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US New-Home Sales Weakest for 12 years
By Stephanie Kirchgaessner and Chris Bryant in New York
(The Financial Times)
(1) Sales of new homes in the US plunged to a 12-year low last
month, signalling that the flagging housing market will remain a drag
on the US economy well into 2008. News of the bigger-than-expected
di p reversed Wall Streets buoyant start, sending the S&P, the Nasdaq
Composite Index and the Dow Jones Industrial Average lower before
they recovered to close slightly up.
(2) Homebuilder stocks suffered a sharp sell-off, with DR
Horton down 3.4 per cent and KH Home down 4.1 per cent. The
dollar was down 1.9 per cent for the week against a basket of six
currencies, its worst weekly performance since April 2006. The sale of
single-family homes fell 9 per cent to an adjusted rate of 647,000 last
month, according to the US Commerce Department. Forecasters had
predicted a decline to 720,000 units. New home sales fell 34 per cent
from last year, representing the steepest year-on-year drop since
1991.
(3) The inventory of homes for sale rose to 9.3 in November,
from 8.8 in the previous month. The median price of homes fell 0.4
per cent in November from the same period last year. The high level
of inventories will put downward pressure on prices, said Gary Bigg,
14
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RUSSIAN ENGLISH:
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ENGLISH RUSSIAN
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TNK-BP,
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17
Sergei Bogdanchikov, the chief executive of Rosneft, the state-controlled oil group, yesterday said it
planned to raise production to about
3.2m barrels per day, from just over
2m b/d expected this year. But Lord
Robertson said: If Russia is going
to be able itself, as a country, to
extract more from the ground, then
it will have to change that fiscal regime. And I am sure that point has
not been lost on the policymakers.
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18
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employ () .
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Aachen, Maastricht and Lige are practically neighbours only
about twenty miles separate them but they are in three countries, speaking three distinct languages (namely Dutch, French
and German), yet the people of the region employ a private dialect
that means they can understand each other better than their
fellow country-men. (Bill Bryson. Neither Here Nor There.
London: Black Swan, 1998, p.85).
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1 (ENGLISH RUSSIAN)
. .
Carlsberg and Heineken pay a hefty price for Scottish & Newcastle
(1) An annoyance of the British pub is the occasional long
wait to catch the barmans eye. Waving a banknote can help. On Friday
January 25th, after protracted flashing of cash, Carlsberg, a Danish
brewer, and Heineken, a Dutch one, finally got the ale they craved.
Scottish & Newcastle (S&N), Britains biggest brewer but a lightweight in global terms, succumbed to an offer that values the business at 7.8 billion ($15.28 billion). The European pair had been
stalking S&N for many months before they started mentioning money
last October. (...)
(2) Carlsberg and Heineken, like the other big brewers, face a
problem in established markets. Rich-country drinkers are losing their
taste for beer. Growth has slowed and sales are even shrinking as
wealthier tipplers turn to wine. To maintain profitability brewers have
sought growth elsewhere, particularly in Latin America, Asia, Eastern Europe and Africa where beer drinking is still growing at a cli p,
although margins are slim. Another strategy has been to snap up smaller
rivals in mature markets and to boost profits by cutting costs, for
example by rolling together management and distribution networks.
(3) This deal has something for everyone. The worlds biggest
brewers are running out of targets in the developing world and medium-sized brewers in rich countries are in short supply. Carlsberg
20
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1 (ENGLISH RUSSIAN)
,
. , 2007 , 25
, , , . ?
Choosing Order Before Freedom
By RICHARD STENGEL
(1) In a year when Al Gore won the Nobel Peace Prize and
green became the new red, white and blue; when the combat in Iraq
showed signs of cooling but Baghdads politicians showed no signs of
statesmanshi p; when China, the rising superpower, juggled its pride
in hosting next summers Olympic Games with its embarrassment at
shi pping toxic toys around the world; and when J.K. Rowling set
millions of minds and hearts on fire with the final volume of her 17year saga one nation that had fallen off our mental map, led by
one steely and determined man, emerged as a critical linchpin of the
21st century.
(2) Russia lives in history and history lives in Russia. Throughout much of the 20th century, the Soviet Union cast an ominous
shadow over the world. It was the U.S.s dark twin. But after the fall of
the Berlin Wall, Russia receded from the American consciousness as
we became mired in our own polarized politics. And it lost its place in
the great game of geopolitics, its significance dwarfed not just by the
U.S. but also by the rising giants of China and India. That view was
always naive.
(3) Russia is central to our world and the new world that is
being born. It is the largest country on earth; it shares a 2,600-mile
(4,200 km) border with China; it has a significant and restive Islamic
population; it has the worlds largest stockpile of weapons of mass
destruction and a lethal nuclear arsenal; it is the worlds second largest oil producer after Saudi Arabia; and it is an indispensable player
in whatever happens in the Middle East. For all these reasons, if
Russia fails, all bets are off for the 21st century. And if Russia succeeds
as a nation-state in the family of nations, it will owe much of that
success to one man, Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin.
(4) No one would label Putin a child of destiny. The only surviving son of a Leningrad factory worker, he was born after what the
Russians call the Great Patriotic War, in which they lost more than
26 million people. The only evidence that fate played a part in Putins
26
story comes from his grandfathers job: he cooked for Joseph Stalin,
the dictator who inflicted ungodly terrors on his nation.
(5) When this intense and brooding KGB agent took over as
President of Russia in 2000, he found a country on the verge of becoming a failed state. With dauntless persistence, a sharp vision of
what Russia should become and a sense that he embodied the spirit of
Mother Russia, Putin has put his country back on the map. And he
intends to redraw it himself. Though he will step down as Russias
President in March, he will continue to lead his country as its Prime
Minister and attempt to transform it into a new kind of nation, beholden to neither East nor West.
(6) TIMEs Person of the Year is not and never has been an
honor. It is not an endorsement. It is not a popularity contest. At its
best, it is a clear-eyed recognition of the world as it is and of the most
powerful individuals and forces shaping that world for better or
for worse. It is ultimately about leadershi p bold, earth-changing
leadershi p. Putin is not a boy scout. He is not a democrat in any way
that the West would define it. He is not a paragon of free speech. He
stands, above all, for stability stability before freedom, stability
before choice, stability in a country that has hardly seen it for a hundred years. Whether he becomes more like the man for whom his
grandfather prepared blinis who himself was twice TIMEs Person
of the Year or like Peter the Great, the historical figure he most
admires; whether he proves to be a reformer or an autocrat who takes
Russia back to an era of repression this we will know only over the
next decade. At significant cost to the princi ples and ideas that free
nations prize, he has performed an extraordinary feat of leadershi p
in imposing stability on a nation that has rarely known it and brought
Russia back to the table of world power. For that reason, Vladimir
Putin is TIMEs 2007 Person of the Year.
2 (RUSSIAN ENGLISH)
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FEMALE LEADERSHIP: CHANGING BUSINESS
FOR THE BETTER
Workplaces today use more direct communication and less hierarchy.
Women helped effect this change.
