RUSSIAN ENGLISH)
time-consuming is the procedure of
getting a license and is it possible at
this point to assess time costs and
budget losses due to tax evasion?

1.
2.
3.
4.

5.

?
?
?
, ,
?

. ?
(ENGLISH RUSSIAN)

-- . .
AGEING THREATENS CHINAS ECONOMY
Chinas position as the worlds major supplier of low-cost labour
could be eroded by an ageing population, the authorities have warned.
(1) There are six workers for each retiree in China, but that
could narrow to two-to-one between 2030 and 2050, the National
Committee on Ageing says. Officials say the economy will suffer as
there will be fewer people working and more older people to support.
63

Chinas low-cost labour has provided the base for its economic growth.
Improved living standards and strict family planning laws have contributed to the demographic change.
(2) We might encounter the heaviest burden especially after
2030, when the demographic dividend is set to end, Yan Qingchun,
deputy director of the office of the ageing committee, told China
Daily. With fewer people of working age and more pressure in supporting the elderly, the economy will suffer if productivity sees no
major progress, he added. The BBCs Michael Bristow, in Beijing,
says the change is partly because of improvements in healthcare and
Chinas one-child policy, but also because fewer couples are having
children.
(3) China currently has six workers for every retired person,
according to the latest report. But estimates say that by 2050, the
number of over-60s in China will climb to 437 million more than a
quarter of the population. That would mean two workers to support
every retiree.
(4) Zhang Kaidi, director of the China Research Center on
Ageing, told China Daily that the country is not prepared for the
problems presented by an ageing population. He warned that the authorities need to allocate more funds to build a comprehensive and
efficient system of support for the elderly. Changes in the social
structure in China have often meant a removal of traditional sources of
help for the elderly and fewer than 5% of older people in rural areas
receive a pension. (www.bbcnews.com)
2 (RUSSIAN ENGLISH)
( . 2 1.7).
- .
,

(1) ?
64

 :
, ,
. - , , . ,
. . , , , . ,
...
(2) ... ?
? . . , , , .
, .
, , , . .
(3) ,
, ,
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(4) , , . .
,
. ,
, ,
. .
, , 10 , . ! -
. ,
. , , , .
(5) ?
-, .
, .
: , .
65

, - ,
, , , ? . , . , , . . , , ...
(6) , , . - ,
100% 60% , 30%
10%
. ,
, (
Bocuse Dor,
. ..).
, :
, , , ..
, .
(7) , -,
, ?
. , , ,
, .
, ,
. ,
, , . ? ,
, , - .
(8) ?
,
. . ,
, . , ,
, .
, ( ,
, ).
.
66

 ?
(9) , .

Upteka . .
, - . ,
, ?
, ? , ,
, ,
, ? ? . ?
-? ,
, , .
, ,
. , -
. ?
(10) , ? ,
. , , ,
:
, ,
. , 14 .
. , , $100.
, $100,
? , , . ,
,
. ,
, :
?
, , .
- .
67

(11) - .
.
, , 10
? ,
, ,
? ?
(12) ?
, ,
.
.
. , , , . , . , ,
, ? .
(13) , , , ? , ..?
, , : , , . ,
, . , ,
. .

1.9.

.
, , .9
., : . , . . , . : , 1997; .. .
. : ; - ,
1999.
9

68

 . , ,
. .
.
(). , ,
.
, , .
, ; ,

.
, ,
(, -).
,
.
(, - political correctness, PC) , , , . - , , , , , , .. ,
,
, .10
senior citizens ( ), golden years ( ). 10
.. . .: . . : , 2007, . 270-300.

69

 ... ,

(short person). vertically challenged ( , ). hair
disadvantaged, follicularly challenged.
, ( ) , ,
. ,
, , .
.
, , ,
, - ...
... . , (color blindness),
: . ?..
, , ,
. . , , ,
(black day). , ?! ?! . ?
. ! : , ,
. , ...
... - , - .
negro,
black. -
: Afro-American. ? - , ,
. ,
, , AfroAmerican? , .
? Afro-Americans?
? , ? , , -? non-white () people of color ( , , - - . - person of gender ...
70

, , :
: , ,
? :
1.

, , .
2. ,
, (unsolicited trespassing) (privacy) .
,
,
, , , ,
, ( sense of proportion) , - (PC political correctness).11
,
,
, .
,
, ,
. , :

( , ;
, ..);

( : Bromley, Kent

Beard, H. and Cerf, Ch. The Official Politically Correct Dictionary and
Handbook. New York: Villard, 1993.
11

71

, ; : Des Moines, IA , ; : Toronto, Ont. , ; , , ,

..);

72

(Governor of the Bank ,
; Managing Director of
the IMF - ; Lieutenant
Governor -; Deputy Head of the Mission , ..);

(Native Americans , Afro-Americans , .. );

,
-, :

,
chairman chairperson;

his or her, : . A partici pant of the meeting

must show his or her passport with a valid visa.

, (, , .);

,
, ,
: La Jolla - (), Credit
Lyonnais (), Tageszeit
();

(Russians ,
Kazakhstanis Kazakhs ), ( ; );

, , , : (we are concerned

with ...) , (disappointment) ,
, ,
;

-,
,
, .

1.
2.
3.

4.
5.

?
?
,
? ?
?
?
1 (ENGLISH RUSSIAN)

. ,
, .
73

Does Starbucks discriminate against women?

(1) Yes, according to a fascinating new study by economist Caitlin
Knowles. She, with her students as research assistants, staked out
eight coffee shops in the Boston area and watched how long it took
men and women to be served. Her conclusion: Men get their coffee
20 seconds earlier than do women.
I know, I know: youre thinking a) this is B.S., b) who cares
about 20 seconds?, and c) somebody funded a bunch of women to
hang out in Starbucks and order tall soy decaf Americanos?
(2) But its interesting for what it says about market economics.
First of all, why would women wait longer? Knowles debunks the
assumption that women simply order more complicated drinks; when
men order the same drinks, they wait less. And when the servers were
all male, the wait time lengthened; when the servers were women,
the lag disappeared.
(3) It is not clear whether women were held up by male staff
because the men viewed them with contempt or because the male
staff members were flirting furiously. The contempt explanation seems
more likely, as the extra time that women have to wait seems to
increase when the coffee shop is busy. Who would take extra time out
to flirt just when the lines are longer?
(4) Theres something else left unmentioned in the article. Women
are far less likely to express anger or frustration aloud when kept
waiting. I think servers might factor that in when facing a long line of
irritated consumers and make decisions based on who wont throw a
fit if theyre served a few seconds later.
(5) The thing thats intriguing is that coffee shops are a cutthroat business. With a Starbucks, Europa or bodega on every corner, a
consumer could find her fix just about anywhere. And economists
have long assumed (based on Gary Beckers theories) that market
competition eradicates discrimination:
(6) The reasoning is simple enough: A business that deliberately
offers shoddy service or uncompetitive prices to some customers, or
that turns down smart minority applicants in favor of less-qualified
white male applicants, is throwing money away. If it is a government
bureaucracy or a powerful monopolist, thats a loathsome but sustainable choice. But racist or sexist businesses with many competitors are
likely to be shut down by the bankruptcy courts long before the human rights lawyers get to them.
74

(7) Could it be that coffee retailers havent caught up to market forces? Or that women simply dont notice? Or that were loathe
to make a fuss? I dont want to get all paranoid, but now that Ive
read about this study, I think this is what happened to me yesterday at
the parking garage. Though I arrived first, the attendant fetched the
car belonging to the guy behind me first. I cocked my head in puzzlement, but didnt say anything. In any case, my car appeared about
three minutes later. All the attendants were male. What do you think?
(Time)
2 (RUSSIAN ENGLISH)
.

, , ,
. .
935
(1) ,

.
. . ,
11 2001-.
(2)

. ,
,
-. . . , , ,
, .
935
2001- 2003-.
(3)
260 . 232 75

 , 28 -.
254 .
-
, 109 .
(4) , , -
, - -, ,
.
56 .
(5) ,
. 2002
. 2003 ,
, . -
. ,
, .

1.10.
(interpretation; conference interpretation) . , (,
, , ..) .
, ,

.
.

. , , .
76

, () .


, ,
, .

.
, :

ENGLISH RUSSIAN:
In the final analysis
(: ).
Whatever the circumstances... ... ... ( ).
Both parties positions
( ).
We apologize for the inconveniences caused. .
( ).
Further developments will be carefully examined.
. ( .
. . ).
RUSSIAN ENGLISH :
- ... According to the words of Mr. Ivanov
... According to Mr. Ivanov ... ().
...
Independent on the date the resolution will come into force ...
77

Irrespective (Regardless) of the date the resolution will come into

force ... ().
...
The overdue indebtedness during the year was ... The arrears
over the year accounted for ... ().
1990 ... Already in the 1990s it was
clear ... As early as in
the 1990s it became clear that ...().
1998 ... If it were not for the default of
1998 ... If it had not been for the default of 1998 ... (
, ).

78

-, ( , , ,
...).

. - . ...,
.... - , ,
, - ,
,
, ,
. ( ... / ...).

( ) .

,
, , :
... , .

, , ,
,
,
().

 --
, .
,
secular and military observers, civil and military observers, ..
, ,
.

-
,
(, ..) . , .
:
,
,
, ,
- , , ...
NB! , ,
, ,
, .

, , .

, ( ). :
79

... 300 () ;
... 200 () ;
... 550 ( ) ;
... 3,2% ( );
... 640 ( ) .

2001 ., 2008 .
..: in the year two thousand and one, in the year two thousand and eight (, in
twenty-oh-one, twenty-oh-eight,
).
, : 1200, 2800 .. twelve hundred,
twenty-eight hundred one thousand two hundred, two
thousand eight hundred.

: , ,
.. ,
, , , . .

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

80

,
?
?
?
,
?

?
?

 1 (ENGLISH RUSSIAN)
- , . ,
.
2 (RUSSIAN ENGLISH)
- : , ,
.
.

81

2.1.

() . ,
. .
, ceiling
, floor . ,
, ( )
( ).

, ( , ), ( -.: ) .
,
.
:
grain, seed kernel of
truth;
picture picture .
:
() feather () pen;
umbrella umbrella ,
.
82

() auditorium () audience;

tongue ( ) mother tongue

.

, .

, :
settle , , , (), ...
open ( ), unlock (), discover (), unveil (), disclose () ...
(1) (
phrasal verbs) (2) , :
look after
look at
look up
look (in)to
look through

(-.)

( )
( )
, ()

meet (somebody)
meet (the needs, the demand)
meet (the challenges)
meet (the deadline)
meet (the requirements,
the terms)

( -.)
(, )
()
(
)
(,
)

,
,
(. ). .
83

ENGLISH RUSSIAN
ANOTHER
Is there another option?
?
Give me another two weeks.
.
ANY
Any time suits me.
.
Have you got any tea left?
? (-)
There arent any shops nearby. .
He is not interested in it any more.
.
Would you like any more fruit? ?
Is there any other way to get there?
- -
?
I give him all the letters, if any.
, .
AS
She works as a teller in a bank.
.
As I was walking along the street, I saw
people gathering in the square. , ,
.
I excused myself and left, as I had to
catch the 8 oclock train. ,
.
As is shown in this table, the growth is
not steady.
, .

84

RUSSIAN ENGLISH
(-. , ) see in
() meet, see
( ) date
:
-. choose; elect; select
: , , ... do (business, work, a
favour); , , ... make (mistakes, an attempt, a choice)
: . motion,
-. movement,
traffic
:
achieve, accomplish, obtain (results); make progress;
)
reach, amount to
(-)
other (books), others;
() the other
(books), the other ones, the others;
(-) another (book);
( ) the other
(book).
: ? Who else?
. Stay longer.
another piece
... have more ...
. He hasnt
come yet.

ENGLISH RUSSIAN
As far as I know ... ...
As white as snow. .
AS LONG AS
You can stay here as long as you want.
, .
This zi pper is as long as that one.
, .
As long as this condition is met, well be
able to make a deal. ,
, .
BOTH
Both of them (= They both) study law.
.
Both India and Pakistan are former British colonies. , .
EITHER
Either tea or coffee is always available
here. ,
.
There are two pens there, you can take
either. ,
( ).
Either of the examples is correct.
.
( .)
I havent eaten, either.
. ( ).
NEITHER
Neither hot nor cold

He neither works nor studies.

.

RUSSIAN ENGLISH
another two
weeks
1999 as early as
(= back) in 1999.
. They
are still writing the test.
: every +
., () everybody; each
how ( :
?) (How are you?)
what ( : ?
What is your name? ...? What do you think ...?)
as ( ): He works
as a driver);

: ,
. Do as tell you;
, ... As I have said, ...
as ... as ( :
as white as
snow)
like (
this , :
.
A friend like this will always be
helpful to you.)

Complex Object: ,
. I saw
him enter the shop.

85

ENGLISH RUSSIAN
Neither of you can do it right. (= ) . = .
If you are not going there, neither am
I. ,
.
FOR
Nobody will do this for you.
.
Heres a letter for you.
( ).
What are you looking for?
? ( ;
wait )
Weve been here for an hour.
. ( )
I need to run, for time is money.
, (..)
.
For all I know
For all you say
For fear of
For the first time
For a change
For nothing -
For the sake of
LIKE
She was treated like any other patient. , .
Im happy you have a friend like this.
, .
These substances have like properties.
.

86

RUSSIAN ENGLISH
: besides,
in addition (to); except (for), apart from
: mix;
prevent (smb.
from doing smth.);
bother
: in a few
days; the other day
: on the
contrary; ()
in front of;
opposite, across from
-. Despite = In spite of (smth): .
Despite (= In spite of ) the rain
we decided to leave.
(+ ) ... Although = Even though
= Though:
, . Although (Even though = Though)
it was raining, we decided to leave.
(). ...
Even so, ...: . .
It was raining. Even so, we decided
to leave.
: nobody;
no one, none (of);
/) neither
(of).
pay
attention to; (-)
draw somebodys
attention to.
: -. borrow (from); -. lend (to).

ENGLISH RUSSIAN
Shall I open the window? As you
like. ? .
NO
No news is good news.
(= )
.
No passenger has left the bus yet.

.
They no longer live here.
.
No better and no worse

At no charge
No comment
ONCE
Once a day
He once came here.
(-) .
Once you get there, youre safe.
, .
Once-popular singers are hardly remembered now. - ()
. ore than once
,
nce upon a time (
)

RUSSIAN ENGLISH
: define; , determine;
identify.
( -
) appreciate;
(, ) assess, estimate, evaluate.
: -.
-. approach smb/smth,
come up to smb/smth; -., ..
, ) suit smb; fit
smb; match
smth.
: the
last (film); , ,
the latest (news, data, fashion);
the latter
: , ,
-. offer (help,
money, to do); propose a
project, make a proposal; ,
-., ) suggest (an idea, doing smth., that smb. do/should do
smth.).
problem; (
) issue; () challenge.

man can die but once ,

:
spend; -. ..
see smb. off; () carry out (a test);
() do, conduct
(research).

nce bit, twice shy

: let
them talk; -

nce in a blue moon ;

87

ENGLISH RUSSIAN
nce in a lifetime ;

Once and again (Once in a while)

Once and for all ,

SINCE
I havent seen him since March.
() .
He hasnt written since he left.
, .
I havent seen him since.
.
Since the equi pment was not delivered
on time, we had to fax an enquiry.
()
,
.
She has since made a lot of progress.

.
SO
Its so good here. .
The reception was so warm.
.
Theres not a cloud in the sky, so I dont
need an umbrella.
, .
So, what do you think about all this?
, ?
SOME
Youve made some (= a few, several)
mistakes. .
Ive seen this photo in some magazine.
- .

88

RUSSIAN ENGLISH
may the New
Year be successful;
have him call
me.
: -.
decision ( decide);
solution ( solve.
, (.) say smth, say that ...;
-., , tell smb, tell the
truth, tell lies;
( ) speak foreign languages;
-. talk to, speak
with smb.
(+ .) so: The
day was so long.
(+ ., )
that: I hope the tri p wont be
that long.
(+ . + .)
such: It was such a long day (:
so long a day).
( ) like this: I want a car
like this.
: too; also;
either;
So do
(did, am, have) I (.
) Neither do (did,
am, have) I (. ).

ENGLISH RUSSIAN
Would you like to have some water/
tea? /?
He came some twenty minutes late.

(= ).
Some of the cotton is transported by
sea.
.
Id like to go there some day / some
time next week.
- / .

RUSSIAN ENGLISH
: convenient; , comfortable.
: -.
recognize; learn; ( )
find out; (, ) check.
: (, ) clean, tidy; pure; fresh air;
net profit;
clear sky.

, .
( , 4 ),

,
.
, , .
, . , , . : must, have to, be to, should
. , - embrace, hug hold.
,
, .
( . homos + onyma, onoma ).
, :
game game ;
save , save , ;
utter utter , .
89

 :
( ) floor ( ) sex,
gender;
( ) key () spring, source;
() make, force () fill, cram;
():
( . homos + grapho )
, , ),
, :
bow [bou] ( ) bow [bau] ;
lead [li:d] , lead [led] ;
produce [pr@dju:s] (v) produce [pr]djus] (n)
;
lock () castle;
narrower already;
blast furnace domain
names ( DomainFest);
( . homos + phone ,
) ,
, ,
, :
break brake ;
night knight ;
soul Seoul ( );
sweet , suite
;
fruit raft;
gender mouth;
onions meadow;
let smb. down give smb. a lift (a ride).
. 90

 , :
Reading [i:] is the best way of learning.
.
Reading [e] was our point of destination.
() .

, . , [la:st] (last), [lst] , (lust).
. ,
,
. , ..
, (
, ).

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

6.
7.
8.
9.

?
?

?
?

,
?
?
?
?
?
91

 1 (ENGLISH RUSSIAN)
.

.
After the Oil Crisis, a Food Crisis?
(1) Is the world headed for a food crisis? India, Mexico and
Yemen have seen food riots this year. Argentines boycotted tomatoes
during the countrys recent presidential elections when the vegetable
became more expensive than meat; and in Italy, shoppers organized
a one-day boycott of pasta to protest rising prices. In late October, the
Russian government, hoping to ease tensions ahead of parliamentary
elections early next year, announced a price freeze for milk, bread
and other foods through the end of January.
(2) Whats the cause for these shortages and price hikes? Expensive oil, for the most part.
The United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO)
reported last week that, at nearly $100 a barrel, the price of oil has
sent the cost of food imports skyrocketing this year. Add in escalating
crop prices, the FAO warned, and a direct consequence could soon
be an increase in global hunger and, as a consequence, increased
social unrest. Faced with internal rumblings, politicians tend to act
to protect their own nationals rather than for the good of all, says
Ali Ghurkan, a Rome-based FAO analyst who co-authored the report.
Because of the lack of international cooperation, he adds, Worldwide markets get tighter and the pain only lasts longer.
Whats more, worldwide food reserves are at their lowest in 35
years, so prices are likely to stay high for the foreseeable future. Past
shocks have quickly dissi pated, but thats not likely to be the case this
time, says Ghurkan. Supply and demand have become unbalanced,
and... cant be fixed quickly.
(3) The worlds food import bill will rise in 2007 to $745 billion, up 21% from last year, the FAO estimated in its biannual Food
Outlook. In developing countries, costs will go up by a quarter to
nearly $233 billion. The FAO says the price increases are a result of
record oil prices, farmers switching out of cereals to grow biofuel
92

crops, extreme weather and growing demand from countries like India and China. The year 2008 will likely offer no relief. The situation
could deteriorate further in the coming months, the FAO report
cautioned, leading to a reduction in imports and consumption in
many low-income food-deficit countries.
(4) Hardest hit will likely be sub-Saharan Africa, where many
of the worlds poorest nations depend on both high-cost energy as
well as food imports. Cash-poor governments will be forced to choose
between the two, the FAO says, and the former has almost always
won out in the past. That means more people will go malnourished.
Further exacerbating the problem are the current record prices for
freight shi pping brought on by record fuel prices. An estimated 854
million people, or one in six in the world, already dont have enough
to eat, according to the World Food Programme.
(5) Nearly every region of the world has experienced drastic
food price inflation this year. Retail prices are up 18% in China, 17%
in Sri Lanka and 10% or more throughout Latin America and Russia.
Zimbabwe tops the chart with a more than a 25% increase. That inflation has been driven by double-digit price hikes for almost every
basic foodstuff over the past 12 months. Dairy products are as much
as 200% more expensive since last year in some countries. Maize
prices hit a 10-year high in February. Wheat is up 50%, rice up 16%
and poultry nearly 10%.
(6) On the demand side, one of the key issues is biofuels. Biofuels,
made from food crops such as corn, sugar cane, and palm oil, are
seen as easing the worlds dependence on gasoline or diesel. But when
crude oil is expensive, as it is now, these alternative energy sources
can also be sold at market-competitive prices, rising steeply in relation to petroleum.
With one-quarter of the U.S. corn harvest in 2007 diverted towards biofuel production, the attendant rise in cereal prices has already had an impact on the cost and availability of food. Critics worry
that the gold rush toward biofuels is taking away food from the hungry. Jean Ziegler, the U.N. Special Rapporteur on The Right to Food,
recently described it as a crime against humanity to convert food
crops to fuel, calling for a five-year moratorium on biofuel production.
(7) Leaders in the biofuel industry respond that energy costs are
more to blame for high food prices than biofuels. Energy is the
93

blood of the world, so if oil goes up then other commodities follow, Claus Sauter, CEO of German bioenergy firm Verbio said following Zieglers comments. Others argue that cleaner-burning biofuels
could help stem the effects of climate change, another factor identified by the FAO as causing food shortages. Ghurkan notes that scientists believe climate change could be behind recent extreme weather
patterns, including catastrophic floods, heat waves and drought. All
can diminish food harvests and stockpiles. But so can market forces.
2 (RUSSIAN ENGLISH)
. .