By Sally Helgesen (The Christian Science Monitor)
WOMEN: TALK FOOTBALL, PLAY GOLF
(1) When I published The Female Advantage: Womens Ways
of Leadershi p in 1990, it was the first book to focus on what women
had to contribute to organizations rather than how they needed to
change or adapt. At the time, women were being urged by a phalanx
of experts to conform to a mainstream leadershi p style that was considered a fundamental requirement for anyone who hoped to exert
authority in public life. Gurus of every variety advised women to start
using football metaphors in meetings, take up golf even if they disliked it, and pull rank on subordinates in order to show their skill at
keeping people in line.
35
(2) Play the game was the message aimed at women seeking
success in the male worlds of business, government, law, academia,
and the military. Betty Harragan, author of the bestselling Games
Your Mother Never Taught You, summed up the conventional wisdom of the day in her amusing and often helpful guide for women:
She advised women to leave their values at home. Youre in the army
now, was her message. So get with the program, and if it moves,
salute it!
(3) This conventional wisdom was based on three assumptions.
First, organizations were not going to change simply because women
had begun to enter them in substantial numbers. Second, changes
wrought by the networked technologies that were then evolving would
not fundamentally change organizational structures or reshape peoples
expectations of their leaders. And third, womens handicaps as leaders, the result of their age-old exclusion from the public world, would
always outweigh whatever advantages they might confer. [ 1.6]
2 (RUSSIAN ENGLISH)
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40
(1) A London-listed
oil company has finally
won the right to get its
long-running dispute
with Roman Abramovich, the owner of
Chelsea Football Club,
fought out in a British
court.
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Under observation of
narcotics service of
Belarus are 178 thousand people.
As many as 178,000
people diagnosed as alcoholics are monitored
by Belarus drug and alcohol abuse rehabilitation centers.
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43
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1 (ENGLISH RUSSIAN)
-.
.
FEMALE LEADERSHIP: CHANGING BUSINESS
FOR THE BETTER
By Sally Helgesen (The Christian Science Monitor)
WHAT FEMALE LEADERSHIP LOOKS LIKE
(1) Having spent a lot of time working in a variety of companies,
I was convinced that these assumptions were not necessarily true. On
44
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48
(ENGLISH RUSSIAN )
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(2) He did catch the train.
She does believe its worth
going there.
(RUSSIAN ENGLISH)
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49
(ENGLISH RUSSIAN )
(RUSSIAN ENGLISH)
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now. ( )
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to be excited to do smth. , ;
a win-win situation ,
;
thirsty ;
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the right (wrong) person ( )
;
50
(ENGLISH RUSSIAN )
(RUSSIAN ENGLISH)
() in-laws;
siblings ;
second cousin
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faculty (U.S.A.)
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51
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54
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(, , ).
( , , , ).
,
, (
, ,
).
, , ,
. , - . : cow () + boy (), (, ). ,
.
,
.
1.
2.
?
?
.: . , . . . .: , 1980, . 57.
8
55
3.
?
4.
?
5. ,
?
6. ?
7. ?
8.
?
9. ?
10. . .
11.
?
1 (ENGLISH RUSSIAN)
,
,
.
FEMALE LEADERSHIP: CHANGING BUSINESS
FOR THE BETTER
By Sally Helgesen (The Christian Science Monitor)
NO MORE MR. TOUGH GUY
(1) Twenty years ago, anyone attending a business conference
was likely to hear a speaker observe without irony that unless
youre the lead horse, the view never changes. Today, no one would
say this. Twenty years ago, Fortune magazine featured Americas
Toughest Boss in a recurring cover story. It lauded the leader who
56
Upteka .
- , ?
(2) , ,
-, .
, ,
. ,
, , ,
Br 7 .?
, , ,
.
(3) . . , ,
, .
, , ,
. .
(4) . ,
, . ,
, - . , , .
, .
...
. , ,
.
, : ,
, .
(5)
. ?
.
,
( ),
58
- . ,
. , .
(6) - , , ?
. ,
, , , .. , .., , ,
.
, . , , . , ?
. ?
(7) , .
...
!
, .
,
. . , , .
.
, , , .. -,
. (
1.8).
1.8.
;
.
(background knowledge)
,
.
59
, , :
(1)
(
, );
(2) ( );
(3) , , ( , );
(4) ( , ,
, ..);
(5) ,
( ,
);
(6) , , , - . ( );
(7) , ,
(
);
(8)
( ,
);
(9) , ( , ,
);
(10) ( ; 60
, ,
, ).
. .
(ENGLISH RUSSIAN )
(RUSSIAN ENGLISH)
1. , . . We again convinced
ourselves in the important and growing
role of business associations in the
world, underlined V. Kariagin. We
had another opportunity to see for
ourselves an increasingly important
role of business associations in todays
world, stressed V. Karyagin.
2.
, TNK-BP
. Lord Robertson, in the past a
British politician and the General Secretary of NATO, said that TNK-BP and
Russian state companies Rosneft and
Gazprom are suffering from the growth
of production expenses and high taxes.
Lord Robertson, the former British politician and NATO secretarygeneral, said TNK-BP and Russias
state-controlled companies Rosneft
and Gazprom were being hit by rising costs and higher taxes.
61
(ENGLISH RUSSIAN )
(RUSSIAN ENGLISH)
3. P
15
,
. The
Russian oligarch Vladimir Potanin is
trying to get $5 milliards from Londons
investing banks in order to become the
owner of the control packet of Norisk
Nikel. Vladimir Potanin, the Russian oligarch, is trying to raise $15
billion from London investment banks
to take control of Norilsk Nickel.
4. ,
( ) ,
- ,
. I think that the position of the IFC, that is a good cooperation with business associations and
helping them technically, has justified
itself. It is my belief that the approach of the IFC for operating in
Belarus, namely, a close cooperation
with business associations and providing them with a technical assistance, has proved to be efficient.
5.
, ? How much
labour does the procedure of receiving
a license take and is it possible now to
appreciate possible costs of time and
wastes of budget which will appear after non-payment of taxes? How
62
(ENGLISH RUSSIAN )
,
, ,
- .
(RUSSIAN ENGLISH)
time-consuming is the procedure of
getting a license and is it possible at
this point to assess time costs and
budget losses due to tax evasion?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
?
?
?
, ,
?
. ?
(ENGLISH RUSSIAN)
-- . .
AGEING THREATENS CHINAS ECONOMY
Chinas position as the worlds major supplier of low-cost labour
could be eroded by an ageing population, the authorities have warned.
(1) There are six workers for each retiree in China, but that
could narrow to two-to-one between 2030 and 2050, the National
Committee on Ageing says. Officials say the economy will suffer as
there will be fewer people working and more older people to support.
63
Chinas low-cost labour has provided the base for its economic growth.
Improved living standards and strict family planning laws have contributed to the demographic change.
(2) We might encounter the heaviest burden especially after
2030, when the demographic dividend is set to end, Yan Qingchun,
deputy director of the office of the ageing committee, told China
Daily. With fewer people of working age and more pressure in supporting the elderly, the economy will suffer if productivity sees no
major progress, he added. The BBCs Michael Bristow, in Beijing,
says the change is partly because of improvements in healthcare and
Chinas one-child policy, but also because fewer couples are having
children.
(3) China currently has six workers for every retired person,
according to the latest report. But estimates say that by 2050, the
number of over-60s in China will climb to 437 million more than a
quarter of the population. That would mean two workers to support
every retiree.
(4) Zhang Kaidi, director of the China Research Center on
Ageing, told China Daily that the country is not prepared for the
problems presented by an ageing population. He warned that the authorities need to allocate more funds to build a comprehensive and
efficient system of support for the elderly. Changes in the social
structure in China have often meant a removal of traditional sources of
help for the elderly and fewer than 5% of older people in rural areas
receive a pension. (www.bbcnews.com)
2 (RUSSIAN ENGLISH)
( . 2 1.7).
- .
,
(1) ?
64
:
, ,
. - , , . ,
. . , , , . ,
...
(2) ... ?
? . . , , , .
, .
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,
. ,
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. .
, , 10 , . ! -
. ,
. , , , .
(5) ?
-, .
, .
: , .
65
, - ,
, , , ? . , . , , . . , , ...
(6) , , . - ,
100% 60% , 30%
10%
. ,
, (
Bocuse Dor,
. ..).
, :
, , , ..
, .
(7) , -,
, ?
. , , ,
, .
, ,
. ,
, , . ? ,
, , - .
(8) ?
,
. . ,
, . , ,
, .
, ( ,
, ).
.
66
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Upteka . .
, - . ,
, ?
, ? , ,
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, ? ? . ?
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, , .
, ,
. , -
. ?
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. , , ,
:
, ,
. , 14 .
. , , $100.
, $100,
? , , . ,
,
. ,
, :
?
, , .
- .
67
(11) - .
.
, , 10
? ,
, ,
? ?
(12) ?
, ,
.
.
. , , , . , . , ,
, ? .
(13) , , , ? , ..?
, , : , , . ,
, . , ,
. .
1.9.
.
, , .9
., : . , . . , . : , 1997; .. .
. : ; - ,
1999.
9
68
. , ,
. .
.
(). , ,
.
, , .
, ; ,
.
, ,
(, -).
,
.
(, - political correctness, PC) , , , . - , , , , , , .. ,
,
, .10
senior citizens ( ), golden years ( ). 10
.. . .: . . : , 2007, . 270-300.
69
... ,
(short person). vertically challenged ( , ). hair
disadvantaged, follicularly challenged.
, ( ) , ,
. ,
, , .
.
, , ,
, - ...
... . , (color blindness),
: . ?..
, , ,
. . , , ,
(black day). , ?! ?! . ?
. ! : , ,
. , ...
... - , - .
negro,
black. -
: Afro-American. ? - , ,
. ,
, , AfroAmerican? , .
? Afro-Americans?
? , ? , , -? non-white () people of color ( , , - - . - person of gender ...
70
, , :
: , ,
? :
1.
, , .
2. ,
, (unsolicited trespassing) (privacy) .
,
,
, , , ,
, ( sense of proportion) , - (PC political correctness).11
,
,
, .
,
, ,
. , :
( , ;
, ..);
( : Bromley, Kent
Beard, H. and Cerf, Ch. The Official Politically Correct Dictionary and
Handbook. New York: Villard, 1993.
11
71
72
(Governor of the Bank ,
; Managing Director of
the IMF - ; Lieutenant
Governor -; Deputy Head of the Mission , ..);
,
-, :
,
chairman chairperson;
, (, , .);
,
, ,
: La Jolla - (), Credit
Lyonnais (), Tageszeit
();
(Russians ,
Kazakhstanis Kazakhs ), ( ; );
-,
,
, .
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
?
?
,
? ?
?
?
1 (ENGLISH RUSSIAN)
. ,
, .
73
(7) Could it be that coffee retailers havent caught up to market forces? Or that women simply dont notice? Or that were loathe
to make a fuss? I dont want to get all paranoid, but now that Ive
read about this study, I think this is what happened to me yesterday at
the parking garage. Though I arrived first, the attendant fetched the
car belonging to the guy behind me first. I cocked my head in puzzlement, but didnt say anything. In any case, my car appeared about
three minutes later. All the attendants were male. What do you think?
(Time)
2 (RUSSIAN ENGLISH)
.
, , ,
. .
935
(1) ,
.
. . ,
11 2001-.
(2)
. ,
,
-. . . , , ,
, .
935
2001- 2003-.
(3)
260 . 232 75
, 28 -.
254 .
-
, 109 .
(4) , , -
, - -, ,
.
56 .
(5) ,
. 2002
. 2003 ,
, . -
. ,
, .
1.10.
(interpretation; conference interpretation) . , (,
, , ..) .
, ,
.
.
. , , .
76
, () .
, ,
, .
.
, :
ENGLISH RUSSIAN:
In the final analysis
(: ).
Whatever the circumstances... ... ... ( ).
Both parties positions
( ).
We apologize for the inconveniences caused. .
( ).
Further developments will be carefully examined.
. ( .
. . ).
RUSSIAN ENGLISH :
- ... According to the words of Mr. Ivanov
... According to Mr. Ivanov ... ().
...
Independent on the date the resolution will come into force ...
77
78
-, ( , , ,
...).
. - . ...,
.... - , ,
, - ,
,
, ,
. ( ... / ...).
( ) .
,
, , :
... , .
, , ,
,
,
().
--
, .
,
secular and military observers, civil and military observers, ..
, ,
.
-
,
(, ..) . , .
:
,
,
, ,
- , , ...
NB! , ,
, ,
, .
, , .
, ( ). :
79
... 300 () ;
... 200 () ;
... 550 ( ) ;
... 3,2% ( );
... 640 ( ) .
2001 ., 2008 .
..: in the year two thousand and one, in the year two thousand and eight (, in
twenty-oh-one, twenty-oh-eight,
).
, : 1200, 2800 .. twelve hundred,
twenty-eight hundred one thousand two hundred, two
thousand eight hundred.
: , ,
.. ,
, , , . .
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
80
,
?
?
?
,
?
?
?
1 (ENGLISH RUSSIAN)
- , . ,
.
2 (RUSSIAN ENGLISH)
- : , ,
.
.
81
2.1.
() . ,
. .
, ceiling
, floor . ,
, ( )
( ).
, ( , ), ( -.: ) .
,
.
:
grain, seed kernel of
truth;
picture picture .
:
() feather () pen;
umbrella umbrella ,
.
82
() auditorium () audience;
, .
, :
settle , , , (), ...
open ( ), unlock (), discover (), unveil (), disclose () ...
(1) (
phrasal verbs) (2) , :
look after
look at
look up
look (in)to
look through
(-.)
( )
( )
, ()
meet (somebody)
meet (the needs, the demand)
meet (the challenges)
meet (the deadline)
meet (the requirements,
the terms)
( -.)
(, )
()
(
)
(,
)
,
,
(. ). .
83
ENGLISH RUSSIAN
ANOTHER
Is there another option?
?
Give me another two weeks.
.
ANY
Any time suits me.
.
Have you got any tea left?
? (-)
There arent any shops nearby. .
He is not interested in it any more.
.
Would you like any more fruit? ?
Is there any other way to get there?
- -
?
I give him all the letters, if any.
, .
AS
She works as a teller in a bank.
.
As I was walking along the street, I saw
people gathering in the square. , ,
.
I excused myself and left, as I had to
catch the 8 oclock train. ,
.
As is shown in this table, the growth is
not steady.
, .