2 (250 ).

(1) 1 2008.
28.01.2008 N1 (, ).
?
, , !
5
.. (, )
(, ) ; , : ,
, ,
, , , , , , .
(2)


.
94

(3) ?
, , 5 .
()
,
, , ,
.
(4)
(, ) , , , .
:
. ,
, .
(5) , 1 2008 ., ?
, , , 1 2008., (
). , . : ( ) 1 2008 .,

. . , , .,
, , .
95

2.2.

( ) ( )
, , ( ) ,
. () , .
.
, . ,
(.: 1, 1.4),
, . ,
.
( ):
This car is economical enough. .
The company is based in Zurich.
.
The survey was done in two stages.
.
Good and bad evil.
Christs pupils disciples.
Unprofitable Loss-making enterprises.

,
-, :
- : converse, speak
with , ;
: have a talk, talk to
, ;
96

 : talk to, chat ;

: chitty-chat , .

, , .. ( ), , , :
ENGLISH RUSSIAN:
brochure = booklet = leaflet , ;
impractical = unpractical ;
flawless = impeccable ;
RUSSIAN ENGLISH:
= weather forecast;
= linguistics;
= thermometer.

.
. ( , ,
):
The recording done is complete and unabridged.
() .
( unabridged , , complete ,
, , .)

, .
. -:
, ,
, :
97


literate illiterate
( );

get up go to bed
( );

action counteraction
( , );

light, set fire, ignite put out
( ).
, ,
-, ,
, ,
(cold hot),
(cool warm).
,
, (1) , () phrasal verbs,
(2) (3) ,
:

climb up climb down;

come leave;
fasten unfasten.

, :
: ( ) heavy light; ( )
difficult simple, hard easy.
:
imbalance, disbalance;
an illiterate person , ( ,
).
, , ,
, :
98

disappoint () appoint
();
irradiation (, )
radiation ();
inflammable () flammable
(, );
nonplus (, )
plus (, ).
, .
,
:
;
;
not uncommon = quite common ;
not until he arrives = only after his arrival
.
, -, :
(-) lend (UK), loan (USA)
( -) borrow;
( ) besides, in addition to
( ) except for, apart from;
rent ()
rent ().

1.
2.

?

?
99

3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

?
?
,
?
?
? .

?
1 (ENGLISH RUSSIAN)

. :
Careless driver =
Unbearable pain =
Innocent joke
Unprofitable business
Unlawful actions
Unavoidable punishment
Gradual transition
To purchase the necessary equi pment
To sell the companys products
To be biased
. :
foreign domestic (investors)
revenues expenditures
public private
tight soft (policy)
save waste
plausible implausible
intact damaged
lender borrower
confirm deny
100

()

extension shortening
hiring dismissal
2 (RUSSIAN ENGLISH)
. :
novelty = newness
pledge = promise
()
( )

()
()


. :

inside outside

()

2.3.

. ( faux
amis du traducteur), ,
, , ( )
( ),
.
101

 , . ,
, ,
, , , , :
He instructed his staff to revise the documents. .
.

. We had to correct the program taking into account the new requirements. We had to adjust the program to
the new requirements.


,
, , ,
. ,
copy . ,
. 20- , decade .
, , , (actual , ; decade , ).
-- ,
, , . ... , satin - , velvet
, corduroy, , ... chintz. (. . Op.cit., . 215.)
, , () : conference 102

, ; liberal , : liberal arts .

, ,
, .
, , ..
. , , :
1- students of the 1st course 1st-year
students;
his best costume his best suit;
historical moment historic moment;
an incorrect act an inappropriate, impolite act;
humanitarian sciences humanities,
liberal arts;
foreign students international students.

,
.

Academic
(), .

a full member of the

Academy of Sciences.

Accord ,

accord, chord

Accurate

neat, tidy; regular

Activity

active partici pation

Actual ,

relevant, topical

Advocate ,

lawyer

103

Aggressiveness , ( )
Anecdotal , ,

joke; comical, humorous

Appendix , ( )
Aspirant

doctoral student

Blank ( )

form

Cabin ,

box, booth

Cabinet ,
( )

office

Camera (
)

cell ( ),
chamber (.)

Character (
)
Collision (
)

conflict, disaster

Complex ,

()
comprehensive

Complexion

build, constitution

Concrete (
)

specific, definite
( concrete)

Conductor ,
( )
Control , (
)

check (
control)

Corpse

corps [k]:]

Credit , (
)

loan (
credit)

Critical
Curious , ( )

104

funny, odd,
strange ( curious)

Decoration , ,

scenery, sets, dcor

Deputy : deputy
minister ( )
Directory , (
)
Elements , ( )
Execution , ( )

flogging, strapping
( execution)

Expansion (
)
Fabric ,

factory

Faculty - (
)

School (
faculty)

Familiar , ( )

free and easy,

unceremonious ( familiar)

Fraction (.)

( )
faction

Human (.),

humane

Individual , ,
( )

peculiar,
personal ( individual)

Industry (
)
Interest (
)
Invalid (adj.)

a disabled person (
invalid)

Mayor

major

105

Meeting

rally

Novel

short story

Objective (n) ,
Obligation ,

bond

Partisan , ( )

guerilla ( partisan)

Pasta

paste

Physician ()

physicist

Pretend (
)

have a claim on
smth ( pretend)

Production

output

Prospect

avenue

Provision ,

food, foodstuffs

Rapport [rpo:] (. c
.) ,

report

Realize (
)

sell, realize

Recei pt ; ;
; ; . .

prescri ption (.), reci pe

()

Regular (
)
Replica

remark, comment

Resident (
)
Resin

rubber, gum

Satin

chintz

Scale ; ..

range

Section ,

( ) panel

106

Speculation (
)

profiteering (
speculation)

Therapist

physician, general
practitioner

Translation

transmission

Velvet

corduroy

Wagon ,

car, carriage

, (
) .
, ,
, tactical tactful,
company campaign.
: impractical impracticable , eminent imminent , , logics
logistics .
-, , :
accept

except

I was glad to accept his offer. .

All the guests have gathered except Max. ,
.
adapt

adopt

We adapted to the hot dry climate easily. .

A new procedure was adopted last year.
.
Our friends adopted two children.
.
107

affect

effect

This policy will certainly affect their output. ,

, () .
The effect accomplished was obviously positive.
.
The prisoners effected an escape.
.
besides

beside

Besides skiing, I go in for swimming. , .

Besides, I want to see it myself. ,
.
There is a vacant seat beside me. .
complement

compliment

Her gestures complemented her words well.

.
His compliment was to the point. .
NB! complimentary free of charge .

defective

deficient

The mechanism was defective. .

The mechanism was deficient.
.
definite

definitive

Their forecast was definite (= precise and unmistakable).

.
Their answer was definitive (= final and conclusive).
.
economic

economical

The economic situation is improving.

.
This car is economical. .
108

elect

select

She was elected chairperson last year. .

She was selected for the piano competition.
.
even though

even so

Even though it was raining, we went for a walk.

() , .
It was raining. Even so, we went for a walk. . , .
expand

expend extend

They need to expand their scope of activities.

.
We didnt need to expend extra resources.
() .
His sabbatical was extended through March.
.
find found found

found

founded founded

We found it amusing. .
Minsk was founded in 1067. 1067 .
historic

historical

This is indeed a historic event. ( ) .

There is a historical museum in our town.
( ) .
interesting

interested

He is an interesting person. .
He is interested in folklore. .
( annoying/annoyed, disappointing/disappointed, exciting/excited, fascinating/fascinated ..)
109

its

its

Its (= it is) nice to have this TV, its quality is very good.
, .
Its been (It has been) a long day!
(. : ).
lie lay lain

lie lied lied lay laid laid

I lay awake for a few hours. .

He lied. .
Its time to lay the table. .
How many eggs do those birds lay? ?
She laid her hand on my shoulder and said everything would be
all right. ,
.
lose [lu:z]

loose [lu:s]

Dont lose my phone number. .

My schedule is quite loose this week.
.
quite

quiet

Youre quite right. He has quite a few reasons to come.

. , .
This is a quiet street. () .
raise raised raised rise rose risen
arisen arouse aroused aroused

arise arose

I dont want to raise this question now.

. (raise , )
Why did he rise and leave? /
? (rise )
110

A new problem has arisen. .

It was not easy to arouse her interest. .
Used to do

be (get) used to smth. / doing smth.

We used to travel a lot. .

( )
I am used to getting up early. .
Youll get used to it soon. .
,
,
.
:
, .. -. component , .. (.) multi plier;
, .. hydrocarbon , .. ( ) carbohydrates.

1.
2.
3.

4.
5.

6.

?
?
?
?
,
,
?
-,
?
111

 1 (ENGLISH RUSSIAN)
-- , , .
Most of $4.5Bn in Gulf Coast aid unspent
By Brad Heath (USA Today)
(1) WASHINGTON Three-quarters of the billions in federal
money earmarked to replace schools, firehouses and other public works
after the 2005 Gulf Coast hurricanes still havent been spent, a sign
that key pieces of the regions recovery effort are languishing in red
tape.
Reports from the Federal Emergency Management Agency
(FEMA), provided to USA TODAY, show it has approved $4.5 billion worth of infrastructure projects in Louisianaand Mississi ppi.Only
about $1 billion of that total has been spent.
(2) Much of the rest is sitting in state accounts waiting to be
parceled out to the local officials responsible for the rebuilding work,
slowed by a complex tangle of local and federal rules.

Its time for local governments to start making the tough decisions about what theyre going to build back and start moving
forward on the permanent recovery, said Robert Josephson, FEMA
spokesman.
(3) State and local officials overseeing the recovery say they are
moving as quickly as they can to get the projects finished. Many require
months of planning and construction, and navigating federal rules has
sidetracked hundreds of projects, said Andy Kopplin, the outgoing
head of the Louisiana Recovery Authority.
Very simply, its dramatically slowed down the infrastructure reconstruction process. It slows down the recovery, Kopplin said. Are
we satisfied with the rate of construction? Absolutely not. Wed like it to
be double that. But the biggest challenge in spending the money has
been FEMAs process.
(4) FEMAs public assistance program gives money to states,
which generally use it to reimburse local governments for projects
once theyre complete. That process has created obstacles for New
112

Orleans and other communities, where local laws say money must be
in place before work can begin. The city has borrowed $460 million to
cover upfront costs.
(5) This is the first time weve had any significant dollars to
push these projects forward, Mayor Ray Nagin said. As a result, he
says, rebuilding work should accelerate this year.
Work also was delayed by mistakes in figuring how much repair
individual buildings need and how much each would cost, Kopplin
said. More than half of the 27,000 projects in Louisiana have been
revised at least once, a process that can take from a few hours to several
months, he said.
2 (RUSSIAN ENGLISH)

, , .

(1)
3040% . .
, , .
, , . .
(2) . ,
. ,
1.246
( 31 2006 ) 1.698
( 25 2007 ).
(3) . , . ,
- .
113


, .
(4) , ,
. .
, , 2 . , .
(5) ,
. , , .
,
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,
.
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.
.

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(.: 1, 1.6). , ,
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.
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114

 ,
. :
Volvo Truck Corporation Representative Office in Minsk is extending its scope of activities and looking for experienced employees!
extend ( ) (),
,
. extending expanding.
, (.: Bill Bryson. Brysons Dictionary of Troublesome Words).
, . , , , (, ,
), .
: Police rape claim woman in court. , ,
, . ,
,
(rape claim
), :
.

. -
(Des Moines Register)
: The new carburator could result in an up to 35 percent
improvement in gas mileage. , : an improvement in mileage of up to 35 percent.
: 115

 35- .

:

Aggression in U.S. pays

off ... (The Times)

Aggressiveness

Some 400 workers

were laid off at the
Liverpool factory and
another 150 in Bristol
(The Daily Telegraph).

Another
,

400 . ... and
150 more [or others].

400

150 .

Department of Trade
officials, tax and accountancy experts were
to be involved at an
early stage of investigation (The Guardian).

officials
tax
.

and. Department of Trade officials
and tax and accountancy
experts...

,
.

He said the new salaries were between 30 to

40 percent more than
the average paid by
other retailers (The
Independent)

:
between 30 and 40 percent from 30 to 40
percent.

,
3040 %
,

.

They both went to the

same school, Charterhouse (The Observer).

. both They both went to

Charterhouse.

116

A motorcyclist died after colliding with a tree...

(The New Yorker)

collide ( ,
collision)
.
collide . colliding with
crashing into.

:
.

... a holding company

comprising of three main
operating arms ... (The
New York Times)

Comprise of . ;
comprise = contain . : a
holding company comprising
three main operating arms
composed of three
main operating arms.

...
,
...

The general consensus in

Washington ... (The
Chicago Tribune)

. - () .
...

They are forbidden from

uttering any public comments (The New York
Times).

forbid prohibit . forbid .

to, prohibit
from + .
: They are
prohibited from uttering ...
They are forbidden to
utter ...

,
. .
117

:
; ; . ( ).
-. ( ).
. ( ).
. ( ).
:

.
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:
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).
:
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118

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: office , officer , offsite , offshore . .

1,5 . 20
. 2007
.
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).
,
()
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. : , ..
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. , ,
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.
,
119

 .
, . , ,
:

();
-;
;
;
.

-
. ,
, .
(, - four-letter words), . .
(The New Dictionary of American Slang, ed. by
Robert L. Chapman, Ph. D.) , , , ,
,
.
, , , . ( . euphemeo
).
, greenback = dollars, cops = policemen, B.S.
[bi:-es] = bullshit, S.O.B. [es-ou-bi:] = son of a bitch, Gosh = God,
shoot = [es-ewt-aw-ti:] .
. , (),
(), () , .
1911 . The Devils Dictionary, (Ambrose Bierce) 1000
-.
, ( : = , = , 120

 ! !,
, ..).
( ) . . ,
[es-ewt-aw-ti:]
!. , , , .
, .. - , .
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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

6.
7.
8.

?
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?
121

 1 (ENGLISH RUSSIAN)
.
, .
No smoking at work. Or at home.
(1) Surely your company has gone smoke-free by now. If youre
one of the nicotine-stained masses, youre braving the November
chill to get your fix outside, like an animal. (Why is it that smokers
always head out coatless, no matter what the weather?) Only at
home can you puff away to your blackening lungs abandon.
(2) Get ready to give up that right, too. If you live in Florida,
your employer might already be demanding that you stop smoking
at home. Thats right: bosses are forbidding workers to smoke at all.
According to this TV news report forwarded to me by my colleague
Daniel Eisenberg,
Westgate Resorts, the largest private employer in Central Florida,
has banned smoking and wont budge from a policy of not hiring
smokers and firing employees who do smoke. What brought that on?
(3) When I found out it was legal to discriminate against smokers, I put the policy in place, Westgate president and CEO David
Seigel said. Seigel told [channel] Local 6 that the policy was prompted
by the death of his close friend - a heavy smoker who died of cancer.
If you are too stupid to understand that smoking is going to kill you,
then we are going to tell you that if you want to work for our company, you will not smoke, Seigel said.
(4) Employers have reasons to ban smokers beyond their personal biases. Seigel said his policy is cost effective and said since it
went into effect, health insurance claims have gone down significantly making insurance more affordable for employees.
(5) Westgate, and Florida employers, are hardly the only ones
zeroing in on smoking by employees. Scotts Miracle-Gro in Maryville,
Ohio, was the subject of a February cover story by Businessweek
titled Get Healthy or Else. It tells the tale of a lawn-care technician named Scott Rodrigues whose career at Scotts met a jarring end:
...on Sept. 1 which happened to be his 30th birthday
Rodrigues was fired. Why? he asked. You failed your drug test, the
boss replied. Rodrigues insisted it had to be a mistake. He didnt even
122

keep beer in the fridge. Then his boss told him the drug was nicotine.
Five years ago, if you had told me, hey, you better quit smoking or
you might not get a job, I would have laughed. Here I am five years
later, and I cant get a job.
(6) Im not a smoker, and Ive lost family members to the damaging habit. I get the part about not wanting smokers to drive up
insurance premiums for the rest of us. But unless the smoking has
direct bearing on the job at hand say, I dont know, food preparation is it fair to deny them employment? What about the obese? Is
banning the hiring of overweight people who, like smokers, could
theoretically control their conditions next? What do you all think?
(7) POST SCRIPT: Whaddaya know a second after I posted
this entry, what do I find in my mailbox but a company e-mail urging
employees to quit smoking. From the e-mail, which pushes the services of a smoking cessation service:
Faced with healthcare costs related to smoking escalating, and
the decade-long decline in smoking rates coming to a halt, employers
need to be proactive in helping their workers stop smoking. On November 15, The American Cancer Society will celebrate the 31st
annual Great American Smokeout a great time for employers to
encourage their smoking employees to give up smoking for 24 hours
in the hope that this head start will help them kick the habit.
(8) A recent survey of employers by the National Business Group
on Health reports that a majority of employers ranked smoking as one
of the greatest priority health issues facing their companies, second
only to obesity, but only two percent offer the comprehensive benefit
recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
(TIME)
2 (RUSSIAN ENGLISH)

(auto spare parts) , .
80%
(1) ,
245 . ,
123

 80% . 5
- ,
.
(2) , .
, , ,
.
(3) ,
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.
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, . 124

 ,

.
(www.naviny.by)

2.5.

, ( , .. ), ,
-
.
, ,
, .

.
1. + ( ):
blue sky ;
perfect murder
( );
rural population .

:
We had a good time. (
).
We were impressed by the companys administrative efficiency.
() ( ).
NB!
:

125

public library ;
public debt ;
public house pub ( );
public transport ;
public school (UK) , ( );
(USA) , .
: + :
Secretary General
Attorney General
2.

+ (
):
British studies ,
, , ;
sticky weather
, ,
.
NB! ()
,
(. + .): redhead
( ), ;
wetland , ,
; red tape ,
; blue collars
, .. , , ; green house ,
..

3.
126

+ (
, ,

 , , ):
income tax ;
business school students ;
city council education and culture commission
.
4.

+ (. , ):
time management , , ;
war sufferings , ( );
election campaign expenditures ;
town (city) hall ( ) ..

5.

, +
, :
deputy (prime) minister (-) ;
attorney general (), ;
draft law .

6.

+ ,
:
Boeing support , , .

.
127

 .

ViaSat History. - 80- 20- , ,
, Band aid generation. , , , . band aid : band ()
( ) aid (). ,
, ,
, band aid . , . ,
.
, , , .. ,
(
):
- N, ...
According to the words of Mr. N. According to Mr. N ...
...
If to compare ... When comparing ...
...
What about ... As for (As far as ... is concerned...)
...
Id like to pay your attention to ... to draw your attention to ...
, ? , .
Hallo, who is speaking? Please introduce yourself. identify
yourself.
.
You need to represent your idea as clearly as possible. to present.

.
128

Its a great honor for me to present our company at this forum.

to represent.
( )
. ,
,
, ,
:
Take your time! !
I spotted him right off the bat. ( ).
Ill give it a thought. ( ).

:
In the final analysis ... B ... (
).
It doesnt make any difference. ( ).
Competitiveness ( ).
Help yourselves to the food. [
] ( ).
, , . .

:
1.

(
, , ):
take into account ;
pay attention to ;
jump at conclusion .

, , () () :
() achieve success = attain success ;
129

() pay attention to; direct attention to.

2.

3.

(
, , ):
at the worlds end , ;
make both ends meet ;
meet smb. half way (in smth.) -.
( -.);
make a mountain out of a molehill , (.: ).
= 12 ( , ,
,
, ):
Sit above the salt (.:
,
, )
Break a leg! ! , ! (.: !
, .)

, -
. , to show
the white feather feather:
(.: ).
,
() . ,

, . , , . , 20- .
12

130

 , ,
.
, , . , , ,
, .
.
,
, .
. , . , , .
, , .
:
The game is not worth the candle. .
Lions share. .
To shed crocodile tears. .

, :
A fly in the ointment. , .. ,
(.: ).
To get out of bed on the wrong side. , ..
(.: ).
At a snails pace. , ..
(.: ).
To be born with a silver spoon in ones mouth.
(), , .. (.: ).
,
. ,

to idle (away ones time).
. , . ,
131

 , - . . . to put ones foot in it, to commit a gaffe; to be

taken in, to be trapped.

() , :
To carry coals to Newcastle. .
,
,
. ( , .)
, , :
He wont put the Thames on fire. .
( .)
Queen Anne is dead! ! ( !)

. , , .
, .
.
, , ,
, , . , , , .

Kazan orphan An orphan of Kazan . Merriam Webster, Inc., ,
: a sturdy beggar ( , , ); a manipulative
weasel (); a self-promotive parasite ( ,
).
132

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

?

?
?
,
, ? .
?

?
?
?
1 (ENGLISH RUSSIAN)

.
, .
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

A day late and a dollar short (If something is a day late and a
dollar short, it is too little, too late.)
A fool at 40 is a fool forever (If someone hasnt matured by
the time they reach forty, they never will.)
A little bird told me (If someone doesnt want to say where
they got some information from, they can say that a little
bird told them.)
A picture is worth a thousand words (A picture can often get
a message across much better than the best verbal descri ption.)
About as useful as a chocolate teapot (Someone or something that is of no practical use is about as useful as a chocolate teapot.)
133

6.

7.
8.

9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.

17.
18.

20.

21.

22.

134

Ace up your sleeve (If you have an ace up your sleeve, you
have something that will give you an advantage that other
people dont know about.)
Add fuel to the fire (If people add fuel to the fire, they make
a bad situation worse.)
Albatross around your neck (An albatross around, or round,
your neck is a problem resulting from something you did that
stops you from being successful.)
All ears (If someone says theyre all ears, they are very interested in hearing about something.)
All in your head (If something is all in your head, you have
imagined it and it is not real.)
All set (If youre all set, you are ready for something.)
Average Joe (An average Joe is an ordinary person without
anything exceptional about them.)
Back to the salt mine (If someone says they have to go back
to the salt mine, they have to return to work.)
Bad hair day (If youre having a bad hair day, things are not
going the way you would like or have planned.)
Bakers dozen (A Bakers dozen is 13 rather than 12.)
Barking up the wrong tree (If you are barking up the wrong
tree, it means that you have completely misunderstood something or are totally wrong.)
Basket case (If something is a basket case, it is so bad that it
cannot be helped.)
Beggars cant be choosers (This idiom means that people
who are in great need must accept any help that is offered,
even if it is not a complete solution to their problems.)
Bite the bullet (If you have to bite the bullet, you have to
accept or face something unpleasant because it cannot be
avoided.)
Blow hot and cold (If you blow hot and cold on an idea,
your attitude and opinion keeps changing; one minute you
are for it, the next you are against.)
Breadwinner (Used to describe the person that earns the
most money. For example Shes the breadwinner in the
family.)

23. Break even (If you break even, you dont make any money,
but you dont lose any either.)
24. By the skin of your teeth (If you do something by the skin of
your teeth, you only just manage to do it and come very
near indeed to failing.)
25. Can of worms (If an action can create serious problems, it is
opening a can of worms.)
26. Cast your net widely (If you cast your net widely, you use a
wide range of sources when trying to find something.)
27. Chalk and cheese (Things, or people, that are like chalk and
cheese are very different and have nothing in common.)
28. Chase rainbows (If someone chases rainbows, they try to do
something that they will never achieve.)
29. Chew the fat (If you chew the fat with someone, you talk at
leisure with them.)
30. Cold shoulder (If you give or show someone the cold shoulder, you are deliberately unfriendly and uncooperative towards them.)
.
-- , .
Hawaii hosts Bush climate talks
(1) Climate experts from 16 of the worlds largest economies
will be looking to forge common ground between old emitters like
the US and Europe and the new polluters, such as China and India.
The meeting aims to feed ideas into the UN climate negotiations
process.
(2) The EU had threatened to boycott the talks unless the US
offered specific proposals rather than general talks. Since then, the
US has passed its Energy Bill that mandates big increases in efficiency from cars and from some appliances. But the US is still resisting a global agreement on specific emissions reductions from all developed nations.
(3) EU delegates at the meeting in Honolulu do not antici pate
any major moves by the Bush administration on climate change. Some
believe he is primarily trying to neutralise climate as an issue in the
135

forthcoming US elections. However, they are relieved that the US

does appear actively engaged in climate talks at last.
(4) A White House spokesman used a briefing to say that the US
supported global moves to slow, stop and eventually reverse emissions. But the official added that the burden must be shared between
all the major polluters, including China and India. These nations are
suspicious that the US is trying to shift blame on to them.
(www.BBCNews.com)
2 (RUSSIAN ENGLISH)
.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
136

,

-

26.
27.
28.
29.
30.

2.6.

( . allusion ), ..
, ( . alembour), ..
,
,
.
, , , .. (),
. ,
:
(1)

Six days shalt thou shop (The Economist)

,

.

, -
( ) : Six days shall [= shalt]
you [= thou] labour and do all your work, but the seventh day
is a Sabbath to the Lord and God (Exodus, 20: 910).

: , ;
(, 20: 910).
, ,
:
.
137

NB! ,
()
.

(2)

Much ado about lending (The Financial Times)

,

.
, , (
Much ado about nothing). , :

.
(3) London welcomes the Russians who came in from the cold
(The Financial Times)
, ,
.
(John Le Carre) The spy who
came in from the cold , .
: , .

. (
To save or not to save? To be or not to
be?). The
Oxford Dictionary of Allusions, 2nd edition. Ed. by A. Delahunty, Sh.
Digen, P. Stocks. Oxford University Press, 2005.
138

, . :
( ) .
, ( ) , .
, (
)
, .
, ( ) (
, , ,
).
( ) .
!.. (
250 )
( , ...).
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.
139


. , , . , ,
, , ,
, :
( ),
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, .
, ,
, ,
, ...
, , ,
- .
, , , . , grand , , grand :
Love is grand. ( .)
Divorce is a hundred grand. ( .)
, ,
,
.. , :
Atheism is a non-prophet organization. (non-prophet -, non-profit ).
.
, , , , ( ):
( ).
(
).
140

 ( .)
( .)
( .)
( .)
( .)
( .)
( .)
( .)
, - , (
-) ,
.
.

: ,
, , ,
,
. : Alone
together, Deafening silence, Same difference, Expect the unexpected .

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

?

?
() ?
?
?
141

6.
7.
8.
9.

?

?
?
?
1 (ENGLISH RUSSIAN)

.
:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

A Catch-22 an absurd or no-win situation.

Cassandra someone who predicts disasters or negative
results, especially to someone whose predictions are disregarded.
15 minutes of fame a great deal of media attention for
something fairly trivial.
Achilles heel a point of weakness in a seemingly invulnerable person.
Cut the Gordian knot solve a complex problem.

.
, .
, -.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
142

If you have to pay to go to the river, wed better stop at the

bank.
Time is money. Overtime is more money.
Trust your calculator. Its something to count on.
The skunk is an animal of distinction.
The doctor couldnt transfer the organs because he didnt
have the guts to do it.
He had a photographic memory that was never developed.
Its better to love a short girl than not a tall.
To some marriage is a word ... to others a sentence.
Every calendars days are numbered.

10. A circus lion wont eat clowns because they taste funny.
11. When cannibals ate a missionary they got a taste of religion.
12. Well never run out of math teachers because they always
multi ply.
2 (RUSSIAN ENGLISH)
1.

2.
3.

2.7.

,

.

. .

.

, , , .
,
. ,
, , ,
, , ,
.
, , (,
) ,
( ) . ,
.
, . (Colgate),
. 143

 , , ,
, . , .
(
)
. ( ), , , , , , .
,
. (
) . The London Paper, , . 2007 .: Final encore for opera maestro.13
, ,
,
,
.
, (, ,
, - ..).

, , .

, , .
.
: .. . ( ). 7- . : , 2008, . 9398.
13

144


: (, test ), .
, blood test ?
?
( ), , ,
,
? :
,
() ,
,
( ) ..
Weve made it! !?
, 1 ( 1.5). ! , , ,
: . !
-.
, ,
, ,
, ( )
:

...
, , (
,
) (, , , --).

, .
, ,
145

 . , . - (
, - , ). ,
- .
, , , -, , ,
, ,
- .14
,

, ,
, , , . -.
,
() :
(background) ,
, , .. , , , . . ;
- (case study)
;
(policymakers) , ; .
, , , :
() ;
, . , , - SUV [es-ju:-vi:] Sport Utility Vehicle.
14

146

 ( );
( );
( );
( ) ..
, . qualification ().
, ..
, : (1)
(2) , .
,
.
,
.
- ,
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.
, . , ,

,
,
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(message) , .
90- 20-
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I have no doubt he got the message : ,
147

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:
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.
, , , , , , , : Double coffee
().
148

 . ,
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.). .

- (
)

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

?
?
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,
.

?

?
1 (ENGLISH RUSSIAN)

,
.
Haitis rising food prices drive poor to eat mud
By Tom Leonard in New York (The Daily Telegraph)
(1) Impoverished Haitians are increasingly resorting to eating
biscuits made of mud as food prices soar in the Caribbean country.
The discs are made from dried yellow clay mixed with water, salt and
vegetable shortening or margarine.
(2) The mud, which comes from Haitis central plateau region, is first strained and then shaped into biscuits which are left in
the sun. The pale brown biscuits, known by locals simply as terre,
have traditionally been eaten by pregnant Haitians and children as an
149

antacid and source of calcium. However, for some Haitians unable to

afford even a plate of rice, terre has become their staple diet.
(3) The Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations has expressed concern over food prices in the Caribbean, recently declaring a state of emergency in Haiti and several other countries. The agency estimates prices have rocketed by as much as 40 per
cent due to floods and crop damage caused by the 2007 hurricane
season.
(4) 60 US cents, up 10 cents since December and 50 per cent
from a year ago. Beans, condensed milk and fruit have gone up at a
similar rate. Even the price of the clay used in the biscuits has increased considerably though, at five cents each, they are still relatively cheap. The biscuits reportedly taste smooth but suck out the
moisture from the mouth as soon as they touch the tongue, leaving
an unpleasant earthy aftertaste which lingers for hours.
(5) Gerald Callahan, an immunology professor at Colorado
State University who has studied geophagy, the scientific name for
dirt-eating, said mud can contain dangerous parasits or toxins. But it
can also strengthen the immunity of unborn babies to certain diseases, he said.
(6) Haiti is the poorest country in the western hemisphere. Seventy-six per cent of the population lives on less than $2.25 a day.
Malnutrition is widespread and diarrhoea kills one in five children
under the age of five. Haitian doctors say that people who depend on
the biscuits for sustenance risk malnutrition. Dr Gabriel Thimothee,
executive director of Haitis health ministry, said: Trust me, if I see
someone eating those cookies, I will discourage it.
2 (RUSSIAN ENGLISH)
. .
.

(1) , . , 150

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,
. BTL- ,
.
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, ,
. , , sales
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151

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152

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radio, detecting and ranging; laser light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation;
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communication persuasion
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Recovery System ; Federal Reserve Check Collection System

);
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semi-decay ; notebook = laptop , ; headphones = earphones ; mobile phone = cell
phone = );
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economy; division () division );
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156

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

,
( black diamonds .:
).

 1 (ENGLISH RUSSIAN)
. .
.
Ready for a rout?
The dollars decline accelerates
(1) WASHINGTON, DC . YOU know that nerves are taut when
a couple of stray comments set off a flurry of selling. The dollar fell
sharply on Wednesday November 7th after mid-ranking Chinese
officials, not actually responsible for foreign-exchange policy, made
remarks that were seized upon by already jittery markets. A Chinese
parliamentarian called for his country to diversify its reserves out of
weak currencies like the dollar and another official suggested that
the dollars status as a reserve currency was shaky. The greenback
reached $2.10 against the pound and a new record of $1.47 against the
euro, before recovering slightly. A widely traded index, which tracks
the dollars value against six major currencies, also fell to a new low.
(2) The sliding dollar, along with record losses from General
Motors, the threat of $100-a-barrel oil and more bad news from the
mortgage industry, spooked Wall Street. On November 7th the Dow
Jones Industrial Average fell by 2.6% and the S&P 500 index by
almost 3%. To add to the worries, Nicolas Sarkozy, Frances president, ramped up the political rhetoric on a visit to Washington. Alarmed
that the weak dollar boosts Americas competitiveness relative to
Europes, he told Congress that George Bushs administration needed
to do something about the dollar or risk an economic war. Wall
Street seers wondered whether official intervention to prop up the
dollar was on the cards.
(3) A true dollar crisis has long been one of the more frightening possibilities for the world economy. If foreign investors suddenly
abandon Americas currency and the dollar collapses, financial markets could crash while the plunging currency constrains the Federal
Reserves ability to cut interest rates. That fear is exacerbated by rising
concerns about higher crude oil and food prices.
(4) For now, the dollar nightmare is still unlikely. The currencys
decline is neither surprising nor, at least until this week, alarmingly
rapid. The gaping current-account deficit and interest-rate differen157

tials between America and other big economies point to a weaker

currency. The Fed has cut short-term interest rates by 0.75 percentage
points in the past two months. Given the scale of the credit mess and
rising fears of recession, expectations are growing that the central
bank will cut rates once again when its rate-setting committee next
meets on December 11th.
(5) Central banks are unlikely to accelerate a dollar rout by
making dramatic changes in their reserve portfolios. That said, many
long-standing dollar bulwarks are looking weaker. Many countries
that link their currencies to the dollar, from Arab oil exporters to
China, face inflationary pressure. As the greenback slumps, these countries have ever-stronger domestic reasons to allow their currencies to
rise.
(6) So far, the dollars decline has caused little alarm among
American policymakers. There is scant sign that the depreciation has
aggravated price pressures. And inflation expectations, though up
slightly, have not soared. Instead, the weaker currency, along with
strong growth abroad, has boosted exports, helping to support output
growth and unwind external imbalances faster than many thought
possible.
(7) Americas current account deficit fell to 5.5% of GDP in
the second quarter, from a peak of 7% at the end of 2005. For all the
official talk of a strong dollar, most American policymakers have
lost little sleep over the sliding greenback. A dramatic fall in the
dollar, however, would be a different story. If this weeks ructions are
a sign of things to come, the weak dollar could become a big headache.
(The Economist)
2 (RUSSIAN ENGLISH)

. . .


(1) - . 158

 , 11,76% , ,
23,9% .
(: 28 2006. .
. ,
200305. -
.)
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1 . 3 . .
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, .. , ( ):
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Mexico);
(Robert Burns);

(Entertainment);
(
) (Caterpillar);

(Jam Session).
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-, :
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2007 . Michael Mukasey
,
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161


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, McNeil , Eugene , Ian
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Thatcher , Warner Brothers .15

3.

4.

5.
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,
( ,
): Paramount Pictures (
) ; Goldwater ( ).
, : FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation ( ), Nova
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, : North
Dakota .
: South Carolina
.
NB! :
* (General Motors , Levi Strauss );
* (Bank of England );
* (Downing Street );
* (The Christian Science
Monitor , Journal of Psychology );

15
.: .. . ( ). 7- . : , 2008, . 5153.

163

* (Queen Elizabeth , Vostok, Discovery );

* (Rhode Island -, Pacific Grove ).

, .

. Leo
Tolstoy, Piotr Tchaikovsky.

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coat.
, .
,
, ,
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.
, , , , . , ,
:
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(.) Mickiewicz
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, . ,
164


.

: , ( -
+
).
-.
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).
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,
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( , - . messieurs), Reverend ( ) .
(Her Britannic Majestys
Ambassador): Your Excellency! !
(Charg
dAffaires a.i.) [Charg dAffaires (.);
ad interim (.)]: Mr (Dr) XX! - (-) .
- , : Mrs. Richard Brown
: Mrs. Governor Richardson. Dear ladies and gentlemen!
,
: , , , + , +
.
165

 : Mum (USA Mom), Dad, Grandpa,

Grandma (Granny) , , Jim, Mike ..
, -
: , , , , (
), , ( ) .
: darling, honey, sweetheart (
) buddy, bro, dude ( , ), guys,
folks . ( ).
. , - , , ..
.
.

.
Maam (Sir)
, : Sir, do I have to leave my key at the
reception desk when leaving the hotel? , ,
?
,
, (
guys, folks).

1.
2.
3.
4.

166

?
?

?

?

5.

, ,
?
6. ?
7.
?
8.

?
9. ?
10. ?
11. ?
1 (ENGLISH RUSSIAN)
.
, :
Mr. Gilchrist -
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.

Chris Bryant
Brad Heath
Travel Channel
Paul Bermingham
Dow [dau] Jones index
Sir, (heres my key to the room).
The Financial Times
Ms. Caitlin Knowles
Starbucks coffee company
Frank ODonnell of Clean Air Watch
Thank you, honey
Messrs Curtis and Wintergreen!
New Brunswick
North Yorkshire
U.S. Department of Energy
Charing Cross Road
Brian Bennett
CNN
167

. , .
Son of Frankenfood?
From The Economist print edition
Produce from cloned animals has won regulatory approval. Now
companies must persuade consumers to buy it
(1) IT IS beyond our imagination to even find a theory that
would cause the food to be unsafe. With that ringing endorsement,
Stephen Sundlof, the chief food-safety expert at Americas Food and
Drug Administration (FDA), this week declared food derived from the
offspring of cloned cows, pigs and goats to be safe for human consumption. The decision came just days after the European Food Safety
Authority (EFSA) publicly reached the same conclusion.
(2) At first blush this seems likely to lead to a repetition of the
controversies that surrounded the arrival of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in agriculture more than a decade ago. Back then an
over-zealous industry (led by Monsanto, an American GMO pioneer) touted the benefits of a novel food technology. Activist groups
and parts of the media said GMOs were dangerous and unethical.
Scientific bodies on both sides of the Atlantic agreed that GMOs
could be used safely, but politics halted their advance in Europe.
(3) Could the same saga unfold with cloning? Once again the
biotechnology firms sound a bit brash, much as Monsanto did. James
Greenwood, head of BIO, the lobbying arm of the American biotechnology sector, bragged this week to reporters that, thanks to his
industrys efforts, animals have now been successfully cloned on six
continents. David Faber, the head of Trans Ova, an American firm
leading the charge, claims this technology will make possible elite
breeding that will lead to faster-growing, disease-resistant and genetically superior animals.
(4) To activists opposed to cloned food, meanwhile, the FDA
and EFSA decisions mean only one thing: Frankenfoods are on their
way. Since the creation of Dolly, a sheep cloned by researchers in
Scotland in 1996, they have rallied many thousands to sign petitions
and attend protest marches dressed as cloned cows and the like. And
on the heels of this weeks two big decisions, the anti-cloning crowd
168

is kicking into high gear. Friends of the Earth lost no time in declaring
it was organising a boycott of grocers who carry cloned products.
2 (RUSSIAN ENGLISH)

, :
Real estate agency
Tvoya stolitsa
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.