84
RUSSIAN ENGLISH
(-. , ) see in
() meet, see
( ) date
:
-. choose; elect; select
: , , ... do (business, work, a
favour); , , ... make (mistakes, an attempt, a choice)
: . motion,
-. movement,
traffic
:
achieve, accomplish, obtain (results); make progress;
)
reach, amount to
(-)
other (books), others;
() the other
(books), the other ones, the others;
(-) another (book);
( ) the other
(book).
: ? Who else?
. Stay longer.
another piece
... have more ...
. He hasnt
come yet.
ENGLISH RUSSIAN
As far as I know ... ...
As white as snow. .
AS LONG AS
You can stay here as long as you want.
, .
This zi pper is as long as that one.
, .
As long as this condition is met, well be
able to make a deal. ,
, .
BOTH
Both of them (= They both) study law.
.
Both India and Pakistan are former British colonies. , .
EITHER
Either tea or coffee is always available
here. ,
.
There are two pens there, you can take
either. ,
( ).
Either of the examples is correct.
.
( .)
I havent eaten, either.
. ( ).
NEITHER
Neither hot nor cold
RUSSIAN ENGLISH
another two
weeks
1999 as early as
(= back) in 1999.
. They
are still writing the test.
: every +
., () everybody; each
how ( :
?) (How are you?)
what ( : ?
What is your name? ...? What do you think ...?)
as ( ): He works
as a driver);
: ,
. Do as tell you;
, ... As I have said, ...
as ... as ( :
as white as
snow)
like (
this , :
.
A friend like this will always be
helpful to you.)
Complex Object: ,
. I saw
him enter the shop.
85
ENGLISH RUSSIAN
Neither of you can do it right. (= ) . = .
If you are not going there, neither am
I. ,
.
FOR
Nobody will do this for you.
.
Heres a letter for you.
( ).
What are you looking for?
? ( ;
wait )
Weve been here for an hour.
. ( )
I need to run, for time is money.
, (..)
.
For all I know
For all you say
For fear of
For the first time
For a change
For nothing -
For the sake of
LIKE
She was treated like any other patient. , .
Im happy you have a friend like this.
, .
These substances have like properties.
.
86
RUSSIAN ENGLISH
: besides,
in addition (to); except (for), apart from
: mix;
prevent (smb.
from doing smth.);
bother
: in a few
days; the other day
: on the
contrary; ()
in front of;
opposite, across from
-. Despite = In spite of (smth): .
Despite (= In spite of ) the rain
we decided to leave.
(+ ) ... Although = Even though
= Though:
, . Although (Even though = Though)
it was raining, we decided to leave.
(). ...
Even so, ...: . .
It was raining. Even so, we decided
to leave.
: nobody;
no one, none (of);
/) neither
(of).
pay
attention to; (-)
draw somebodys
attention to.
: -. borrow (from); -. lend (to).
ENGLISH RUSSIAN
Shall I open the window? As you
like. ? .
NO
No news is good news.
(= )
.
No passenger has left the bus yet.
.
They no longer live here.
.
No better and no worse
At no charge
No comment
ONCE
Once a day
He once came here.
(-) .
Once you get there, youre safe.
, .
Once-popular singers are hardly remembered now. - ()
. ore than once
,
nce upon a time (
)
RUSSIAN ENGLISH
: define; , determine;
identify.
( -
) appreciate;
(, ) assess, estimate, evaluate.
: -.
-. approach smb/smth,
come up to smb/smth; -., ..
, ) suit smb; fit
smb; match
smth.
: the
last (film); , ,
the latest (news, data, fashion);
the latter
: , ,
-. offer (help,
money, to do); propose a
project, make a proposal; ,
-., ) suggest (an idea, doing smth., that smb. do/should do
smth.).
problem; (
) issue; () challenge.
:
spend; -. ..
see smb. off; () carry out (a test);
() do, conduct
(research).
: let
them talk; -
87
ENGLISH RUSSIAN
nce in a lifetime ;
Once and again (Once in a while)
Once and for all ,
SINCE
I havent seen him since March.
() .
He hasnt written since he left.
, .
I havent seen him since.
.
Since the equi pment was not delivered
on time, we had to fax an enquiry.
()
,
.
She has since made a lot of progress.
.
SO
Its so good here. .
The reception was so warm.
.
Theres not a cloud in the sky, so I dont
need an umbrella.
, .
So, what do you think about all this?
, ?
SOME
Youve made some (= a few, several)
mistakes. .
Ive seen this photo in some magazine.
- .
88
RUSSIAN ENGLISH
may the New
Year be successful;
have him call
me.
: -.
decision ( decide);
solution ( solve.
, (.) say smth, say that ...;
-., , tell smb, tell the
truth, tell lies;
( ) speak foreign languages;
-. talk to, speak
with smb.
(+ .) so: The
day was so long.
(+ ., )
that: I hope the tri p wont be
that long.
(+ . + .)
such: It was such a long day (:
so long a day).
( ) like this: I want a car
like this.
: too; also;
either;
So do
(did, am, have) I (.
) Neither do (did,
am, have) I (. ).
ENGLISH RUSSIAN
Would you like to have some water/
tea? /?
He came some twenty minutes late.
(= ).
Some of the cotton is transported by
sea.
.
Id like to go there some day / some
time next week.
- / .
RUSSIAN ENGLISH
: convenient; , comfortable.
: -.
recognize; learn; ( )
find out; (, ) check.
: (, ) clean, tidy; pure; fresh air;
net profit;
clear sky.
, .
( , 4 ),
,
.
, , .
, . , , . : must, have to, be to, should
. , - embrace, hug hold.
,
, .
( . homos + onyma, onoma ).
, :
game game ;
save , save , ;
utter utter , .
89
:
( ) floor ( ) sex,
gender;
( ) key () spring, source;
() make, force () fill, cram;
():
( . homos + grapho )
, , ),
, :
bow [bou] ( ) bow [bau] ;
lead [li:d] , lead [led] ;
produce [pr@dju:s] (v) produce [pr]djus] (n)
;
lock () castle;
narrower already;
blast furnace domain
names ( DomainFest);
( . homos + phone ,
) ,
, ,
, :
break brake ;
night knight ;
soul Seoul ( );
sweet , suite
;
fruit raft;
gender mouth;
onions meadow;
let smb. down give smb. a lift (a ride).
. 90
, :
Reading [i:] is the best way of learning.
.
Reading [e] was our point of destination.
() .
, . , [la:st] (last), [lst] , (lust).
. ,
,
. , ..
, (
, ).
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
?
?
?
?
,
?
?
?
?
?
91
1 (ENGLISH RUSSIAN)
.
.
After the Oil Crisis, a Food Crisis?
(1) Is the world headed for a food crisis? India, Mexico and
Yemen have seen food riots this year. Argentines boycotted tomatoes
during the countrys recent presidential elections when the vegetable
became more expensive than meat; and in Italy, shoppers organized
a one-day boycott of pasta to protest rising prices. In late October, the
Russian government, hoping to ease tensions ahead of parliamentary
elections early next year, announced a price freeze for milk, bread
and other foods through the end of January.
(2) Whats the cause for these shortages and price hikes? Expensive oil, for the most part.
The United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO)
reported last week that, at nearly $100 a barrel, the price of oil has
sent the cost of food imports skyrocketing this year. Add in escalating
crop prices, the FAO warned, and a direct consequence could soon
be an increase in global hunger and, as a consequence, increased
social unrest. Faced with internal rumblings, politicians tend to act
to protect their own nationals rather than for the good of all, says
Ali Ghurkan, a Rome-based FAO analyst who co-authored the report.