- ( ) !


, !
- !

2.10.

, . ,

, .
169

 ,
, .16
, ,
,
, .
. , 17:
1.

,
() :
Instant coffee .
Sitting room .
He lives next door. ( ) .
A snowdrift ten inches deep. ( ) .
Hot milk with skin on it. .

2.

( ):
Religious materials .
Believe , ( ).
He knifed his way into the water. ,
, .

3.

(
, ):

16
.. . . .: , 1974, . 38.
17
.: .. , .. . ? // . .
.. . .: , 1975, . 5069. .

170

Rich food ; rich cottage cheese

; the air was rich with the scent of...
...; in a voice rich with disinterest ().
4.

(usage):
The city is built on terraces rising from the lake.
, ( ).
No smoking. ( ).
No loss of life was reported. (
).

, , :
1.

( ,
):
Their expertise was essential for us.
.
Last year the agency sold five properties to Russians in London.
.
Her limbs were sore. .
What drives the economy at the moment?
?

2.

( , ):
Summer rains may be violent while they last. .
Working men and women have the right to strike. .
Im sick and tired of her complaints.
.

3.

(
):
Her photo is sitting on my table.
.
171

Trains run every other hour. .

(
, ):
to the last ounce of effort .
( , ):
His only sibling was in a safe place.
. ( siblings .)
( ):
Dont break the line! (.) !
Remember to ask him about it.
.
Please hold on. , .
He was the least unacceptable candidate. .
:
You should play what you can afford. , [
].
(
):
Black sheep ;
Reinvent the wheel .

1.
2.
3.
4.

172

?
?
?

?

5.
6.

.

?
7. ?
8.
?
9. ?
10.
.
1 (ENGLISH RUSSIAN)
-- , .
BELARUS BACKS RUSSIA ON MISSILES
Belarus says it is ready to play its role as a Russian ally if the
US overrides Moscows objections and creates new missile bases
in Europe.
(1) Russia has warned it may place missiles in Belarus to counter
US plans for bases in Poland and the Czech Republic. Belarussian
leader Alexander Lukashenko praised ties with Russia as he hosted
President Vladimir Putin in Minsk. But he dismissed speculation that
his country, a former Soviet state, might enter a formal union with
Russia.
(2) I was surprised your visit prompted a stir in the West, Mr
Lukashenko said to Mr Putin during the Russian leaders tri p to the
Belarussian capital. Theres no subtext here. Were friendly allied states
and I would be surprised if you didnt visit.
(3) Analysts have recently suggested that a union between Minsk
and Moscow could enable President Putin to retain political influence in Russia after he relinquishes the presidency in March. Mr
Putin could, in theory, become leader of the new entity created by
such aunion.Mr Putin has also been ti pped as acandidate for prime
minister in Russia after his presidential term ends. His exact plans are
not yet known, though it is clear he intends to capitalise on his
popularity and continue playing a central role in politics.
173

Missile plans
(4) Mr Lukashenko welcomed Mr Putin at a ceremony in Minsk.
Belarus is ready to play its role in the issues of the planned deployment in Europe of US missile defence systems, Mr Lukashenko said.
He did not specify what this role would be. Last month, a senior
Russian general said his country may place missiles in Belarus to
counter US plans for bases in central Europe. The US says it plans to
build a missile defence system by building bases in the Czech Republic and Poland that could help intercept missiles fired from countries
such as Iran. Russia has, however, dismissed the alleged threat from
Iran and said the US is targeting its territory.
(5) Moscow has repeatedly voiced alarm at NATOs eastward
expansion plans, encompassing nations that were once in the Soviet
Unions sphere of influence. Belarus is largely regarded as one of
Russias staunchest allies among the ex-Soviet states. However, ties
between the two countries were recently strained over Russian efforts
to raise the price of fuel it supplies to Belarus.
2 (RUSSIAN ENGLISH)

,
.
,
(1) . .
.
.
10 . .
1,3 ,
.
(2) .
. 2001
, 174

. , ,
.
(3) 20% ,
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.
,
.
(4) ,
.
,
. .
1 .
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( 7 ). . .
(6) , , , -, ,
. , : .

175

3.1.

, , .

,
.
,
:
Im hungry. (.: .) .
Ive got a headache. (.: .)
.
,
, ,
. ,
, :
He seems to have forgotten about his promise. (
), .
, .

: 176

, ,
.
, ..
,
, ,
.
,


, ,
. , - :
. Its getting cold.
. New equi pment was bought.

.
:
1.

:
She was killed in a car accident. .
He is survived by a wife and three chidlren.
. ( )

2. :
She didnt tell us about it until a year later.
() .
I wish he hadnt done it. , .
Our new office is almost half as large as the old one.
.
3.

:
Do you want to sit closer? () .
Why dont you call me tomorrow? () .
177

4.

:
For sale. .
To let (UK); For rent (USA) ().

5.

:
To put it mildly... ...
Ive got people to see there... ,
...

6.

:
They didnt expect us to come back so soon. , .

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

6.

?
?
?
.

?
?
1 (ENGLISH RUSSIAN)

. .
178

House price correction threatens EU growth

By Ralph Atkins in Frankfurt and Laura Dixon in Brussels
(1) An unexpectedly sharp correction in house prices resulting from the global credit squeeze poses a significant risk to growth in
Europe, according to the European Commission. The European
Unions executive arm forecast a gradual slowdown in growth from
2007 to 2008 but said continuing financial market turmoil meant the
risks were clearly tilted to the downside. Among the threats it identifies is a worsening of the financial turmoil that could hit housing
markets in Europe as well as the US thereby deepening and prolonging the ongoing corrections.
(2) So far, those European countries that saw the fastest growth
in house prices, such as the UK, Spain, Ireland and France, have
generally seen an orderly slowdown this year. But the Commissions
latest EU economic forecast hinted at policymakers fears of a sharper
adjustment. A special section on past house price cycles warned that
while other regions were sometimes more volatile, the historical
experience suggests that major housing downturns have also had a
substantial macroeconomic impact.
(3) Overall, the Commission expected European economic
growth to hold up reasonably well. Financial market turbulence
would peter out but still hit investment and consumption growth.
Tighter financing conditions were likely to affect mainly construction
investment and thereby accelerate the ongoing correction of the
housing market in some countries like Spain and Ireland (...)
(4) The European Central Bank offered a similarly cautiously
upbeat assessment of European growth prospects earlier this week.
But like the ECB, the Commission also expressed fears about the
impact on inflation of higher oil prices and tightening labour markets which it said were lifting consumers inflation expectations.
This is not a good signal. For this reason we consider in this forecast
that the upside risks to inflation are clearly increasing, [the EU commissioner] Mr Almunia said. Eurozone inflation hit 2.6 per cent last
month but the Commission expected an easing of oil prices to lead to
a deceleration of price pressures during 2008. Overall eurozone inflation was expected to rise from 2 per cent this year to 2.1 per cent
next year before falling back to 2 per cent in 2009. (The Financial
Times)
179

 2 (RUSSIAN ENGLISH)
- ..
(acting managing director) . , , .
.
-
$10 .
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(),
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 $6 . , , . ()

3.2.

, , , . ,
12 (
Simple, Continuous, Perfect Perfect Continuous), . ,
, , .
(.. ) () () ,
.
() , ,
. , , .
Present Simple, (He
always comes on time ),
:

:
If (in case, when, as soon as) it starts raining, Ill get back.
( , ; , )
, .
NB! when .
Future Simple, :

I dont know (, ) when he will come.

, .
181

,
:
What do you do? ? ( ?)
Why do you ask? ( )?
What do you think about it? ?
( : What are you thinking about?
?)

3- Present Simple
(offers ; ; books ; ).

Present Simple Past

Simple : found = ;
lay , ( ) = .

Past Simple, ,
, -
(I bought this book last
week ),
, :

, (
):
I thought that ... , ... ( ).
I went there last year. (
).
I lay on the sofa. (
).

:
He read the newspaper while he waited at the train station.
( : He was reading while he was watining).
, .

182

, , ( : -

 , : Present Simple Past Simple, Present

Perfect & Past Simple Past Perfect ..):
I didnt know he was busy. , (
).

(
):
He said he would help me if (when) he came to see us.
, , () []
.

:
I used to write (= I often wrote) short stories when I was a
school student. (, ) , .

Pst Simple (Partici ple II), : closed ; .

NB! used to do smth. (
, ) to be (to get) used
to smth., to be (to get) used to doing smth ( - -):

I used to get up early in summer. (

.) I was used to getting up early in summer. (
.)
Future Simple, , (Ill call you next week. .), :

:
Boys will be boys when they quarrel, they will fight.
: , .

Present Continuous, ,
(They are working on the an183

nual report now. .),

:

(
) :
They are coming for dinner tonight. () .
We are writing a test next week. .

(, ):
She is always (constantly) complaining. O () .

Past Continuous, , (I was sleeping when the film started

, ), :

,
, ( ):
I didnt know he was sleeping. , (
).

() :
We were writing an essay, and the teacher was grading our
homework. , .
Future Continuous, , () (Ill be
preparing for the test tomorrow morning ), :

:
Ill be leaving soon. ( ).

Present Perfect, , ,
(She has just/already left / ), :
184

,
:
I have known him for many years (since childhood).
( ).

:
After (When) he has done his work, well be able to discuss
the matter. ()
[ ], .

Past Perfect, , (I had read the book before I watched

the film/ by Sunday ,
/ ), :

:
Max forgot that he had written this exercise. ,
() .

( ):
Hardly had I come in, when the phone rang.
, .
No sooner had we arrived at the bus station, than it stopped
raining. ,
.

Present Perfect Continuous, ,

(Ive been reading this book
for a week/ since Monday /
), :

, - :
Youve been crying, havent you? , ()?
[ , , ()]

Past Perfect Continuous, , - (for some time)

(He had been doing his lessons for an hour and
a half when his parents came home
185

, ), :

,
() ( ,
Past Simple):

He didnt know I had been working when I went to college.

, , .
()
. .
, (,
) ( ), :
climb
affect, influence
reach
approach
ponder
follow

:
catch up with
(, ) wait for
(, ) look forward to
look for
put on
(, ) graduate from
( ) put off
listen to
() take off
() walk across
( ) look up
() look through
sympathize with
186

 , :
depend on
run into
pay attention to
congratulate on
result in
refer to


:

-
:
. It is getting dark.
. It always gets dark very
fast in the South.
, . You never know what
will happen.

:
(1) , . () I think
youd better stay at home. (Present Simple)
(= ) . () Im
thinking of leaving here. (Present Continuous)
. ( ) Ive been thinking about it all day long.
(Present Perfect Continuous)
(2) . (
) They wont finish the work tomorrow. (Future
Simple)
. (
)
They wont have finished the work by tomorrow. (Future Perfect)
187

(3) . ( ,
) He studied here before the war.
(Past Simple)
, . ( , ..
) He was studying, and I
was working at that time. (Past Continuous)
, . ( ) He had
studied at the university before he arrived here. (Past Perfect)
, . (
) He had been
studying for three years when he met his future wife. (Past Perfect
Continuous)

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

?

?
,
.
,

.
,
.
,
?
1 (ENGLISH RUSSIAN)

.
. .
188

Rising food prices fuel eurozone inflation fears

By Ralph Atkins in London (The Financial Times)
(1) Rapid food price increases are fuelling consumers fears about
overall inflation in the 13-country region, the European Central Bank
() has warned, as official data confirmed that the rate of price
rises had hit the highest level for more than two years. Food prices
have been an important driver of consumers inflation sentiment,
the ECB said in its latest monthly bulletin. A worsening could pose
an upside risk to inflation. The comments hinted at ECB fears that
consumers expectations about future trends have been distorted by
recent sharp increases in food prices, even though they comprise
only a part of the basket of goods and services monitored when calculating inflation rates. The danger is that such expectations feed through
into actual inflation rates.
(2) The ECB argued that the impact of higher food prices on
perceptions might have been magnified at the current juncture by
the extensive media coverage of these price increases in some countries. German media have focused, for instance, on price rises of as
much as 40 per cent over the past year for items such as butter.
(3) Eurozone inflation leapt to 2.6 per cent in October from
2.1 per cent in September, Eurostat, the European Unions statistical unit has confirmed, the fastest rate of increase since September
2005. Economists see a significant risk that food prices and energy costs
will push inflation to 3 per cent before the end of the year. The ECB
aims to keep the annual rate below but close to 2 per cent.
(4) Details of the inflation figures showed core inflation, which
excludes energy and unprocessed food prices, rose from 2 per cent in
September, to 2.1 per cent last month. The ECB expects inflation to
ease next year with its latest bulletin adding that futures markets
suggest some easing of the upward pressures on global food prices in
the course of 2008. Its survey of professional forecasters showed inflation still expected to remain about 2 per cent this year, next year
and in 2009.
(5) But the bulletin warns that currently strongly rising food
prices may lead to a further worsening of consumers inflation sentiment in the coming months. It was essential that any spill-over of
the current rise in inflation rates to inflation expectations be avoided
in the longer run. Since the global credit squeeze started, the ECB
has held its main interest rate at 4 per cent. The strength of the euro
189

and higher financing costs created by the credit squeeze have weakened the case for further rises in interest rates. But the ECB has
pledged to act if necessary to keep inflation expectations under
control.
2 (RUSSIAN ENGLISH)
.
.


(1) 2007 64- 177
. 27 - . ,
. ,
. ,
(67- ), (73-), (76-).
(2)
, , ,
.
,
- ,
, .
(3) . , 0,804.

0,5 67,8 .
106- . 72- ,
33-.
190

(4) ,
. .
.
, . . , ,
,
. (
, 177- -. , , 37- 43- .)

3.3.

,
,
. ,

, , . ,
[ to be
+ Partici ple II, ..3- ] :
1) :
The research was done by a group of scholars from Holland.
.
2) ( ):
The research was done by a group of scholars from Holland.
.
( , .)
3)

- :
It is believed that climatic changes are under way at present.
(), .
191

4)

:
It is believed that climatic changes are under way at present.
, .

, , , , :
New equi pment was bought for the lab. () .

:
The students were being examined from 8am to 11am.
...
8 11 .
A better solution is needed.
() .
They were given... : ...
= ... ...

, ,
:
This article is often referred to. .

:
Belarus was greatly affected by the Chernobyl disaster.
.

:
answer ;
attack smb., smth. ;
affect smb., smth. , ;
192

approach smb., smth. ;

consult smb. , ;
enter , ;
follow smb., smth. ;
join smb, smth ;
leave ;
reach ;
watch smb. .
NB! :
: We are done. .
: This book sells very well.
.

, . ,
, ,
.
, ,
to be.
, .
to be :
Present Simple
Past Simple
Future Simple

am, are, is
was, were
will be

Present Continuous
Past Continuous
Future Continuous
Present Perfect

am being, are being, is being

was being, were being

have / has been

Past Perfect
Future Perfect

had been
will have been

Present, Past & Future Perfect Continuous

193

 , 12 to
be 9 ( Future Continuous,
Present, Past & Future Perfect Continuous).
, (
Future Continuous) , (
Present Perfect Continuous)?
. ,
,
?
(1) . ( Future Continuous to be, ).
(2) . ( Present
Perfect Continuous to be, ).
,
. , , (
). () (). : .

to be: . ,
:
(1) They will be constructing this road all the summer.
(2) They have been constructing this road for two months now.

1.
2.
3.

194

?
?
?

4.
5.
6.

?
?
, to be
, .. ?
1 (ENGLISH RUSSIAN)

.

. . .
Russia urged to change tax regime to boost oil and gas
By Ed Crooks in Rome and Catherine Belton in Moscow
(The Financial Times)
(1) Russia must change its tax regime if it is to develop its oil
and gas resources to their full potential, George Robertson, the deputy
chairman of TNK-BP, BPs 50 per cent-owned joint venture, has
warned. Lord Robertson, the former British politician and NATO
secretary-general, said TNK-BP and Russias state-controlled companies Rosneft and Gazprom were being hit by rising costs and higher
taxes. He also said there was no plan to change TNK-BPs ownershi p, in spite of recent speculation that Gazprom was in talks over
taking a stake.
(2) Speaking to the Financial Times at the World Energy Congress in Rome, Lord Robertson said: The [Russian] fiscal regime
was designed for days when the price of oil was about $25$27 a
barrel. If they are going to exploit those reserves that they still have,
they are going to have to create a better fiscal regime to allow both
state and non-state companies to make the investment that would be
required.
(3) Eighty per cent of export revenues for Russian oil above
$27 per barrel is taken in taxes, meaning that the companies are not
seeing much benefit from todays high prices. BP said last month that
195

its share of TNK-BPs profit fell to $672m (326m) in the third

quarter, down from $1.52bn in the equivalent period of 2006, although that figure was boosted by a disposal gain of $892m.
(4) Russia, which was last year the worlds second biggest oil
producer, has undergone a slowdown in its output growth in recent
years. Companies including TNK-BP have big plans to expand production. Sergei Bogdanchikov, the chief executive of Rosneft, the
state-controlled oil group, yesterday said it planned to raise production to about 3.2m barrels per day by 2015, from just over 2m b/d
expected this year. But Lord Robertson said: If Russia is going to be
able itself, as a country, to extract more from the ground, then it will
have to change that fiscal regime. And I am sure that point has not
been lost on the policymakers.
(5) Leonid Fedun, vice-president of privately owned Lukoil,
warned at an investment conference this year that high taxes and
insufficient investment could lead to a shortage of oil in Russia in a few
years. He said at least $300bn of investment was required even to keep
Russias oil production at existing levels over the next eight to nine
years. Output at existing fields in western Siberia is starting to peter
out and development of new oil provinces in remote regions such as
east Siberia and the Arctic is becoming necessary.
2 (RUSSIAN ENGLISH)
,
. ,
. .

(1) , 2006. 511 . ,
1,4 . 3 ,
219 ,
Br6,75 .
196

(2) 2006. ()
157 .
57 , () (
) Br15,91 ., ... Br15,88
., 49 , Br23,7 ..
(3) 2006. 7632 ,
479 , 5911 , Br2,26 ., .. Br1,1 .,
Br189,7 ., Br962,4 . Br4,1 .. ,
30 , 20 .
(4)
.
,
. ... 895,9 . Br1,3 ., I 359,5 . Br360 .; 2,8 . Br3,2 ., I 921 .
Br1,1 . , , Br1 ..
(5) 2006. 33 ...
Br1,9 ..

. ,
. , , , .
,
, . ,
-, -
197

, , .. ...
.
(6) ... .

:

. , , , .

3.4.

: ( , ), . :
... ( ...).

. ,
,
, .

( ):
If he would do it today it would be good. If he did it today, it
would be good.
If he would have done it yesterday, it would be better. If he had
done it yesterday, it would have been better.
I wish I would have visited more places there. I wish I had
visited more places there.

.
, ,
,
(.. , , ...).
198

 : ,
.
,
. , ( ?)
( ?). , , ,
:
(1) , , :
If he had time, he would help you [but he doesnt have time and
wont help you].
(2) , , :
If he had had time, he would have helped you [but her didnt
have and didnt help you].
, , ,
, .. , (3),
, (4):
(3) [ ],
[
]:
If he were my brother [but he is not], I would have taken him on
a boat tri p last summer [but I didnt take him].
(4)
[ ],
[ ].
If you had given me this book at least a few days ago [but you
didnt], I would have prepared a presentation by Monday [but I
wont be able to do it].

:
1)

:
199

:
If + Past Simple / would + Indefinite Infinitive
If he came earlier today, we would (could) go to the theatre
together.
[ ],
[ ].
NB! to be ( ) Past Simple
were.

If he were here, he would help us.

[ ],
[ ].
- would,
. ,
. , -, :
We would appreciate if you would let us know about the
result of the interview.
, [ ?]
.

:
If + Past Perfect / would + Perfect Infinitive
If you had come earlier, you would have seen her on TV.
[ ],
[ ].

200

( ),
:

If + Past Simple / would + Perfect Infinitive

If here were not so lazy, he would have done this work long
ago.
[ ], [ ].

,
:
If + Past Perfect / would + Indefinite Infinitive
If I had known about your tri p to the lake this weekend, I
would also go with you.
[ ], [
].

, , ( ):
Had he told me about it ... (= If he had told me about it ...)
() =
() ... [ ].

, -
, / :
If it were not for his help, we would not be able to do it.
[ ],
[ ].
If it had not been for his help, we would not have been able
to do it.
[ ],
[ ].

2)

lest ( ),
( ):
201

They decided to take part in the competition lest their fans

[should] be disappointed.
,
.
3)

as if, as though ( ):
You know, she is looking at me as if she saw me for the first
time.
, ,
.

4)

, Its time (
),
Past Simple:
Its time they understood it. .
Its time we left. .

5)

, I wish. , ,
, ...,
( ).

:
I wish he were here with us. [Past Simple]
, . (= ,
.)
:
I wish he wouldnt go there alone. [would + Indefinite Infinitive]
, . (= ,
.)
:
I wish they had told him about it. [Past Perfect]
, . (= ,
.)
202

1.

2.

3.
4.

5.

?
, ?
?


?
?
1 (ENGLISH RUSSIAN)

, .
.
RED FACES, BLACK WEEK
The prime minister will find it hard to avoid the blame for mistakes
at the Treasury
From The Economist print edition
(1) TO ERR may be human, but some blunders are so egregious that they fall into the you couldnt make it up category. Unfortunately for Gordon Browns beleaguered government, there was no
make-believe about the loss of 25m child-benefit records, which
Alistair Darling, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, disclosed on
November 20th to the House of Commons.
(2) The scale of the security lapse at the Treasurys tax agency
affecting almost half the British population was breathtaking. Two
203

computer discs containing the names, addresses and dates of birth of

9.5m parents and 15.5m children, together with their national-insurance and child-benefit numbers and bank-account details, have
gone missing. Although there is no evidence that the records have yet
been misused, they would be a treasure trove for identity fraudsters. In
itself, the information would not permit crooks to di p directly into
bank accounts, unless they struck lucky with passwords and PIN numbers. It would, however, help those so disposed to create and use false
identities (...).
(3) As if all this were not enough, Mr Darlings fiscal statement
in October, in which he announced some hastily cobbled-together
tax measures, has backfired badly. In particular, his surprise decision
to shake up capital-gains tax has angered small businesses, the main
victims of the change. Following a concerted campaign by business
lobbies such as the CBI, the chancellor has been forced to signal
some concessions to ease the pain. (...)
2 (RUSSIAN ENGLISH)
. .

204

1.

, .
A) If it were not for the rain, we would go there right now.
B) But for the rain, we wouldve gone there right now.
C) If it hadnt been for the rain, we would go there right
now.

2.

,
?
A) And what would you do if you had more time before the
train then?
B) And what would you have done if you had more time
before the train then?
C) And what you have done if you had had more time before the train then?

3.

.
A) Its time they would understand it.

B) Its time they had understood it.

C) Its time they understood it.
4.

, .
A) If he would come earlier, he wouldve said good bye to her.
B) Had he come earlier, he wouldve said good bye to her.
C) If he came earlier, he would say good bye to her.

5.

, - .
A) Had I not been a local resident, I would hardly find a way
there without help yesterday night.
B) If I were not a local resident, I would hardly have found
a way there without help yesterday night.
C) If I hadnt been a local resident, I would hardly have
found a way there without help yesterday night.

6.

!
A) I wish Id be able to go there in summer!
B) I wish I wouldve gone there in summer!
C) I wish I were able to go there in summer!

7.

, .
A) I wish she wouldnt talk to him about it.
B) I wouldnt like that she would talk to him about it.
C) I wish she didnt talk to him about it.

8.

, .
A) I would be grateful to you if you would invite her.
B) I would be grateful to you if you invited her.
C) I would be grateful to you if you wouldve invited her.

9.

, .
A) It wouldnt harm if you would call in there yourself.
B) It wouldnt harm if you would have called in there yourself.
C) It wouldnt harm if youd called in there yourself

10. .
A) I wouldnt talk him into it if I were you.
205

B) I wouldnt have talked him into it if I had been in your

place.
C) I wouldnt talk him into it if I would be in your place.

3.5.
( : , , ,
)
- ,
.

, - .
,
. , ,
. , ( to do to be done, , to be doing, to have
done, to have been done to have been doing), ,
.
,
:

( );
;
;
;
( );
( );
;
.

.
206

: To smoke is harmful. ()
.
: To tell the truth... ...
: To read this book, I had to go to
the library. ,
.

:
He came to work to find out that the office was locked. ...
...
(: He came to work to finish the project. ... ...)

:
He is old enough to make this decision himself.
, .
He is too young to travel alone. ,
.

:
This is the book to be read. ,
.

Complex Object :
(1) to see, hear, watch, feel:
I heard her unlock the door. ,
.
(2) to :
We didnt expect him to make progress so soon.
, .
207

Complex Subject :
(1) They are said to come (to have come) on Monday.
, () .
(2) He seems to understand (to have understood) everything. , , (). (= ,
...)

:
He must be sleeping now. , .
You may have left. , .
I might come later. , .
He may have been working since early morning. , ( ) .

:
This must be done today. ( : ) .

Partici ple I Partici ple II

, :
The method being used (used) is effective.
() .

Partici ple I when while,

:
When reading (= while reading) the book, I was listening to
the music. , (= = ) .

208

Partici ple I
(Reading

the book ... ...), :

Killing the motor, he came out of the car. , .

Partici ple II (The work done was good.

.), :
The work done, we went to bed.
, .

Partici ple II Past Simple (used ). , Past Simple :

Endangered, hunted, smuggled and now abandoned, 5,000 of
the worlds rarest animals have been found drifting in a deserted boat near the coast of China. (The Guardian)

Partici ple II have smth done . ( ):

We have already had our TV set repaired. . ( , .)
You need to have your hair cut. .

Partici ple II
:
The article referred to above was published last year. , ,
.

Partici ple II given ,

, :
Given the current economic situation, it is unrealistic to raise
wages.
.

Partici ple I (Complex Object) see, hear,

209

watch, observe :
We watched them playing tennis. ,
.

(Absolute Partici pial Construction) ./. +
-
, (1) (2)
:
(1) It being cold, I decided to put on a jacket.
, .
Weather permitting, well go to the country.
, .
(2) I finally solved the equation, being equal to one.
, .
with
:
An old man sat on the bench, with his dog lying nearby.
, .

, ing-, :
1. ( ):
Reading books is my great hobby. (=
) .
NB! :

Reading books I learn so much.

, .
2. , :
Im fond of dancing. .
NB! :
Im fond of dancing girls.
.

210

 :
On coming home I had lunch. ,
.
He left without saying good-bye. ,
.

3.

I enjoy swimming. .
, , mind, remember, suggest, enjoy, a , begin, start, continue, stop, finish .

:
He stopped reading newspapers. .
He stopped to read the newspaper. ,
.
NB!
:
She likes being read to. ,
.

suggest ,
, , :
He suggested going to the country.
. ( , .)
: The doctor suggested that he (should) stay at home.
(), .
NB! suggest .

4. :
Do you mind his coming late? ,
( )?
5. (
):
211

Newtons having discovered the laws of mechanics determined

the development of science for many years to come.
(= ,
) .
We dont object to the exam being held on Saturday.
, .
NB!
.
:

:
The result of the research will largely depend on the experiment
being made on time. ,
.
:
The amount of academic hours depends on the subject being
studied.
( , ).
6. worth
(while), its no use, cannot help :
This TV-set is not worth (while) repairing.
.
Its no use talking to him. C .
I cannot help admiring her. .
:
1. :
Present Partici ple (Partici ple I) Active: , the children reading short stories.
Which/that + : , facts which/that are of interest.
212

2.

Present Partici ple (Partici ple I) Passive:

the method being used.
Past Partici ple (Partici ple II): imported goods.
3.

: Who/Which + Past Continuous: , the woman who was buying coffee.

: Who/Which + Past Indefinite (Simple)
Active: , the customer who bought a pair of tennis shoes.

4.

Past Partici ple (Partici ple II) : the book read [e].
:
1. ,
, :

Present Partici ple (Partici ple I) when, while

:
, . (While) reading the
book, I was listening to the music.

Present Simple:
, . When I
listen to this music, I cant help thinking about you.

Past Continuous:
, .
When I was solving the problem, I discovered an interesting regularity.

When + :
, . When
a boy, I used to go fishing.
213

2. ,
, :

Perfect Partici ple Active: , . Having read the announcement, he

changed his plans.
Preposition + Gerund: ,
. On coming home I saw a note on the table;
, . He left without saying good bye.
When (After) + Past Perfect: ,
. When (after) we had done the work, we arranged
a picnic.
When (After) + Past Simple ( ): , . When I came home, I called her right away.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

?
?

?
?
?
.

.
1 (ENGLISH RUSSIAN)

.
.
. 214

 ( to ).

.
Green issues matter for holidaymakers
By Steve Hawkes (The Times)
(1) Before booking breaks, Britons are demanding that holiday
companies take a responsible approach to the environment
Peter Long, the chief executive of TUI Travel, welcomed Britons commitment to taking a summer break yesterday as he revealed
that 90 per cent of his customers were looking to get away despite the
economic gloom.
(2) He said that a holiday remained a priority for people and
that they would rather cut back on eating out and spending on big DIY
projects than holidays. He would do as well to champion TUIs green
credentials, as the latest in a series of exclusive surveys for The Times
shows that, increasingly, holidaymakers are taking the environment
into account when choosing where to go on holiday.
(3) A Populus survey reveals that 78 per cent of those heading
abroad take into account whether a holiday is responsible or ecofriendly when deciding where to book their tri p.Nearly two thirds
65 per cent consider whether their destinations can be reached by
train or boat in an attempt to lessen their carbon footprint. The
survey also found that more than 70 per cent would consider taking
more holidays in the UK in the future to help the environment.
(4) Giles Gibbons, managing director of the consultancy Good
Business, says: The Costa del Sol approach to putting up an apartment block and not worry[ing] about the area you are in is no longer
good enough. People are looking far more at their holiday from an
environmental perspective.
(5) Center Parcs is judged as one of the best tour operators in
terms of overall appeal and its perceived work in tackling social and
environmental issues, reflecting its efforts at blending in with the woodland around its sites. The group has also introduced low energy light
bulbs and used rainwater in toilet cisterns to save about 11 million
litres of water each year, a bonus in the eyes of some consumers.
215

Virgin Holidays, which recruits the vast majority of its overseas staff
from local communities, takes second place to Center Parcs when
judged on its success in tackling social issues. (...)
2 (RUSSIAN ENGLISH)
. ,
. .

(1) ,
21
.
21 .
. ,

.
(2) 11 2001 - .

350 . USD. 5
, ,
, .
(3) , .
. , ,
,
.
(4) 1997 , . 216

 .
. , 1998
.
(5) ,

, . , , ,
,
,
. .
3.6.

.

, .
.
: , , , .
.
, . ,
,
.
.
,
217

 ,
.

CAN ,
,
:
They cant have done it. ,
.
Can they have done it? ?

CAN COULD :
They could have done it themselves. (=
) (
).

MAY MIGHT , :
He might be late. , . (=
, .)

:
He may have missed the train. ,
.

MIGHT () () ,
:
() She might have told you about it sooner.
( ).
() She might have fallen. .

HAVE
TO, , do, does, did:
He had to wait for the whole group, didnt ( hadnt) he?
, ?

218

TO BE (TO), MUST,
(); , ,
. :
The train is to arrive at 6 PM. 6
.
The train was to arrive at 6 PM. 6 . ( , , ,
.)
The train was to have arrived at 6 PM.
6 . ( , .)

SHOULD, (He should have told you about it /

= ), , :
The oil price should rise due to the current state of things.
.

should,
, :
Should you need (= If you need) my advice, please feel free
to call me. , .

WILL Future Simple.

WILL (1) , (2) (3) :
(1) They will know it. .
(2) The door wont open. (
).
(3) Will you call me when you come home?
, .
219

SHALL Future Simple.

SHALL (1) , (2) (3) :
(1) Shall I call you later? ?
(2) He shall be sorry for it. .
(3) The parties shall inform each other ...
() ...

WOULD , Futurein-the-Past (He said he would

do it , )
(I would be happy to help you
).
WOULD (1) , (2) (3)
:
(1) He wouldnt tell us the true reason. (=
) ( ) .
(2) They would be willing to go with us. , ,
.
(3) She would tell us (= She used to tell us) this story every
time we went there.
, .

, , ,
.
. , , (
, ).
220

Can (could) = be able . I can come any time.

May
?
Will you be able to help

them?
( )
. I may do it
just as well.
Could + Perfect Infini- , (
- tive
). You

couldve talked to him when

you were there.
,

Can

,
(). She
cant be sleeping.
,
. He cant have
done it.
?
Can she have said it? (Can
it be that she said it?)

? Could (Will) you
please call later.

Could
Will

I wish + - ,
- . I wish I could
+ help you.

, . I
wish she hadnt left.
, .
I wish he were with us.

Cannot (cant)

. You
cant smoke here.

221

Must not

( )
. You
must not ski p classes.

May not = am/is/are ( )

not allowed
. He may not
go there.

Can

()
. I can solve such
problems.

May (= be allowed)

. You may bring your

parents.

Might + Perfect Infini- tive

. He might have asked
permission.

- May

Perhaps
Maybe

, .
She may be still sleeping. =
Perhaps shes still sleeping.
, . He
may have left.
, .
He might be late.

- Must

Obviously
Probably
Evidently

Be (un)likely

222

(),
. They
must have forgotten about it.
( must + Perfect
Infinitive probably+ Past Simple (Present
Perfect) must have failed
to do smth: ,
. Probably
he didnt notice us. = He must
have failed to notice us.
, . He is unlikely
to come today.

,
,
.

Will

(). This will be my father.

be sure (certain)
to do smth.

() . He is sure
(certain) to do it.

Must

()
. We must (are
obliged) to help them by all
means.

Be obliged
Need (to)

Neednt do
(have done)
Dont (doesnt,
didnt, wont)
need to do
Dont (doesnt,
didnt, wont)
have to do

Have (to)

. You neednt (=
dont need to = dont have
to) come.

( ) .
They neednt have come
(didnt need to come = didnt
have to come).
.
You will have to wait.
,
. Im glad you didnt
have to wait.

,
,

Be (to)

3. The train
is to arrive at platform 5.

, (..
). He was to
have done it yesterday, but
he fell ill.

, Be (to)

. They were
to live a long life.

223

Should
Ought (to)

(= ),
. You
ought to have called before
coming.

(= ).
You shouldnt have told them
about it.

Shall ( )

!
They shall remember me!

Should

() .
Increase of wages should result
in price rise.

(
)

Will

(
). The
door wont open.

Would

( ) . He
wouldnt admit his fault.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

224

?

?

?
?
,
?

6.

, (
, , , )?
1 (ENGLISH RUSSIAN)

The Economist .
,
.
(1) Google currently handles 66% of searches on the internet
in America, compared with 21% for Yahoo and a mere 7% for
Microsoft (through MSN and its new search engine, live.com). Strikingly, over the past year both Microsoft and Yahoo have seen their
share of searches decline while Googles has gained.
(2) The more people use your search engine, the more advertisers you can attract; and the more advertisers you can attract, the
more likely you are to be able to serve up relevant advertisements that
people will actually click on. As Mr Ballmer puts it: While online
advertising growth continues, there are significant benefits of scale in
advertising platform economics, in capital costs for search index buildout, and in research and development, making this a time of industry
consolidation and convergence.
(3) Microsoft is desperate to grab a bigger share of the onlineadvertising market because many of its software products are being
challenged by free, advertising-supported services offered by Google.
The company is also worried that Googles dominance in search and
advertising allows it to dictate terms to advertisers, and gives it an
unfair advantage over its smaller rivals. This is a bit rich coming from
Microsoft, a convicted monopolist in operating-system software, which
has also been known to squeeze out smaller competitors, but its
anger that it has had to endure years of scrutiny by regulators, while
Google has been left alone, is genuine.
(4) As well as creating a stronger rival to Google, the deal would
also have other merits, Microsoft claims. The two companies could
combine their research-and-development efforts into search, advertising and other areas; they could save money by consolidating the
225

huge warehouses full of computers, known as server farms, that

both firms operate; and they would be better placed to compete in
new areas such as online video, social networking and online commerce. But it is clear that the real prize is greater clout in search and
advertising.
(5) Whatever Yahoo!s management makes of the offer, the
firms shareholders will be delighted at the news. Microsoft shareholders are likely to be less enthusiastic: integrating the two companies
would be a mammoth task, and Microsoft has never made an acquisition on anything approaching this scale before. Some sceptics say
that this is too much to pay for a troubled company, even if it is, by
some measures, the worlds biggest internet firm. Microsoft says it is
confident that regulators will approve the deal, which could be completed by the end of the year.
2 (RUSSIAN ENGLISH)
, , , .
,

(1) ,
. ,
,

,
. ,
: . .
(2) , , Merrill Lynch
Citigroup. , ?! ...
,
... . , , , . ,
?!
226

(3) . , . , ,
, , , . ,
,
.
(4) . ,
.

, , .

3.7.

, .
.

, :
/:
/:
/:
/:
/:
/:
/:

means means
deer deer
sheep sheep
hair hair ( hairs )
fish fish ( fishes )
trout trout
salmon salmon18

data
, .. datum, . . : Data is/are.
18

227

 -:

commanders-in-chief
passer-by passers-by
mothers-in-law

lady-bugs
forget-me-nots
merry-go-rounds

:
.

clothes
police
proceeds

( )

money19
sledge
perfume
passage
hair
moustache
the USA (the United States)

. .

/
/
/

knowledge
information
news

19

moneys . .

228

()
()
()

advice
per cent
evidence

. .

()

statistics (sg., pl.)

content(s)
development(s)20
policy/policies
practice(s)
export(s)
import(s)

. .

()

investment(s)
finance(s)
election(s)
watch(es)
abstract(s)

s,
:
barracks
works
physics
(- collectives).
20

: statistics (..) ,
, statistics (..) ;
content (), , contents () ; development (), developments
, .

229

 , , :
( )
( )

My family is not large

All the family are waiting for you.

majority, flock, variety, crowd.