Because of the lack of international cooperation, he adds, Worldwide markets get tighter and the pain only lasts longer.
Whats more, worldwide food reserves are at their lowest in 35
years, so prices are likely to stay high for the foreseeable future. Past
shocks have quickly dissi pated, but thats not likely to be the case this
time, says Ghurkan. Supply and demand have become unbalanced,
and... cant be fixed quickly.
(3) The worlds food import bill will rise in 2007 to $745 billion, up 21% from last year, the FAO estimated in its biannual Food
Outlook. In developing countries, costs will go up by a quarter to
nearly $233 billion. The FAO says the price increases are a result of
record oil prices, farmers switching out of cereals to grow biofuel
92
crops, extreme weather and growing demand from countries like India and China. The year 2008 will likely offer no relief. The situation
could deteriorate further in the coming months, the FAO report
cautioned, leading to a reduction in imports and consumption in
many low-income food-deficit countries.
(4) Hardest hit will likely be sub-Saharan Africa, where many
of the worlds poorest nations depend on both high-cost energy as
well as food imports. Cash-poor governments will be forced to choose
between the two, the FAO says, and the former has almost always
won out in the past. That means more people will go malnourished.
Further exacerbating the problem are the current record prices for
freight shi pping brought on by record fuel prices. An estimated 854
million people, or one in six in the world, already dont have enough
to eat, according to the World Food Programme.
(5) Nearly every region of the world has experienced drastic
food price inflation this year. Retail prices are up 18% in China, 17%
in Sri Lanka and 10% or more throughout Latin America and Russia.
Zimbabwe tops the chart with a more than a 25% increase. That inflation has been driven by double-digit price hikes for almost every
basic foodstuff over the past 12 months. Dairy products are as much
as 200% more expensive since last year in some countries. Maize
prices hit a 10-year high in February. Wheat is up 50%, rice up 16%
and poultry nearly 10%.
(6) On the demand side, one of the key issues is biofuels. Biofuels,
made from food crops such as corn, sugar cane, and palm oil, are
seen as easing the worlds dependence on gasoline or diesel. But when
crude oil is expensive, as it is now, these alternative energy sources
can also be sold at market-competitive prices, rising steeply in relation to petroleum.
With one-quarter of the U.S. corn harvest in 2007 diverted towards biofuel production, the attendant rise in cereal prices has already had an impact on the cost and availability of food. Critics worry
that the gold rush toward biofuels is taking away food from the hungry. Jean Ziegler, the U.N. Special Rapporteur on The Right to Food,
recently described it as a crime against humanity to convert food
crops to fuel, calling for a five-year moratorium on biofuel production.
(7) Leaders in the biofuel industry respond that energy costs are
more to blame for high food prices than biofuels. Energy is the
93
blood of the world, so if oil goes up then other commodities follow, Claus Sauter, CEO of German bioenergy firm Verbio said following Zieglers comments. Others argue that cleaner-burning biofuels
could help stem the effects of climate change, another factor identified by the FAO as causing food shortages. Ghurkan notes that scientists believe climate change could be behind recent extreme weather
patterns, including catastrophic floods, heat waves and drought. All
can diminish food harvests and stockpiles. But so can market forces.
2 (RUSSIAN ENGLISH)
. .
2 (250 ).
(1) 1 2008.
28.01.2008 N1 (, ).
?
, , !
5
.. (, )
(, ) ; , : ,
, ,
, , , , , , .
(2)
.
94
(3) ?
, , 5 .
()
,
, , ,
.
(4)
(, ) , , , .
:
. ,
, .
(5) , 1 2008 ., ?
, , , 1 2008., (
). , . : ( ) 1 2008 .,
. . , , .,
, , .
95
2.2.
( ) ( )
, , ( ) ,
. () , .
.
, . ,
(.: 1, 1.4),
, . ,
.
( ):
This car is economical enough. .
The company is based in Zurich.
.
The survey was done in two stages.
.
Good and bad evil.
Christs pupils disciples.
Unprofitable Loss-making enterprises.
,
-, :
- : converse, speak
with , ;
: have a talk, talk to
, ;
96
literate illiterate
( );
get up go to bed
( );
action counteraction
( , );
light, set fire, ignite put out
( ).
, ,
-, ,
, ,
(cold hot),
(cool warm).
,
, (1) , () phrasal verbs,
(2) (3) ,
:
, :
: ( ) heavy light; ( )
difficult simple, hard easy.
:
imbalance, disbalance;
an illiterate person , ( ,
).
, , ,
, :
98
disappoint () appoint
();
irradiation (, )
radiation ();
inflammable () flammable
(, );
nonplus (, )
plus (, ).
, .
,
:
;
;
not uncommon = quite common ;
not until he arrives = only after his arrival
.
, -, :
(-) lend (UK), loan (USA)
( -) borrow;
( ) besides, in addition to
( ) except for, apart from;
rent ()
rent ().
1.
2.
?
?
99
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
?
?
,
?
?
? .
?
1 (ENGLISH RUSSIAN)
. :
Careless driver =
Unbearable pain =
Innocent joke
Unprofitable business
Unlawful actions
Unavoidable punishment
Gradual transition
To purchase the necessary equi pment
To sell the companys products
To be biased
. :
foreign domestic (investors)
revenues expenditures
public private
tight soft (policy)
save waste
plausible implausible
intact damaged
lender borrower
confirm deny
100
()
extension shortening
hiring dismissal
2 (RUSSIAN ENGLISH)
. :
novelty = newness
pledge = promise
()
( )
()
()
. :
inside outside
()
2.3.
. ( faux
amis du traducteur), ,
, , ( )
( ),
.
101
, . ,
, ,
, , , , :
He instructed his staff to revise the documents. .
.
. We had to correct the program taking into account the new requirements. We had to adjust the program to
the new requirements.
,
, , ,
. ,
copy . ,
. 20- , decade .
, , , (actual , ; decade , ).
-- ,
, , . ... , satin - , velvet
, corduroy, , ... chintz. (. . Op.cit., . 215.)
, , () : conference 102
Academic
(), .
Accord ,
accord, chord
Accurate
Activity
Actual ,
relevant, topical
Advocate ,
lawyer
103
Aggressiveness , ( )
Anecdotal , ,
Appendix , ( )
Aspirant
doctoral student
Blank ( )
form
Cabin ,
box, booth
Cabinet ,
( )
office
Camera (
)
cell ( ),
chamber (.)
Character (
)
Collision (
)
conflict, disaster
Complex ,
()
comprehensive
Complexion
build, constitution
Concrete (
)
specific, definite
( concrete)
Conductor ,
( )
Control , (
)
check (
control)
Corpse
corps [k]:]
Credit , (
)
loan (
credit)
Critical
Curious , ( )
104
funny, odd,
strange ( curious)
Decoration , ,
Deputy : deputy
minister ( )
Directory , (
)
Elements , ( )
Execution , ( )
flogging, strapping
( execution)
Expansion (
)
Fabric ,
factory
Faculty - (
)
School (
faculty)
Familiar , ( )
Fraction (.)
( )
faction
Human (.),
humane
Individual , ,
( )
peculiar,
personal ( individual)
Industry (
)
Interest (
)
Invalid (adj.)
a disabled person (
invalid)
Mayor
major
105
Meeting
rally
Novel
short story
Objective (n) ,
Obligation ,
bond
Partisan , ( )
guerilla ( partisan)
Pasta
paste
Physician ()
physicist
Pretend (
)
have a claim on
smth ( pretend)
Production
output
Prospect
avenue
Provision ,
food, foodstuffs
Rapport [rpo:] (. c
.) ,
report
Realize (
)
sell, realize
Recei pt ; ;
; ; . .
Regular (
)
Replica
remark, comment
Resident (
)
Resin
rubber, gum
Satin
chintz
Scale ; ..
range
Section ,
( ) panel
106
Speculation (
)
profiteering (
speculation)
Therapist
physician, general
practitioner
Translation
transmission
Velvet
corduroy
Wagon ,
car, carriage
, (
) .
, ,
, tactical tactful,
company campaign.
: impractical impracticable , eminent imminent , , logics
logistics .
-, , :
accept
except
adopt
affect
effect
beside
compliment
defective
deficient
definitive
economical
elect
select
even so
expend extend
found
founded founded
We found it amusing. .
Minsk was founded in 1067. 1067 .
historic
historical
interested
He is an interesting person. .
He is interested in folklore. .
( annoying/annoyed, disappointing/disappointed, exciting/excited, fascinating/fascinated ..)
109
its
its
Its (= it is) nice to have this TV, its quality is very good.
, .
Its been (It has been) a long day!
(. : ).
lie lay lain
loose [lu:s]
quiet
arise arose
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
?
?
?
?
,
,
?
-,
?
111
1 (ENGLISH RUSSIAN)
-- , , .
Most of $4.5Bn in Gulf Coast aid unspent
By Brad Heath (USA Today)
(1) WASHINGTON Three-quarters of the billions in federal
money earmarked to replace schools, firehouses and other public works
after the 2005 Gulf Coast hurricanes still havent been spent, a sign
that key pieces of the regions recovery effort are languishing in red
tape.
Reports from the Federal Emergency Management Agency
(FEMA), provided to USA TODAY, show it has approved $4.5 billion worth of infrastructure projects in Louisianaand Mississi ppi.Only
about $1 billion of that total has been spent.
(2) Much of the rest is sitting in state accounts waiting to be
parceled out to the local officials responsible for the rebuilding work,
slowed by a complex tangle of local and federal rules.
Its time for local governments to start making the tough decisions about what theyre going to build back and start moving
forward on the permanent recovery, said Robert Josephson, FEMA
spokesman.
(3) State and local officials overseeing the recovery say they are
moving as quickly as they can to get the projects finished. Many require
months of planning and construction, and navigating federal rules has
sidetracked hundreds of projects, said Andy Kopplin, the outgoing
head of the Louisiana Recovery Authority.
Very simply, its dramatically slowed down the infrastructure reconstruction process. It slows down the recovery, Kopplin said. Are
we satisfied with the rate of construction? Absolutely not. Wed like it to
be double that. But the biggest challenge in spending the money has
been FEMAs process.
(4) FEMAs public assistance program gives money to states,
which generally use it to reimburse local governments for projects
once theyre complete. That process has created obstacles for New
112
Orleans and other communities, where local laws say money must be
in place before work can begin. The city has borrowed $460 million to
cover upfront costs.
(5) This is the first time weve had any significant dollars to
push these projects forward, Mayor Ray Nagin said. As a result, he
says, rebuilding work should accelerate this year.
Work also was delayed by mistakes in figuring how much repair
individual buildings need and how much each would cost, Kopplin
said. More than half of the 27,000 projects in Louisiana have been
revised at least once, a process that can take from a few hours to several
months, he said.
2 (RUSSIAN ENGLISH)
, , .
(1)
3040% . .
, , .
, , . .
(2) . ,
. ,
1.246
( 31 2006 ) 1.698
( 25 2007 ).
(3) . , . ,
- .
113
, .
(4) , ,
. .
, , 2 . , .
(5) ,
. , , .
,
. 1520% ,
,
.
(6) ,
. . , ,
.
.
2.4.
(.: 1, 1.6). , ,
. ,
.
,
.
, .
114
,
. :
Volvo Truck Corporation Representative Office in Minsk is extending its scope of activities and looking for experienced employees!
extend ( ) (),
,
. extending expanding.
, (.: Bill Bryson. Brysons Dictionary of Troublesome Words).
, . , , , (, ,
), .
: Police rape claim woman in court. , ,
, . ,
,
(rape claim
), :
.
. -
(Des Moines Register)
: The new carburator could result in an up to 35 percent
improvement in gas mileage. , : an improvement in mileage of up to 35 percent.
: 115
35- .
:
Aggressiveness
Another
,
400 . ... and
150 more [or others].
400
150 .
Department of Trade
officials, tax and accountancy experts were
to be involved at an
early stage of investigation (The Guardian).
officials
tax
.
and. Department of Trade officials
and tax and accountancy
experts...
,
.
:
between 30 and 40 percent from 30 to 40
percent.
,
3040 %
,
.
116
collide ( ,
collision)
.
collide . colliding with
crashing into.
:
.
Comprise of . ;
comprise = contain . : a
holding company comprising
three main operating arms
composed of three
main operating arms.
...
,
...
. - () .
...
,
. .
117
:
; ; . ( ).
-. ( ).
. ( ).
. ( ).
:
.
.
... ... - . ( ).
:
. ( ).
, . ( ).
:
... ( ).
. . (
).
:
. ( ).
118
:
... .
().
-
f: offshore, , -
: office , officer , offsite , offshore . .
1,5 . 20
. 2007
.
15 ... (
).
,
()
, .
( ), ( , ..)
. : , ..
. , , google.com:
(. la tranche , ) ,
. , ,
, , 25% . . ,
.
,
119
.
, . , ,
:
();
-;
;
;
.
-
. ,
, .
(, - four-letter words), . .
(The New Dictionary of American Slang, ed. by
Robert L. Chapman, Ph. D.) , , , ,
,
.
, , , . ( . euphemeo
).
, greenback = dollars, cops = policemen, B.S.
[bi:-es] = bullshit, S.O.B. [es-ou-bi:] = son of a bitch, Gosh = God,
shoot = [es-ewt-aw-ti:] .
. , (),
(), () , .
1911 . The Devils Dictionary, (Ambrose Bierce) 1000
-.
, ( : = , = , 120
! !,
, ..).
( ) . . ,
[es-ewt-aw-ti:]
!. , , , .
, .. - , .
, ,
, , .
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
?
?
. ?
?
, ,
,
?
?
?
?
?
121
1 (ENGLISH RUSSIAN)
.
, .
No smoking at work. Or at home.
(1) Surely your company has gone smoke-free by now. If youre
one of the nicotine-stained masses, youre braving the November
chill to get your fix outside, like an animal. (Why is it that smokers
always head out coatless, no matter what the weather?) Only at
home can you puff away to your blackening lungs abandon.
(2) Get ready to give up that right, too. If you live in Florida,
your employer might already be demanding that you stop smoking
at home. Thats right: bosses are forbidding workers to smoke at all.
According to this TV news report forwarded to me by my colleague
Daniel Eisenberg,
Westgate Resorts, the largest private employer in Central Florida,
has banned smoking and wont budge from a policy of not hiring
smokers and firing employees who do smoke. What brought that on?