,
. .
, ,
No nation has preserved their words and phrases from changes.
, , .
, :
Impatience and anger in political circles has been [ have been]
mounting (The Los Angeles Times)
She told the meeting that the disorder and despair of the Conservative Party was [ were] not self-evident (The Times)
No photographs or television footage have been [ has been,
.. , ..] transmitted for almost a week (The New York Times)
Bank mortgages, which now account for most expensive property, is [ are] not included in the figures (The Times)
A nod, wink, or even a discreet tug of the ear arent [ isnt,
.. .] going to be the only
sign language at the auction (The Observer)21
, . (The
couple was married in March), . ,
(England are to
play Hungary in their next match).
, ( . Bill Brysons Dictionary
of Troublesome Words.
21

230

, )
:
. Ten kilometres is not a long distance for
a bike ride.
. Ten
kilometres are not easy to walk in hot weather.

, ,
(

N + N, ):
:
the climate of Britain
Britains government
my friends house
my friends house
my friends parents house
my friend and his brothers
house
(. .) Johns and Jacks houses
. Ch. Dickens (= Ch. Dickenss) novels
data base
draft law
:
an application to the dean
a note for the manager
:
, . films directed by E.
Ryazanov
, a letter written with a
pencil
231

 :
? Are you going to town?
. She left for
Brest last week.
? When did he go on a
business tri p? .

1.
2.
3.
4.

?
?
?
, ?
1 (ENGLISH RUSSIAN)

(1) (2) . .
(1) Writers, Studios Make Progress (The World Street Journal)
LOS ANGELES The leadershi p of the striking Writers Guild
of America and top studio executives have made significant progress
on a key issue, people familiar with the matter said, a development
that may set the stage for a new labor agreement that would end a
nearly three-month-old work stoppage by film and TV writers. (...)
(2) From The Sunday Times
SCOTLAND YARDS antiterrorist squad secretly bugged a highprofile Labour Muslim MP during private meetings with one of his
constituents. Sadiq Khan, now a government whi p, was recorded by
an electronic listening device hidden in a table during visits to the
constituent in prison. (...)
232

Andrew Mackinlay, a Labour colleague, said: The bugging of

Sadiq Khan is very dangerous indeed. It is totally unacceptable that
MPs conversations with constituents are bugged by the security services or the police. (...)
Khan, 37, is a rising star in the Labour party and is seen as a key
figure in Gordon Browns drive to win the hearts and minds of Britains
Muslims. He is a former chairman of Liberty, the human rights group,
and used to be a legal adviser to the Muslim Council of Britain. As a
lawyer he was a thorn in the side of the Metropolitan police, taking a
series of controversial malpractice cases against them.
(...) Every word was transmitted to a receiver in the domed ceiling above them and then routed to a nearby office. The digital recording was picked up by an antiterrorist branch officer the next Monday
morning.
2 (RUSSIAN ENGLISH)

. .


()
1)
. , . 26
15 . - .
(2) -
, 25 .
1,2 . ( $500) , 1 .
,
, -
() 233

 . - , , . ,
, .
.
(3) ,
, .
.

3.8.

,

.
, .
, :
hard ( hardly,
, , );
fast ;
straight ;
lovely ;
high , (highly ,
, :
) .
, , :
, .
The tri p turned out much (= far) more exciting than we had
expected.
234


, :
. ( softer, more softly);
. ( larger, more);
. ( smaller, a less / fewer)22
:
as white as snow
, as strong as his elder brother
, ... not as (so) punctual as ...

( , , ) :
( , ) .
Her flat is twice as large as mine (three, four times larger than
mine).
( , ) .
Her flat is half as large as mine (three, four times smaller than
mine).
, , : , .
:
. This is a most difficult problem.
. This problem is most difficult;
little . littler , , ;
lesser, .,
to a lesser extent .

22

235

, , :

a clean (tidy) room;

net profit;
( ) pure water;
clear sky.

,
, :
a historic event;
a historical museum.
:
the future;
the poor;
the rich.

,
:
payment documents;
customs declaration;
business communication.
, (look , taste .),
its :
She looks good. .
This perfume smells nice. .
Its deep here. .
Its hot and humid today. .
,
:
1.
236

: - research;

2.

+ : internationally accepted;
3. : competitive;
4. , and:
- black-and-white;
5. : - deep purple;
6. : science intensive;
7. :
shock
proof;
8. :
time (labor) consuming;
9. :
the military;
10. : -
social-economic;
11. :
short-term;
12. :
(the) above-mentioned.

1.
2.
3.
4.

5.
6.

? ?
?
, ?
, , ?
.
.
237

 1 (ENGLISH RUSSIAN)
,
. . .
How good should your business be?
From The Economist print edition
Corporate social responsibility has great momentum. All the more
reason to be aware of its limits
(1) HOW wonderful to think that you can make money and save
the planet at the same time. Doing well by doing good has become
a popular business mantra: the phrase conjures up a Panglossian bestof-all-possible worlds, the idea that firms can be successful by acting in
the broader interests of society as a whole even while they satisfy the
narrow interests of shareholders. The noble sentiment will no doubt
echo around the Swiss Alps next week as chief executives hobnob with
political leaders at the World Economic Forum in Davos.
(2) For these are high times for what is clunkingly called corporate social responsibility (CSR). No longer is it enough for annual
reports to have a philanthropic paragraph about the charity committee;
now companies put out long tracts full of claims about their fair
trading and carbon neutralising. One huge push for CSR has come
from climate change: sustainability is its most dynamic branch.
(3) Another has been the internet, which helps activists scrutinise corporate behaviour around the globe. But the biggest force is the
presumption that a modern business needs to be, or at least appears to
be, good to hang on to customers and recruit clever young people.
(4) Thus for most managers the only real question about CSR
is how to do it. Our special report this week looks at their uneven
progress in that regard. But it is also worth repeating a more fundamental question this paper has asked before: is the CSR craze a good thing
for business and for society as a whole?
2 (RUSSIAN ENGLISH)
.
.
238


,

(1) ? , .
? ,
- .
, .
(2) ,
.
,
. .

. 2007 106,
2006 15, 2002- 9.
(3) .
Merrill Lynch Capgemini,
345 , 1 . 5 30 . ,
3 .

3.9.

, :
1)

(. 3.8), : direct
:
You can apply to the company direct. () .
You can use direct speech.
.
239

 directly, , : You can talk directly to him.

2)

,
:
few (friends, books, ideas), little (sugar, time,
money).
fewer (friends, books, ideas), less (sugar, time,
money).

3)

:
I havent seen him here before.
.
Before the war, their family lived in Vitebsk.
.
I havent seen her since. .
Since she left, I havent seen her.
, .
Since its your first visit, Ill take you there.
, .

4)

:
. It feels
very good after massage. ( feel,
smell, taste, look, sound)
. It was very funny. ( it
be)

5)

, :
. His works are widely known.
. Open your mouth wide.

6)

240

, :

 in a friendly way;
on time;
in the end;
its time .
7)

,
: :
, .
We need another two hours to complete the work.
? Who else did you invite?
. He hasnt come yet.
2000 . They started
this project as early as (= back) in the year 2000.
? Do you want more?
. She is still sleeping.
. Id like another
cup of coffee.
, . Please stay with
us longer if you can.

8)

, , , ..
-:
? What do you think?
? ( ?) What
does he look like?
. They walked slowly.
? How do you know?

1.
2.
3.

?
, ?

?
241

4.
5.

?

?
1 (ENGLISH RUSSIAN)

, . , . ,
, ,
.
AS DOLLAR FALLS, MIGRANTS FEEL PINCH
By Tom A. Peter (The Christian Science Monitor)
Their earnings dont stretch as far for family overseas, so many
are working extra hours.
(1) CAMBRIDGE, MASS. Working in the kitchen at a midpriced restaurant in Cambridge, Mass., Jose Lucas managed to cover
all the expenses of his wife and three kids in his native Brazil. But that
changed when the real appreciated 60 percent against the US dollar
in the past three years.
I had to get more hours at work so I could send more money,
says Mr. Lucas. I used to work 40 hours a week. Now, I work 56. So
far, the extra hours have made up the difference.
(2) Across the US, the falling dollar value has sent ri pples
through immigrant communities that send money to family overseas.
As some currencies for developing countries have risen substantially
against the dollar, many immigrant workers are increasing their workweek by up to 20 hours or taking second jobs. If the dollars slide
continues, the US may become less attractive to migrant workers,
analysts say.
(3) Although its too early to tell whether this will cause a major shift in immigration, a number of migrants in Ecuador, Peru,
and Bolivia are already choosing Spain over the US.
242

Youd be hard pressed, if you dont already have close relatives

in the United States, to make a rational case, if youre in those countries and thinking of emigrating, to come to the United States, says
Donald Terry, a senior official at the Inter-American Development
Bank. The clincher would be: Do you want to send home $300 or
300 euros?
(4) The monthly or weekly payouts provide healthcare, schooling, food, and other items for the migrants families back home.
Remittances are the best kind of foreign aid weve got, says Dan
Griswold, a trade and immigration expert at the Cato Institute, a
nonprofit public-policy research foundation in Washington. It goes
family to family with minimal cut by middlemen.
(5) Yet the experiences of two other migrants living in Massachusetts illustrate the recent challenges. As a certified nursing aid working
near Quincy, Arlene Schwartz has been paying for her sisters schooling, including college, back in the Phili ppines.However, the Fili pino
peso has appreciated nearly 27 percent against the US dollar in the
past three years. Her native country has also seen marked inflation.
(6) Because the dollar kept going down and college is more
expensive, I had to send more money. $200 became $500, she says.
Sometimes Mrs. Schwartz, who also sends her family large packages
of food, has worked 24 to 32 hours of overtime a week to comfortably
make up the difference.
(7) Four years ago, Ricardo Machado, a Brazilian who lives in
Allston, could support his daughter, his sister-in-law, and her three
children with only $650 a month. Today, the regular payment has
jumped to $1,200. Aside from working an additional 20 hours a week,
he has had to cut virtually all luxury expenses. I used to come to [a
local Brazilian restaurant] twice a week, but I had to stop, says Mr.
Machado, who has a full-time position at a car dealershi p and also
does odd jobs.
(8) In all, about 150 million migrant workers worldwide labor
outside their countries of origin and send money home. Last year saw
an estimated $240 billion in remittances a record reach the
developing world, with roughly $90 billion from the US alone. These
estimates are probably much smaller than the actual value of remittances, since many immigrants are illegal or send money through
unofficial channels.
(9) The greatest effects of the remittance strain will strike lowerincome families overseas who depend on the money for survival. A
243

20 percent hit for a rich man is probably tolerable ... but for poor
people, a 20 percent income hit is a very big hit, and they would be
hard pressed to adjust to it, says Dili p Ratha, asenior economist at
the World Bank who specializes in remittances and migration.
(10) While these families are not likely to go hungry, they will
probably simplify their diets to subsist on a bare minimum, Dr. Ratha
says. Theyre also likely to cut back on clothing purchases and limit
any medical treatment to emergency situations.
(11) As migrants look to cut costs, some businesses that cater
to immigrant needs are starting to feel the pinch. Take Alberto Gomess
Superior Supermarket, a small Portuguese and Brazilian grocery store
in Cambridge. In years past, Mr. Gomes, who is originally from Portugal, attracted a number of area Brazilians by stocking his shelves
with goods from Brazil and Portugal. But when the dollar began to
fall, the cost of goods soared, and Gomes had to raise prices. I do
about half of the business [I used to], he says. Currently, his operation is in the red. I take it day by day and see how Americas going to
do, he says.
(12) For some countries, however, mainly Mexico, the exchange rate remains favorable, and the economic incentives for working
in the US continue. Yet in any case, it can be difficult to draw hard
and fast conclusions about remittance flows, given the undocumented
status of many people in the migrant workforce, says Simon Reich,
director of the Ford Institute for Human Security at the University
of Pittsburgh. The vast majority of money is going to migrants families in Mexico and Central America, says Dr. Reich. This means that
the vast majority of migrants have not been affected by [the falling
dollar value].
2 (RUSSIAN ENGLISH)
. ( ).
, .
... ,
, .
... .
.
244

 .
, , ...
- ... .
,
..
... ! - . : , !
! ! ...
!..

3.10.

, :
ship she,
() ():
The shi p was ready to leave the port.She had acrew of 35.
() () () . ()
() 35 .
,
:
The dog is young. He is only six months old. . .

everybody, everyone, nobody, no one ..

, they:
Nobody likes to be laughed at, do they? , , ( )?
Everyone has left, havent they? , ?
NB! ..

.

245

 If someone is learning a language for their

job ... (The Financial Times) , .. .. someone is . . their. , No
one were there They is studying English.
: If someone is learning a language for his or her job
... : People
who are learning a language for their job...

it
:

Its a table. .

It (table) is new. .
We bought it yesterday.
.

( ):

Its getting dark. .

it was he ...
who:

It was my friend who told me about it.

. =
.

( ):

I find it hard to see the point.

.

,
:

The wages are increasing. It means that

... .
, ...

that .
:

I dont want to recall that day.

() .
The idea isnt that bad. .

, :

I didnt know that it was urgent.

, .
The fact is that this is the first case.
, .

246

 (
):

Thats quite right. .

( in order
so):

He left his notes so that you would have a

look at them. ,
.

, :

That he is leaving is not a surprise. ,

, .

Heres the book that you need to read.

, .

- ( .
those):

The climate of Britain is mild, and that of

Siberia is continental. , .

, (
):

He isnt that experienced.

.
It wasnt that bad.
.

now:

Now that you have a university degree,

youve got more opportunities. ,
,
.

(, ):

It wasnt until WWII that penicillin became available. .

which , ( ):
They were late, which was quite unusual. ,
.
what , , ( What ... is...):
We accept what you offer us. ,
.
247

What you need to understand is that it is vitally important for

you. , .
(.: , ...)
whose , ( , ):
The books whose cover (= the cover of which) is hard are more
expensive than paperbacks. (.:
, ), .

, some, any, either, neither .,

. 2.1. .

:
It is such wonderful weather today. (such + . + .)
The weather is so wonderful today. (so + .)
( ):
so many books
so much fun

() every day
each of us
anyone can do it

all the year round, the whole year

all day long, the whole day

All the partici pants of the meeting

, ? Everybody understands it,
dont they?
248

 , . All are equal, but some

are more equal than others.

... every time ...

anyway
() all sorts (kinds) of
anything can happen

(-) another time

( ) the other + . .. one
(-) other + . .. others
() the other + . .. the others

, ... the house which (that) ...

, ...the person who (that) ...
, ... the country whose population ...
? Whats the time?
. Im telling this for the
umpteenth time.

, . I know what he will say.

, . I know that he will come.
, . He forgot
about it, which surprised us a lot.
? What do you think about it?
? How do you mean? ( What
do you mean?)
... whatever, no matter what...

() nobody
( ) no one (= none of)
( ) neither
not
never anybody, anyone, ei249

ther, .. , :
. He never
tells anybody about his problems.
,
. Hes got two close friends, but he didnt tell either (=
he told neither) of them about it.

, ( ). Everyone is
ready, including myself.
, . Please help yourself/yourselves.
. He is a friend of mine. = He is my friend.
(). Were getting together
tomorrow at my (her) place.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

?
.

?
? ?
?

,
?
1 (ENGLISH RUSSIAN)

, - .
250

 .
The Preservation Predicament
By Cornelia Dean (The New York Times)
(1) Conservation organizations that work to preserve biologically rich landscapes are confronting a painful realization: In an era of
climate change, many of their efforts may be insufficient or beside
the point.
(2) Some scientists say efforts to re-establish or maintain salmon
runs in Pacific Northwest streams will be of limited long-term benefit
to the fish if warming makes the streams inhospitable. Others worry
about efforts to restore the fresh water flow of the Everglades, given
that much of it will be under water as sea level rises. Some geologists
say it may be advisable to abandon efforts to preserve some fragile
coastal barrier islands and focus instead on allowing coastal marshes
to migrate inland, as sea level rises.
(3) And everywhere, ecologists and conservation biologists wonder how landscapes already under preservation will change with the
climate. We have over a 100-year investment nationally in a large
suite of protected areas that may no longer protect the target ecosystems for which they were formed, said Healy Hamilton, director of
the California Academy of Sciences, who attended a workshop on the
subject in November in Berkeley, California New species will move
in, and the target species will move out.
(4) As a result, more and more conservationists believe they must
do more than identify biologically important landscapes and raise
money to protect them. They must peer into an uncertain future,
guess which sites will be important 50 or 100 years from now, and
then try to balance these guesses against the pressing needs of the
present.
(5) Its turning conservation on its head, said Bill Stanley,
who directs the global climate change initiative at the Nature Conservancy. He said the organization has a goal to protect 10 percent of
major habitat types like grasslands, forests and freshwater systems by
2015.
(6) We are not sure exactly how to treat this yet, Mr. Stanley
said. Areas that we preserved as grasslands are going to become for251

ests. Does this mean we are going to have more than enough forest
and less grassland than we had before? Or does it mean we should
fight it try to keep the forest from coming into those grasslands?
Or should we try to find new areas that are least likely to change, that
seem to be the least susceptible to change, and prioritize those areas?
(7) As Dr. Hamilton put it, Our whole strategy is going to
have to shift. No one is suggesting that land conservation done so far
has been a wasted effort. Many argue that preserved areas will contribute immensely to ecosystem resilience as the climate changes.
2 (RUSSIAN ENGLISH)

,
.
.

(1) ,
...
,
. , , , . , ,
. , ,
. , ,
Roshen, . , . , - , ...
(2)
: ,
252

 . .
(3) ?
, : , , . , , -, ,
, .
,
, ,
...
(4) ,
- ?
. . , 100%.
(5) , ,
, . , , , . - .
.
(6) ,
2003-05 .
19%.
?
(7) ,
, 80% . . . , , . .

253

4
,
.
(4.1) , . ,
.
(4.2) .
,
.
, 4.3 ,

, .

4.1.

4.1.1.
. . .
NB! .

254

ENGLISH RUSSIAN

McKinsey warns US may lose financial leadership

By Gillian Tett in London

The Financial Times

(1) The US looks poised to lose its

mantle as the worlds dominant financial market because of a rapid rise
in the depth and maturity of markets in Europe, a study suggests.
The change may have occurred already, not least because US markets are beset by credit woes, according to research by McKinsey
Global Institute, a think-tank affiliated to the consultancy.

(1) ,

,
.
McKinsey Global Institute,
, , ,
, ,
- , .

(2) We think the differential

growth rates are so significant that
it is quite likely Europe has overtaken the US, said Diana Farrell,
author of the report.
They are now neck and neck, which
means exchange rates are very important. It is a real change.

(2) ,
, ,
, .
, , . .

(3) McKinsey calculated the size

of the more fragmented European
market by adding several markets together.
A power shift is also under way in
Asia as the Chinese market continues to boom while markets such as
Japan stagnate.

(3) McKinsey Global

Institute , ,
.

: , , , .

255

(4) McKinsey suggests Chinas

booming trade surplus has put it into
the position of being the worlds largest net exporter of capital, topping
Japan, Germany and the oil exporters for the first time.

(4)
,

, ,
-
.

(5) The findings are likely to attract attention from bankers and
policy-makers since they come
amid an intensifying debate about
the changing pattern of financial
power an issue likely to be centre stage at the meeting of the World
Economic Forum in Davos next
week.

(5) , ,

,
, , ,
.

(6) In previous decades, most US

policymakers and bankers assumed
their domestic markets were the
largest and most sophisticated in the
world, and sought to export their
model of financial capitalism to
other parts of the globe.
But the credit crisis has dented confidence in the health of Americas
financial institutions and its model
of finance.

(6)

,

, .



.

(7) ...But analysts say their initial

research following the subprime
shock suggests the credit turmoil has
intensified these trends in 2007 in
terms of the global pecking order.

(7) ... , ,
, ,

2007 .

256

In 2006, McKinsey calculates that

Americas markets had some
$56,100 bn ofassets. Europe, including the UK, had $53,200bn of assets, a sharp increase on recent years.
On recent trajectories, this implies
that Europe overtook the US in
2007...

, 2006

56,1 .
, ,
53,2 ,
, , .
,
2007 ...