(3) When I found out it was legal to discriminate against smokers, I put the policy in place, Westgate president and CEO David
Seigel said. Seigel told [channel] Local 6 that the policy was prompted
by the death of his close friend - a heavy smoker who died of cancer.
If you are too stupid to understand that smoking is going to kill you,
then we are going to tell you that if you want to work for our company, you will not smoke, Seigel said.
(4) Employers have reasons to ban smokers beyond their personal biases. Seigel said his policy is cost effective and said since it
went into effect, health insurance claims have gone down significantly making insurance more affordable for employees.
(5) Westgate, and Florida employers, are hardly the only ones
zeroing in on smoking by employees. Scotts Miracle-Gro in Maryville,
Ohio, was the subject of a February cover story by Businessweek
titled Get Healthy or Else. It tells the tale of a lawn-care technician named Scott Rodrigues whose career at Scotts met a jarring end:
...on Sept. 1 which happened to be his 30th birthday
Rodrigues was fired. Why? he asked. You failed your drug test, the
boss replied. Rodrigues insisted it had to be a mistake. He didnt even
122
keep beer in the fridge. Then his boss told him the drug was nicotine.
Five years ago, if you had told me, hey, you better quit smoking or
you might not get a job, I would have laughed. Here I am five years
later, and I cant get a job.
(6) Im not a smoker, and Ive lost family members to the damaging habit. I get the part about not wanting smokers to drive up
insurance premiums for the rest of us. But unless the smoking has
direct bearing on the job at hand say, I dont know, food preparation is it fair to deny them employment? What about the obese? Is
banning the hiring of overweight people who, like smokers, could
theoretically control their conditions next? What do you all think?
(7) POST SCRIPT: Whaddaya know a second after I posted
this entry, what do I find in my mailbox but a company e-mail urging
employees to quit smoking. From the e-mail, which pushes the services of a smoking cessation service:
Faced with healthcare costs related to smoking escalating, and
the decade-long decline in smoking rates coming to a halt, employers
need to be proactive in helping their workers stop smoking. On November 15, The American Cancer Society will celebrate the 31st
annual Great American Smokeout a great time for employers to
encourage their smoking employees to give up smoking for 24 hours
in the hope that this head start will help them kick the habit.
(8) A recent survey of employers by the National Business Group
on Health reports that a majority of employers ranked smoking as one
of the greatest priority health issues facing their companies, second
only to obesity, but only two percent offer the comprehensive benefit
recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
(TIME)
2 (RUSSIAN ENGLISH)
(auto spare parts) , .
80%
(1) ,
245 . ,
123
80% . 5
- ,
.
(2) , .
, , ,
.
(3) ,
(), ,
,
, .
(4) , 14 . .
, . 2 . . . , , ,
, , , ,
.
(5) , ,
, ,
, .
(6) , ,
, . 124
,
.
(www.naviny.by)
2.5.
, ( , .. ), ,
-
.
, ,
, .
.
1. + ( ):
blue sky ;
perfect murder
( );
rural population .
:
We had a good time. (
).
We were impressed by the companys administrative efficiency.
() ( ).
NB!
:
125
public library ;
public debt ;
public house pub ( );
public transport ;
public school (UK) , ( );
(USA) , .
: + :
Secretary General
Attorney General
2.
+ (
):
British studies ,
, , ;
sticky weather
, ,
.
NB! ()
,
(. + .): redhead
( ), ;
wetland , ,
; red tape ,
; blue collars
, .. , , ; green house ,
..
3.
126
+ (
, ,
, , ):
income tax ;
business school students ;
city council education and culture commission
.
4.
+ (. , ):
time management , , ;
war sufferings , ( );
election campaign expenditures ;
town (city) hall ( ) ..
5.
, +
, :
deputy (prime) minister (-) ;
attorney general (), ;
draft law .
6.
+ ,
:
Boeing support , , .
.
127
.
ViaSat History. - 80- 20- , ,
, Band aid generation. , , , . band aid : band ()
( ) aid (). ,
, ,
, band aid . , . ,
.
, , , .. ,
(
):
- N, ...
According to the words of Mr. N. According to Mr. N ...
...
If to compare ... When comparing ...
...
What about ... As for (As far as ... is concerned...)
...
Id like to pay your attention to ... to draw your attention to ...
, ? , .
Hallo, who is speaking? Please introduce yourself. identify
yourself.
.
You need to represent your idea as clearly as possible. to present.
.
128
(
, , ):
take into account ;
pay attention to ;
jump at conclusion .
, , () () :
() achieve success = attain success ;
129
3.
(
, , ):
at the worlds end , ;
make both ends meet ;
meet smb. half way (in smth.) -.
( -.);
make a mountain out of a molehill , (.: ).
= 12 ( , ,
,
, ):
Sit above the salt (.:
,
, )
Break a leg! ! , ! (.: !
, .)
, -
. , to show
the white feather feather:
(.: ).
,
() . ,
, . , , . , 20- .
12
130
, ,
.
, , . , , ,
, .
.
,
, .
. , . , , .
, , .
:
The game is not worth the candle. .
Lions share. .
To shed crocodile tears. .
, :
A fly in the ointment. , .. ,
(.: ).
To get out of bed on the wrong side. , ..
(.: ).
At a snails pace. , ..
(.: ).
To be born with a silver spoon in ones mouth.
(), , .. (.: ).
,
. ,
to idle (away ones time).
. , . ,
131
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
?
?
?
,
, ? .
?
?
?
?
1 (ENGLISH RUSSIAN)
.
, .
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
A day late and a dollar short (If something is a day late and a
dollar short, it is too little, too late.)
A fool at 40 is a fool forever (If someone hasnt matured by
the time they reach forty, they never will.)
A little bird told me (If someone doesnt want to say where
they got some information from, they can say that a little
bird told them.)
A picture is worth a thousand words (A picture can often get
a message across much better than the best verbal descri ption.)
About as useful as a chocolate teapot (Someone or something that is of no practical use is about as useful as a chocolate teapot.)
133
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
20.
21.
22.
134
Ace up your sleeve (If you have an ace up your sleeve, you
have something that will give you an advantage that other
people dont know about.)
Add fuel to the fire (If people add fuel to the fire, they make
a bad situation worse.)
Albatross around your neck (An albatross around, or round,
your neck is a problem resulting from something you did that
stops you from being successful.)
All ears (If someone says theyre all ears, they are very interested in hearing about something.)
All in your head (If something is all in your head, you have
imagined it and it is not real.)
All set (If youre all set, you are ready for something.)
Average Joe (An average Joe is an ordinary person without
anything exceptional about them.)
Back to the salt mine (If someone says they have to go back
to the salt mine, they have to return to work.)
Bad hair day (If youre having a bad hair day, things are not
going the way you would like or have planned.)
Bakers dozen (A Bakers dozen is 13 rather than 12.)
Barking up the wrong tree (If you are barking up the wrong
tree, it means that you have completely misunderstood something or are totally wrong.)
Basket case (If something is a basket case, it is so bad that it
cannot be helped.)
Beggars cant be choosers (This idiom means that people
who are in great need must accept any help that is offered,
even if it is not a complete solution to their problems.)