ENGLISH RUSSIAN

Robin Geffen (The Daily Telegraph)

( )

A troika of oil, middle-classes and

stability will boost Russia, by Robin
Geffen

,
.

(1) There has never been a better time to be a Russian living in

Russia, enjoying one of the greatest consumer booms of our time.
If you were to stroll around the
crowded supermarket above
Moscows largest railway station,
you would be faced with a choice
of consumer goods at least as wide
as your local UK supermarket.

(1)
,

.
,
,
,
.

(2) I counted 93 different brands

of beer, more than half of them
foreign, and over 50 different types
of cheese. Surely enough choice for
even the most discriminating of
shoppers!

(2) 93 ,
, 50 .
!

257

If you had walked up and down

Tverskaya Street in Moscow during June, you would have been
impressed by the mass of late night
shoppers and in the New Year
sales rush, the pavements are
crowded day and night; a marked
contrast to the muted scenes on
Oxford Street and Fifth Avenue
in New York.

- , ;
, - .

(3) I have just come back from

my third tri p in the last year, visiting Russian companies and am
greatly encouraged by the wide
signs of prosperity that I saw over
there.
One of Russias leading food producers, Wimm Bill Dann, has just
announced results for the first nine
months of 2007 that show an increase in sales of over 43pc compared to the same period last year.

(3) ,
,
,
.
, --
2007 ,
43% .

(4) The companies very clearly

reflect the boom in Russian consumer spending which has been
fuelled by pay rises in excess of
20pc over the last three years. This
is testament to Russias middle
class, which has increased sevenfold since 2000 and now accounts
for over 21pc of the Russian
population.
The super-rich have become even
richer, while the top level of the
Russian population has grown
from 2pc of the total at the end of
2000 to 11pc at the end of 2006.

(4)

,
20% . , 7
2000 21% .

, 2%
( 2000
) 11% ( 2006).

(5) Brands also matter, as demonstrated by a survey in which 43pc

(5)
,

258

of those questioned said they believed that prestigious brands can

improve ones image. However,
the most important attribute is
quality not affordability. Some
86pc of those surveyed said that
quality was their major consideration, not price.

,
43% ,
.
, . 86% , ,
,
.

(6) This shows that a discerning

and well-heeled middle class is
building a sustainable consumer
boom. The Russian middle class
is expected to double in the next
10 years. Russia is already wellknown for its energy and mineral
reserves and these companies continue to perform extremely well.
We are all fully aware of the strong
oil price, which began 2007 at
under $60 per barrel and rose to
a peak of $100 per barrel before
easing back a little in recent days.

(6) , . ,
10 .
, , , . ,
2007 60 100 , .

(7) The Russian oil companies

have the lowest production costs
of any oil company anywhere in
the world and have continued to
control their costs very carefully.
Other than the oil companies
themselves, the Russian government has been a major beneficiary
of high oil prices as it raises vast
tax revenue from the oil companies, which goes into a stabilisation
fund. This fund is up over 60pc
this year and is now more than
$150bn in size.

(7) , . ,

, ,
,
.
60%,
150 .

259

(8) It is about a third of Russias

foreign currency reserves, which
now stand at over $450bn. Russia,
unlike the US and the UK, is effectively a debt-free country, as it
has negligible foreign debt and a
balance of payments surplus. (...)

(8)

, 450 . , , ,
,
. (...)

(9) I have no doubt whatsoever

that the prospective returns for
Russia in 2008 will be among the
very best available from global stock
markets. The Russian stock market
looks extremely good value on a
price to earnings ratio of less than
10 well below the UK, US and
Europe. The Russian political map
is now clear, with the ruling party
having won its parliamentary majority of more than 66pc in the December elections. (...)

(9)
2008 ;
. - 10 ,
, .
66%. (...)

(10) With the Russian economy

expected to grow at more than 7pc
in 2008, Russia again looks set to
generate the outstanding returns
that it produced in 2005 and 2006.
A shrewd investor might well pay
for his 2008 Christmas celebrations
by investing in Russia over the next
year.

(10) , 2008 7%. ,

2005 2006 .

2008 ,
.

Robin Geffen is managing director and chief investment officer

at Neptune Investment Management

260

Neptune Investment
Management

ENGLISH RUSSIAN

How to... get a pay rise

by Clare Dight (The Time)

(, 10.01.2008)

Colleagues call you ace, you always look busy and the chief executive knows who you are thanks
to some smart moves at the office
Christmas party. But have you done
enough to earn yourself a raise?
Not on that evidence. Heres what
it really takes to make the perfect
pitch and boost your pay packet:

, ,
, ,
.
?
,
.
,
:

1. The bottom line.

You have to know why you think
that you are worth that much
however much youre asking for,
says Professor Binna Kandola, a senior partner at Pearn Kandola, a
business psychology firm. Then ask
yourself why you are worth that
much to your boss. Addressing the
issue from his or her perspective
will allow you to formulate a more
persuasive pitch.

1.
, ,
,
,
Pearn Kandola. , .
,
.

2. Do your homework.
Its important to understand what
the salary norms are for the job
role and industry that you are
working in, says Jo Causon, director of marketing and corporate
affairs at the Chartered Management Institute. This means comparing roles and activities, not job
titles within the company, she says.
Theres no reason why you cannot ask your HR department how
is my role benchmarked?

2.
, , ,
,
.
, , , .
:
?

261

3. Forget the other guy.

What the person sitting next to
you earns is irrelevant, Causon
says. Its about individual performance. About your competencies
and experience in that job.

3. ,
,
,
, . .

.

4. Be honest with yourself.

People often confuse effort with
achievement and the two things
are totally different, Professor
Kandola says. You may have
worked your socks off but you
may not have achieved what was
down in your objectives at the
beginning of the year. A large part
of your pay rise has to be on past
record.

4.

, , .
, ,
.
.

5. Dress rehearsal time.

Play the conversation over in
your mind and consider how you
will respond if your manager says
yes, no or maybe. Screaming or
slamming the door should not be
part of the scri pt.

5.

, , ,
. .

6. Pick your moment.

Be sensitive to your managers
stress levels and workload, or
your demands will be viewed as
an unwelcome distraction, Professor Kandola says. If your company uses an appraisal system,
thats the time to negotiate pay
and benefits.

6.
,

, , .

, , ,
.

7. Set the right tone.

Dont plead, cry or be too aggressive when you argue your
case. And dont issue any pay-upor-I-quit-style ultimatums. If you

7.
, , ,
.

262

have a manager who is worth their

salt, they wont give in to blackmail like that, Professor Kandola
says.

, . ,
, .

8. Be open.
Dean Hodcroft, the head of real
estate at Ernst & Young, a professional services firm, likes people
who get to the point and who have
done their homework. That [approach] makes me much more disposed to having a sensible, open
and honest conversation, he says.

8.
, Ernst
& Young, ,
. ,
, .

9. Turn a negative into a positive.

If pay is the issue then that needs
to be on the table very clearly, but
people also need to consider alternatives, Hodcroft says. Think
about other benefits that the firm
might find it easier to accommodate, such as holiday or flexible
working.

9.
, , , . , , , .

10. Give yourself a challenge.

It is possible to recover from a
knock-back, Hodcroft says. Ask to
be given a target that will stretch
you or new responsibilities to justify the pay increase you want
or even a promotion. I would love
it if the individuals concerned
[asked] that more often than they
did, Hodcroft says. Eight times
out of ten, its down to me to suggest it.

10.
, .

,
.
, .
.

The next steps

Look at the bigger picture.
You can mark yourself out as management material by considering
how your pay rise could affect the
wider business, according to
Hodcroft. I think recognising the

,
, ,
, . ,

263

needs of the business is an interesting point, especially for people

who are going on to do bigger
and better things, he says.

, ,
, , .

Read up.
For more advice on how to build
a persuasive case for a pay rise,
go to www.businessballs.com.

,

,
www.businessballs.com.

ENGLISH RUSSIAN

Oligarch looks to tap London for

$15bn to take control of nickel miner

(, 28.11.2007)

By David Robertson (The Times)

15 . ,

(1) Vladimir Potanin, the Russian oligarch, is trying to raise $15

billion (7.3 billion) from London
investment banks to take control of
Norilsk Nickel, The Times has
learnt.

(1)
, 15
.
,

.

(2) Mr Potanin is also understood

to have contacted hedge funds and
mining companies, including Rio
Tinto, as he seeks to take over
Norilsk, the worlds largest nickel
producer, by the end of the year.
However, Mr Potanin is thought
to be struggling to generate sufficient interest and may lose out to
RusAl, the aluminium giant, which
is also pursuing Norilsk.

(2) , - ,
Rio Tinto,
. ,


,
.

264

(3) The opportunity to take control of Norilsk has emerged because

Mikhail Prokhorov, Mr Potanins
partner in the mining company,
is selling out. Mr Prokhorov is
rumoured to have fallen out of favour
with the Kremlin after a number of
embarrassing incidents in recent
years.

(3)

, ,
,
. ,

.

(4) The 42-year-old billionaire was

arrested in Courchevel, the French
ski resort, this year after allegedly
hiring prostitutes for a party. He was
released without charge. Mr Prokhorov holds a 25 per cent share of
Norilsk through his Onexim investment vehicle and this has been put
up for sale at a price of $15.7 billion.

(4) 42- ,
.
. 25%
, ,
15,7 .

Mr Potanin has first refusal on the

stake and has until the end of December to raise the money to buy
the shares.

(5) If he is successful Mr Potanin

will own about 53 per cent of
Norilsk, which has a market capitalisation of $54 billion. This could trigger a full takeover, forcing Mr
Potanin to raise even more money
to buy out minority investors. If Mr
Potanin fails to raise sufficient funds,
Mr Prokhorov has arranged to sell
his stake to RusAl.

.
, .
(5) ,

53% , 54
. .
:

,
.
,
.

265

(6) The price of that deal has not

been revealed, but Mr Prokhorov
will take an 11 per cent stake in
the enlarged RusAl and will also
receive a cash payment.
RusAl is expected to push for a
full takeover of Norilsk if it wins
Mr Prokhorovs shares, creating a
diversified mining giant with a
market capitalisation of more than
$100 billion.

(6) ,
11% ,
.
,

.

, 100 . .

(7) Kremlin-watchers believe

that this merger would be favoured
by Russias politicians as RusAl is
owned by Oleg Deri paska, one of
President Putins most loyal supporters. It would also create a Russian metals and minerals powerhouse to rival the large Western
mining companies.

(7) ,
, ,

, ,
.

,

.

(8) Bankers in London said yesterday that it was doubtful that Mr

Potanin would be able to raise sufficient money to take control of
Norilsk. The weak credit environment has made banks wary of large
debt commitments, particularly to
a Russian company not well known
in the City.

(8) ,
.
,

, , .

(9) Mr Potanin is also seeking

support from other sources including Rio Tinto, which has a joint
exploration venture with Norilsk.
His approach to Rio is timely as
the Anglo-Australian miner is
seeking ways to block a 62 billion

(9) ,
Rio Tinto,
.
Rio

266

bid by its rival BHP Billiton. However, Rio has little money of its own
to spend, having taken on $40 billion debt to buy Alcan during the
summer. Rio declined to comment
on Norilsk.

-
BHP Billiton,
62 . . Rio ,
,
40 .
,
Alcan. Rio .

(10) A source familiar with Mr

Potanins talks said: Norilsk is such
a unique asset, its the resource
industrys motherlode. In a normal
credit market everyone would be interested, but not now.
Mr Potanin and Mr Prokhorov
were unavailable for comment.

(10) ,
, :

. ,
,
.
.

ENGLISH RUSSIAN

Kaliningrad to be Putins Hong Kong

A once backward region is prospering under the official stamp of approval
Tony Halpin (The Times )

()

(1) Russias exclave of Kaliningrad

was the land that time forgot a decade ago, isolated in Europe and
with its economy devastated by the
collapse of the Soviet Union.

(1) 10
,
, ,
.

267

Today it is enjoying an unprecedented boom, as the Kremlin

strives to turn Kaliningrad into a
showcase for cooperation with the
European Union. A new 29.7 million airport terminal has been built
to turn the city into an international hub linking Britain, Germany, Italy and Spain with ten
Russian cities.

.
29,7 ,
, , ,
.

(2) Investors are also pouring in

millions to turn Russias outpost inside the EU, enclosed by Poland
and Lithuania, into a Baltic Las
Vegas. President Putin named
Kaliningrad as one of only four
areas in Russia where gambling will
be legal from 2009 and a special
casino zone is being constructed
with up to 30,000 hotel rooms.

(2)
, , ,
-.

,
2009 , 30
. .

(3) Stylish new shopping malls

have opened, with several more
under construction, although drab
Soviet architecture still dominates
much of the city centre. Amber
jewellery is everywhere, as Kaliningrad boasts 90 per cent of the
worlds amber reserves.

(3)
, ,
- . 90%
.

(4) Georgi Boos, the regional

governor, is a former director of
Russias federal tax service who was
sent by Putin from Moscow in 2005
to raise the pace of investment. A
law passed last year gave Kaliningrad special economic status, providing new investors with a six-year
tax holiday on profits.

(4) , .
2005 ,
. , ,
, .

268

(5) Boos says: Average salaries

have risen by 31 per cent compared with the first quarter of 2006
and Kaliningrad was the top region in Russia for economic
growth last year. Five years ago
people would not have believed
what has taken place here.

(5)
31%
2006 ,
.
,
, .

(6) To boost tourism, the authorities are attempting to restore

some of the historic squares and
streets of the city that was known
as Koenigsburg until 1945. The ancient capital of East Prussia,
founded by Teutonic knights in the
13th century, was among Europes
most beautiful until it was flattened
during the Second World War as
British and Soviet forces laid seige
to the retreating Nazi army.

(6)

, 1945 .
,
XIII ,

,
.

(7) When it was annexed by the

Soviet Union in 1946, the remaining German population was expelled and replaced by Russians.
The citys Gothic cathedral survived, but lay in ruins throughout
the Soviet period, spared from
demolition only by the presence
of the tomb of Immanual Kant,
the German philosopher.

(7) 1946
, . ,
,
, .

(8) Kaliningrad depended heavily

on the Soviet military as an important naval port and home to a
garrison of up to half a million
troops. The end of the Cold War,
the loss of a direct link to the motherland with the recognition of
Lithuanias independence from the
Soviet Union and Russias economic crisis caused serious poverty.

(8)
, -
. ,

269

Unemployment rose sharply and

many young people left. (...)

. ,
. (...)

(9) The carmakers KIA and BMW

are among foreign investors taking advantage of cheaper labour
costs and the special economic
zone, while retaining easy access
to EU markets.

(9) ,



, KIA
BMW.

,
,
.

Kaliningrad is also building on its

historic status as a port, leveraging
the competitive advantages of the
economic zone and its rail links
to the Russian mainland with its
proximity to the main ports of Europe.
(10) The regions prosperity has
always been connected with its
port, which now handles eight
million tonnes of cargo annually.
The Sea Commercial Port plans to
expand warehousing and create a
new container terminal, and there
is plenty of land for further development.
Recent projects include a small fuel
oil terminal and a refrigeration unit
fitted with modern German
equipment.

ENGLISH RUSSIAN

(10) ,
8
.
,
.

, .

Gazproms stranglehold
(The Financial Times)

( )

(1) Gazprom has long been the bogeyman of European energy. Whenever a rival gas supplier announces a

(1)
. ,

270

discovery or a rise in output, it

fosters hopes that the Russian
groups chokehold may be on
the point of loosening.

,
,
-
.

(2) But the reality is that

Gazproms position is not that
fragile. It is true that flatlining
yields from existing fields, delays on new projects, and
chronic capital underinvestment
in the 1990s have put the company in a relatively tight spot.
Critics point out that over the
next few years, Gazproms ability to supply its customers during peak months is likely to be
severely tested.

(2) . ,
, 90-

. ,

, , .

(3) Gazprom currently controls about two-fifths of the European Unions imported gas
supplies, according to the trade
body, Eurogas. As several longterm supply contracts approach
expiry, the theory goes, other
companies such as Norways
StatoilHydro and Sonatrach of
Algeria are poised to capture
market share, particularly in
central and Eastern Europe.

(3)
,
. ,
, ,
(StatoilHydro) (Sonatrach),
,

.

(4) The trouble is that Gazprom has some strong cards to

play. It has jacked up prices in
its domestic market to give it
more muscle internationally. It
is reinforcing capital spending
up 43 per cent in 2008 that

(4) , . ,

.

271

is at last beginning to be in the

same range as the international
energy majors, in absolute terms
at least.

43% 2008 ,

( , ).

(5) Buying up more gas from

independent local producers
such as Novatek, or from
Turkmenistan or Kazakhstan,
could help bridge internal supply shortfalls. More mild winters
like 2006-07 could also crimp
demand.Some market share sli ppage for Gazprom is still likely:
increased imports to western
Europe of liquified natural gas
will see to that. But this is a shortterm problem.

(5)


, ,
.
2006/
2007 .
, ,
:
.
.

(6) A new generation of fields

producing from 2010 onwards
should alleviate the pressure.
Much as western politicians
would like to see a long-lasting
reduction in Europes energy
debt to Russia that still looks like
a fantasy.

(6) , 2010 ,
.
, - .

4.1.2.
.
. .
RUSSIAN ENGLISH 1
( )
: (www.naviny.by)
1,5
. .
272

 .
,

1,5 . 20 . 2007
( : ). 15
LIBOR 0,75% .
, , ,
, - .
. , .
. , ,
, ,
,
. . , ,
.
( 1,4 . . .)
,
. ,
.
, . ,
-
. .
, , , 6%
,
, , .
, , , .
, , ,
273

 , ,
. .
, , , , ,
, 25% .
.,
, , , ,
, .
, , .
, ? , . ,
, , ,
.

Economic expert hails Russian loan terms
Economic expert Stanislaw Bahdankevich has hailed terms on which
the Russian government is to issue a $1.5-billion stabilization loan to
Belarus.
Minsk asked Russia for a $1.5-billion stabilization loan in February 2007, citing the need to plug holes in the budget caused by a
sharp rise in energy prices. On Thursday, the Belarusian and Russian
finance ministers signed an interstate agreement for Belarus to receive the loan.
Definitely, this loan will not undue for us because it is longterm and this is its plus, Dr. Bahdankevich, a former chairman of the
National Bank of Belarus and a member of the United Civic Party,
told BelaPAN. One more plus, I think, is its reasonable interest rate.
In addition, the five-year repayment deferment is also a positive thing.
The expert said that he would have accepted the terms if in power.
Mr. Bahdankevich said that the Belarusian authorities should make a
wise use of the loan, citing a gloomy outlook for the countrys economy.
He said that Belarus deficit in foreign trade was projected to
total between $1.2 billion and $1.4 billion in 2008, and the government should use the Russian funds to maintain the stability of the
national currency.
274

The expert emphasized the need for structural reforms, saying

that their absence only delayed an inevitable economic collapse. If I
were the authorities that have now a budget surplus and the long-term
stabilization loan, I would free small and medium-sized enterprises from
any interference for three years to allow them to accumulate assets and
make it possible for the middle class to appear, he said. The government should not feel pity that someone will earn money as the emerging
new section of the economy will make at least 25 percent of GDP.
Dr. Bahdankevich said that the Belarusian government also could
place the Russian funds with banks, with the banks to be able to issue
loans to the real economy sector that currently needed them. Alyaksey
ARESHKA (www.naviny.by)
RUSSIAN ENGLISH

100 .
(www.naviny.by)

World Bank planning to lend Belarus

$100 million annually between 2008
and 2011 (www.naviny.by)

100 .
. e
2008-2011
, 4 ,

The World Bank plans to provide

about $100 million in long-term loans
to Belarus annually to support the
country in addressing global environment and energy challenges.

(1)

,
, .

(1) A new country assistance strategy for Belarus for the period between 2008 and 2011, which provides for the loan program, was discussed by the World Banks Board
of Executive Directors, according to
the World Banks office in Belarus.

(2) ,
15 . .

(2) The financial institution expects

the lending to enhance the competitiveness of its economy to assure
rising incomes, and protect the
welfare of the most vulnerable over
the next four years. In addition, the

275


-
, .

WB Board of Directors approved additional financing of $15 million for what

is called the Social Infrastructure Retrofitting Project to be carried out in
Belarus. The loan will be used to improve functional and health environments of social sector facilities across
Belarus, with particular emphasis on
improving energy efficiency.

(3) ,
22,6 . 2001 .
600 ,
,
, 20-25%.

(3) The initial loan of $22.6 million for

the Social Infrastructure Retrofitting
Project was approved in 2001. According to the WB office, about 600 schools,
kindergartens, hospitals, and outpatient
clinics were renovated under the loan
in all of the countrys six regions, resulting in a 20-25 percent reduction in
energy consumption.

(4) , ,
: ,
,
, 140
.

(4) The additional funding will go toward similar projects at 140 schools and
hospitals across Belarus, including window and boiler replacement, wall and
roof insulation, and the installation of
energy efficient lighting.

(5) ,
,

, .

(5) The Government of Belarus has

identified three priority areas where
World Bank financial support is needed
including improvement of energy efficiency, ensuring quality of water and
reliability of water supply systems, and
environmental conservation and waste
processing. The approved loan will contribute to the governments efforts to
improve the quality and cost-effectiveness of services for Belarus citizens,
Paul Bermingham, World Bank country director for Belarus, Moldova and
Ukraine, was quoted as saying.

276

RUSSIAN ENGLISH

:
Charles Karelis. The Persistence of Poverty. Why the Economics of the WellOff Cant Help the Poor. Yale University Press, Hew Haven and London,
2007. 208 pp. ( & , 2007 .)

The English version of the book review: Charles Karelis. The Persistence of Poverty. Why the Economics of the Well-Off Cant
Help the Poor. Yale University
Press, Hew Haven and London,
2007. 208pp. (Finance & Development, December 2007)

(1) . , , , ,
. , . ,
, , ,
, .
, .

(1) Even rich societies have

many poor people. And while their
situation may compare favorably
with that of people in poor countries, they are much worse off than
their peers. As a result, they feel
excluded and powerless. Sometimes poverty is the result of a disability or a natural disaster, but
many poor people seem trapped
in a cycle of underemployment, inadequate education, substance
abuse, and crime. They often do
not make full use of the social services and other opportunities offered in many advanced economies.

(2)
?

,
, , ,
, .
, , , ,

(2)

Are the poor irrational?

The persistence of poverty is distressing both because we feel compassion for the poor and because
poverty is associated with disruptive behaviors, such as crime. It is
also puzzling, because conventional economic wisdom suggests
that poor people have strong incentives to find employment, get
educated, and, more generally,
seek to better their lives. If your

277

 , , ,
. ,

, ,
, . ,

.

income is low, you ought to place

an especially high value on extra
dollars earned through longer work
hours or on the future returns on
education. It looks as if many poor
people do not act rationally.

(3) ,
, ,
.
, , , ,
, . ,
, ,
, .
,
, .
,
,
( , - ).

(3) Charles Karelis, a professor of

philosophy at The George Washington University, has provided us with
a provocative book that challenges
conventional wisdom on this vexed
topic.
To explain the puzzling persistence
of poverty, Karelis argues, we need
to revise our assumption that the
marginal utility of consumption generally declines with the level of consumption. Instead, when an individual is faced with poverty, the
marginal utility of an extra unit of
consumption increases, he says. If
you are badly off, having a little more
to consume is almost worthless, but
having substantially more is disproportionately beneficial. Hence, the
poor like to vary consumption and
take risks for the sake of breaking
out of poverty (at least for a while).

(4)

.

(4) This line of argument has a certain intuitive plausibility. Consider

the fact that poor people tend to be

278

,
, . - ,
. ,
,
100 ,

. ,
, , ,
.

the most avid lottery players, even

though the lottery offers a negative
expected return. They play because
of the very small chance of a lifetransforming win. Indeed, very few
people would play if the biggest
prize was $100, even if the number of winners were multi plied
many times over. Similarly, the
temptation to down a whole bottle
of alcohol, rather than si p aglass
of wine, may be stronger when
you have many sorrows to drown.

(5)
.
, (, ),
. ,
, ,
, , ,
. , ,
(
).

(5) The hypothesis has immediate policy implications. Efforts to

make work pay by subsidizing
wages earned by the poor (for example, through earned-income tax
credits) should be doubly effective not only will the poor have
more reason to substitute work for
leisure, but higher income will in
itself increase the value they attach to finding employment and
earning more. However, even
straight handouts to the poor, by
raising the marginal utility of income, should strengthen motivation to find employment and earn
still more (as well as save for bad
times).

(6)
. ,

(6) Not all the policy implications are equally cheering. For example, Kareliss line of argument

279

 ,

, , .
, , ,
, () .

implies that self-help efforts, such

as the establishment of microfinance
institutions or cooperative enterprises, are unlikely to be successful
without substantial subsidies. As long
as people are poor, they will be bad
savers, borrowers, and investors because they (rationally) prefer immediate consumption.

(7)
,
, , , ,
, .
.


?

.

(7) The microfinance example

hints at a tension in the book between
an emphasis on physical scarcity,
when the marginal utility of consumption is supposedly increasing,
and on treating poverty as a relative
concept linked to a lack of empowerment. Karelis focuses on material
poverty in his examples. But what if
poor people in the United States are
lacking most in respect for themselves and in the eyes of others?
Then, subsidies and other targeted
aid will not ameliorate their situation very much and could even make
it worse.

(8) ,

( )
.
(
)

(8) In Kareliss defense, it should

be said that other explanations for
the persistence of poverty (such as a
lack of opportunities) may yield
similar policy recommendations. But
the reader especially if he or she
is a trained economist will be frustrated by the authors reliance on
words and a few simple diagrams. Indeed, some of the criticism voiced

280


. ,
, .

here could have been forestalled by

a more rigorous presentation of the
main hypothesis and a comparison
with alternatives, followed up by
empirical testing.

(9)
:
, ,

.

(9) But these suggestions should

not detract from the main insight:
that any explanation of persistent
poverty, and policies designed to lift
people out of poverty, must fully
take into account the effects of poverty itself on the motivations of poor
people.

,
,
-

Daniel Hardy
Division Chief
IMF Monetary and Capital
Markets Department

4.2.

.
,
.
4.2.1.

1 2 .
,
.
281

ENGLISH RUSSIAN

1-

2-

GOVERNMENTS
ROLE IN
ENCOURAGING
SMALL BUSINESS

By Steve Strauss
(Economic Perspectives)

( - ( )
)

(1) In the late 1970s,

a commune in communist China was so
broke, and the peasants who ran the commune so hungry and
poor, that they decided to risk their lives
and do the unthinkable: the peasants secretly privatized and
divided up the land.
Each farmer had his
plot with which to
grow his own food,
use it, and sell the extra, if any.

(1) 1970- , , .
,
,
- .

,
,

,
.

(1) 70-

,
,

:


.

,
.

(2) Within a year, that

commune became one
of the most prosperous in China and, not
surprisingly, caught
the eye of communist
officials. Yet rather
than condemn what
was a decidedly noncommunist idea, the
government gave private commune plots
an official blessing.

(2)


, ,
. ,
, .

(2)
,
,
.

282

1-

2-

The rest, as they say,

is history. Chinas capitalist turn became the
greatest anti poverty
program in the history
of the world, freeing
millions of people from
poverty in a few short
decades.

, , .

,
.

. , , .

,
.

(3) That government

policies can have a huge
impact on the growth
and promotion of
small business is a vast
understatement. In a
world beset by too much
hunger and need,
small business is one
thing with a proven capacity not only to ease
suffering, but also to
create a solid middle
class, generate a secure
tax base, and foster
social stability. All in
all, small business is
good business.

(3)


,
.
,
,

,
,

. ,
.

(3) ,

, . , ,

,

, . ,
.

(4) Which raises the

question: For those
countries wishing to
promote small business, what policies can
be adopted to encourage its growth? I suggest that there are five
main areas where appropriate government

(4) : ,

? ,

(4) :

,
? ,
,

283

1-

2-

policies can have a huge

impact on small business growth.

,

.

ENGLISH RUSSIAN

LAYING
THE GROUNDWORK
FOR ECONOMIC
GROWTH

1-

1-

By Ira M. Millstein
(Economic Perspectives)

(1) Corporate governance is entering a phase

of global convergence,
driven by the growing
recognition that countries need to attract and
protect all investors,
both foreign and domestic. The equation is
clear: global capital will
generally flow at favorable rates to where it is
best protected, but will
not flow at all or will
flow at higher-risk rates
where protections are
uncertain or nonexistent.

( 1 )


.

,



,
. :


, , ,
.

(1)


.

,


,
. : , ,



,

.

284

1-

2-

(2) In many countries

whose legal systems are
rooted in British common
law, the interests of
shareholders are held to
be paramount in most
corporate decisions.
However, this has not
been the case throughout the rest of the
world at least not
until now.

(2) , ,
.
,
,
,
.

(2)


,
.
,
,
.

(3) Countries that have

traditionally fostered
notions of partnerships
between management,
employees, and other
stakeholders
[NB!
stakeholders? stockholders], have other
social priorities, or
have mixed governmentprivate ownership arrangements are now recognizing investor protection as an important
signal to potential capital providers.

(3) , ,
,
,

,
,

.

(3) ,
,
, .
, .

(4) This is especially the

case for developing
countries. They need to
demonstrate adoption
of corporate governance princi ples so as
to foster investor trust
and attract capital,
which will in turn lead
to investment and economic growth. Of course,
these princi ples need to

(4)
.
,
,
,

(4) ,
,

.
,

285

1-

2-

be tailored to fit local

needs one size will not
fit all. But there are certain fundamentals that
cannot be ignored.

.
,


. ,
.

. ,

,
. ,
.

4.2.2.

1 2

.
,
.
RUSSIAN ENGLISH

1-

2-

(www.pravda.ru)

ARGUMENTS ON
PIPELINES GO ON

PIPE DISPUTE
CONTINUES

(1)
,

(1) The Caspian pi peline consortium has

given preference to the
Georgian version of oil
transportation from
Azerbaijan. However,
Russia keeps up struggling. The government is
prepared to considerably reduce transport
tariffs in case of increas

(1) Caspian pi peline

consortium preferred
Georgian variant of oil
transportation from
Azerbaijan, yet Russians
their struggle and are
about to bring down
transportation rates in
case the volume of crude
oil pumped via Russia will
increase.

286

2-

1-

ing the amount of oil

pumped through its territory.

(2) ,

(),

, -
,

. ,
,

.

(2) Terry Adams, the

President
of
Azerbaijans International Operating Company (AIOC), which
manages the oil project,
reported at the press
conference in Baku this
week that the main part
of oil will be transported
through Georgia to the
Turkish port Sheehan.
As for Russia, only the
crude oil extracted at
the initial stage of the
project will be transported through its territory.

(2) Terry Adams, President of International

Operational Company of
Azerbaijan which is responsible for the oil
project announced during his press conference
in Baku earlier this week
that oil would mainly be
transported through
Georgia to the Turkish
port Seikhan. As to Russia, only that oil lifted
at the initial project stage
will be transported
through its territory.

(3)
10 510 .. .

75 000
.
750000
.

(3) The contract sti pulates the extraction of

510 m tons of crude oil
during 10 years in three
Azeri oil fields. Early oil
supply is expected at the
end of the following
year in the amount of
75,000 barrels per day.
At the final stage of the
project as much as
750,000 barrels per day
are to be extracted.

(3) The contract concerning extraction of 510

million tons of oil from
Azerbaijan oil fields in
10 years. The first oil intake is planned for
75000 barrels a day at the
end of this year. At the
final project stage it will
be 750000 barrels a day.

287

RUSSIAN ENGLISH

1-

2-

(www.pravda.ru)

RUSSIAN FERTILIZERS DUMP WORLD

PRICES

RUSSIAN FERTILIZERS REDUCE

WORLD
PRICES

(1)

,
.

(1) As a result of the agricultural crisis in Russian its domestic producers of mineral fertilizers had to search for
customers on the world
market, where Russias
chemicals had already
dumped prices significantly.

(1) The agricultural crisis in Russia forces domestic manufacturers of

mineral fertilizers to
look for buyers at world
market, where Russian
chemicals have already
seriously reduced the
prices.

(2) , ,
,
,


.

(2) According to Anatoliy Vdovenko, the

head of the marketing
division of Agrokhimexport, the public company exporting
mineral fertilizers, a
huge increase of exports
is a result of low demand
on the domestic market.

(2) According to Anatoliy Vdovenko, the

head of marketing,
market situation and
prices department of
Agrohimexport, a
state-owned company
engaged in exports of
mineral fertilizers, the
rapid growth of export
is explained by a low demand at the domestic
market.

(3) 4050%.
,


.

(3) The amount of output in domestic enterprises averages only 4050% of its potential capacity. All the companies work for export, as
there is practically no
home market.

(3) On average, domestic enterprises operate at 40-50 per cent of

their capacity. Everybody works only on export because domestic
market is absent practically.

(4) -
,
,

(4) According to Mr.

Vdovenko, the inability
of Russias farmers to
pay for mineral fertil

(4) According to Mr.

Vdovenkos words, the
main cause that forces
Russian plants that pro

288

1-

2-

, ,

.

izers is the main reason

for Russian producers of
fertilizers to search for
buyers in China, Bulgaria
and Czechia

duce fertilizers to look

for customers in
China, Bularia and the
Czech Republic is insolvency of Russian
farmers to pay for mineral fertilizers.

(5)
50
,
-
,
.

(5) Today in Russia there

are more than 50 companies exporting fertilizers. They form Agrokhim
Union, and organization that unites exporters and manufacturers of
mineral fertilizers.

(5) More than 50 firms

are engaging in Russia
in exports of fertilizers,
they are members of
Agrohim-Soyuz, an
organization that unites
the exporters and
manufacturers of mineral fertilizers.

(6)
,
-,
,


2%. ,
,
.

(6) According to Elena

Shchirovskaya, an export
of Agrokhim Union, as
a rule, commission businesses which are the
members of the union,
charge 2 per cent for
their services. Those organizations that dont
form the union, charge a
higher commission.

(6) According to the

words of Elena Shchirovskaya, the expert of
Agrohim-Soyuz, as a
rule, intermediary
companies, members
of the union, take for
their services on average 2%. Organizations
that are not members of
the association mark
up a higher interest.

4.3.

4.3.1. ENGLISH RUSSIAN: , .

.
.
289

ENGLISH RUSSIAN

BUSINESS IN JAPAN (From The Economist print edition)

After 15 years of gloom, Japans companies have emerged with a
new, hybrid model a bit closer to Americas, says Tom Standage.
(1) ONCE it was the Walkman. Then it was the PlayStation.
Today it is the Toyota Prius that epitomises Japans technological and
industrial prowess. Built by Japans largest company, which is now on
the verge of becoming the worlds largest carmaker, the Prius is a
hybrid car propelled by the combination of a petrol engine (for range)
and an electric motor (for energy-efficiency). The Prius was the first
commercial hybrid car and has become by far the most successful,
with sales of over 1m since its launch in 1997. Although that is a
modest figure compared with Toyotas annual output of around 8m
vehicles, it has transformed the companys image. Toyota is now known
for greenery and innovation as well as manufacturing efficiency.
(2) But the Prius also symbolises another transformation: that
of Japan itself. Just as a hybrid car combines the distinct advantages of
petrol and electric propulsion systems, Japan has been developing a
new hybrid model of capitalism that brings together aspects of the old
Japanese model, which ran into trouble in the early 1990s, with
carefully chosen elements of the more dynamic American or AngloSaxon variety of capitalism. The resulting hybrid model has been adopted
by many firms and has already helped to transform Japans fortunes.
After wrenching political and corporate reforms, the country in 2002
emerged from over a decade of economic stagnation. Since then the
recovery, originally export-led, has spread to the economy as a
whole (...). Japanese firms have restructured, paid down their debts
and are now posting record profits. The banking system has been cleaned
up. Yet despite this progress, Japan still faces huge problems. (...)
(3) Japan also risks losing its edge in innovation. Although it
spends far above the OECD average on research and development
(R&D) as a share of GDP, this money is not always put to good use.
The Science Council of Japan estimates that Japans R&D is only
about half as efficient as Europes and Americas. Entrepreneurial startups account for only around 4% of firms in Japan, compared with
10% in Europe and over 14% in America, and Japan comes bottom
in several rankings of entrepreneurshi p. Despite the might of its big
exporters, Japan is also a laggard in globalisation, with the lowest
levels of foreign direct investment, imports and foreign workers in
290

the OECD. With a domestic market that offers little scope for growth,
Japan is missing out on opportunities overseas.
Time for a new model
(4) Its old industrial model, which formed the basis of the Japanese miracle in the second half of the 20th century, was devised
under very different circumstances: high growth and a pyramidal population structure, with far more young people than old, notes Atsushi
Seike, a labour economist at Keio University in Tokyo. This old model
was founded on three main elements: first, lifetime employment, in
which workers spend their entire career at the same firm, slowly
working their way up the ranks; second, seniority-based pay, which
links wages to length of tenure rather than ability; and third, company-specific unions.
(5) Another typically Japanese practice was a close relationshi p with amain bank and other companies organised into corporate groups known as keiretsu, bound together by aweb of reci procal
cross-shareholdings. The old model was well suited to the times: it
delivered social stability and cohesion as Japanese workers pulled together to catch up with Western nations, and helped Japan to become the worlds second-biggest economy.
(6) But the population structure has changed beyond recognition and Japan is no longer a developing country, so the old model
no longer fits and many of its strengths have become weaknesses. It
hinders consolidation among Japanese firms, which is necessary if
they are to become more globally competitive. It prevents the efficient
redeployment of labour and a proper use of women and elderly workers, which will be vital if Japan is to cope with its ageing population
and shrinking workforce. The old model hampers entrepreneurshi p
and innovation in small companies, an important component of a
dynamic and responsive economy. All of this acts as a brake on growth.
At the same time, Japan needs to become more closely integrated
into the global economy, both to gain access to fast-growing foreign
markets and to enable competition from foreign firms to spur improvements in the stodgy services sector. That is why a new, more
flexible model is needed.
(7) In the late 1990s, when Japan had endured almost a decade
of stagnation, the American model seemed to have all the answers
a reversal from the 1980s, when American firms were trying to emulate the seemingly unstoppable Japanese model. Americas economy
was booming, fuelled by a flourishing technology industry. Its approach
291

seemed more successful at promoting innovation and growth in the

internet era, and its vibrant start-up scene was a far cry from Japans
staid big-company capitalism.
(8) So policymakers rewrote corporate law to allow Japanese
companies to adopt an American-style model of corporate governance, and some companies began to adopt Anglo-Saxon practices
such as performance-based pay, share options, outside directors,
promotion based on ability, pursuit of shareholder value and hiring
new employees in mid-career. The banking system was recapitalised,
cross-shareholdings were unwound and companies embarked on a
programme of restructuring. But a funny thing happened on Japans
way to the American modelit never got there, observes Steven
Vogel, a political scientist at the University of California, Berkeley.
Many of the reforms met with opposition and were scaled back. Then
the dotcom crash and the Enron scandal caused the American model
to lose its lustre, to the delight of Japans old guard.
(9) Instead, forward-looking Japanese firms have devised a hybrid model that combines elements of both the old Japanese and the
Anglo-Saxon model. We have been going through a process of trial
and error, of what to change and what not to change, says Fujio
Cho, the chairman of Toyota. The effect has been to move Japan
somewhat closer to the American way of doing things, at least in
some areas and in some companies. You pick and choose which bits
you adopt, says Hirotaka Takeuchi, dean of the school of corporate
st