Bite the bullet (If you have to bite the bullet, you have to
accept or face something unpleasant because it cannot be
avoided.)
Blow hot and cold (If you blow hot and cold on an idea,
your attitude and opinion keeps changing; one minute you
are for it, the next you are against.)
Breadwinner (Used to describe the person that earns the
most money. For example Shes the breadwinner in the
family.)
23. Break even (If you break even, you dont make any money,
but you dont lose any either.)
24. By the skin of your teeth (If you do something by the skin of
your teeth, you only just manage to do it and come very
near indeed to failing.)
25. Can of worms (If an action can create serious problems, it is
opening a can of worms.)
26. Cast your net widely (If you cast your net widely, you use a
wide range of sources when trying to find something.)
27. Chalk and cheese (Things, or people, that are like chalk and
cheese are very different and have nothing in common.)
28. Chase rainbows (If someone chases rainbows, they try to do
something that they will never achieve.)
29. Chew the fat (If you chew the fat with someone, you talk at
leisure with them.)
30. Cold shoulder (If you give or show someone the cold shoulder, you are deliberately unfriendly and uncooperative towards them.)
.
-- , .
Hawaii hosts Bush climate talks
(1) Climate experts from 16 of the worlds largest economies
will be looking to forge common ground between old emitters like
the US and Europe and the new polluters, such as China and India.
The meeting aims to feed ideas into the UN climate negotiations
process.
(2) The EU had threatened to boycott the talks unless the US
offered specific proposals rather than general talks. Since then, the
US has passed its Energy Bill that mandates big increases in efficiency from cars and from some appliances. But the US is still resisting a global agreement on specific emissions reductions from all developed nations.
(3) EU delegates at the meeting in Honolulu do not antici pate
any major moves by the Bush administration on climate change. Some
believe he is primarily trying to neutralise climate as an issue in the
135
,
-
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
2.6.
( . allusion ), ..
, ( . alembour), ..
,
,
.
, , , .. (),
. ,
:
(1)
,
.
, -
( ) : Six days shall [= shalt]
you [= thou] labour and do all your work, but the seventh day
is a Sabbath to the Lord and God (Exodus, 20: 910).
: , ;
(, 20: 910).
, ,
:
.
137
NB! ,
()
.
(2)
,
.
, , (
Much ado about nothing). , :
.
(3) London welcomes the Russians who came in from the cold
(The Financial Times)
, ,
.
(John Le Carre) The spy who
came in from the cold , .
: , .
. (
To save or not to save? To be or not to
be?). The
Oxford Dictionary of Allusions, 2nd edition. Ed. by A. Delahunty, Sh.
Digen, P. Stocks. Oxford University Press, 2005.
138
, . :
( ) .
, ( ) , .
, (
)
, .
, ( ) (
, , ,
).
( ) .
!.. (
250 )
( , ...).
() ,
,
, , , ,
.
. ,
, , . ( ),
, . ,
.
139
. , , . , ,
, , ,
, :
( ),
. ... ...
, .
, ,
, ,
, ...
, , ,
- .
, , , . , grand , , grand :
Love is grand. ( .)
Divorce is a hundred grand. ( .)
, ,
,
.. , :
Atheism is a non-prophet organization. (non-prophet -, non-profit ).
.
, , , , ( ):
( ).
(
).
140
( .)
( .)
( .)
( .)
( .)
( .)
( .)
( .)
, - , (
-) ,
.
.
: ,
, , ,
,
. : Alone
together, Deafening silence, Same difference, Expect the unexpected .
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
?
?
() ?
?
?
141
6.
7.
8.
9.
?
?
?
?
1 (ENGLISH RUSSIAN)
.
:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
.
, .
, -.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
142
10. A circus lion wont eat clowns because they taste funny.
11. When cannibals ate a missionary they got a taste of religion.
12. Well never run out of math teachers because they always
multi ply.
2 (RUSSIAN ENGLISH)
1.
2.
3.
2.7.
,
.
. .
.
, , , .
,
. ,
, , ,
, , ,
.
, , (,
) ,
( ) . ,
.
, . (Colgate),
. 143
, , ,
, . , .
(
)
. ( ), , , , , , .
,
. (
) . The London Paper, , . 2007 .: Final encore for opera maestro.13
, ,
,
,
.
, (, ,
, - ..).
, , .
, , .
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13
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146
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147
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148
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.). .
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2.
3.
4.
5.
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1 (ENGLISH RUSSIAN)
,
.
Haitis rising food prices drive poor to eat mud
By Tom Leonard in New York (The Daily Telegraph)
(1) Impoverished Haitians are increasingly resorting to eating
biscuits made of mud as food prices soar in the Caribbean country.
The discs are made from dried yellow clay mixed with water, salt and
vegetable shortening or margarine.
(2) The mud, which comes from Haitis central plateau region, is first strained and then shaped into biscuits which are left in
the sun. The pale brown biscuits, known by locals simply as terre,
have traditionally been eaten by pregnant Haitians and children as an
149
sales, .
,
. BTL- ,
.
(2) ,
, ,
. , , sales
20%. 20-50% , 50-70% .
(3) ,
, .
, . .
Merry Christmas . Wal-Mart :
, 2006. 60%. : ,
,
- , . . - .
(4) , , , , -, , , , , ,
. , BTL- ,
(...)
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151
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.
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: Doliva Br20 .
, Br30 . () , Br50 .
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. , ...
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152
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.
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153
.
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).
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154
(, : hardware , .. ,
; software , , );
(, :
windows, mouse, browser, website ..; : bull market , ,
bear market , );
(, radar
radio, detecting and ranging; laser light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation;
VAT value added tax; scuba
self-contained underwater breathing apparatus );
,
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communication persuasion
-.;
coopetition ,
cooperation competition,
;
,
: ,
);
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:
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inflation rate);
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, );
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);
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156
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
,
( black diamonds .:
).
1 (ENGLISH RUSSIAN)
. .
.
Ready for a rout?
The dollars decline accelerates
(1) WASHINGTON, DC . YOU know that nerves are taut when
a couple of stray comments set off a flurry of selling. The dollar fell
sharply on Wednesday November 7th after mid-ranking Chinese
officials, not actually responsible for foreign-exchange policy, made
remarks that were seized upon by already jittery markets. A Chinese
parliamentarian called for his country to diversify its reserves out of
weak currencies like the dollar and another official suggested that
the dollars status as a reserve currency was shaky. The greenback
reached $2.10 against the pound and a new record of $1.47 against the
euro, before recovering slightly. A widely traded index, which tracks
the dollars value against six major currencies, also fell to a new low.
(2) The sliding dollar, along with record losses from General
Motors, the threat of $100-a-barrel oil and more bad news from the
mortgage industry, spooked Wall Street. On November 7th the Dow
Jones Industrial Average fell by 2.6% and the S&P 500 index by
almost 3%. To add to the worries, Nicolas Sarkozy, Frances president, ramped up the political rhetoric on a visit to Washington. Alarmed
that the weak dollar boosts Americas competitiveness relative to
Europes, he told Congress that George Bushs administration needed
to do something about the dollar or risk an economic war. Wall
Street seers wondered whether official intervention to prop up the
dollar was on the cards.
(3) A true dollar crisis has long been one of the more frightening possibilities for the world economy. If foreign investors suddenly
abandon Americas currency and the dollar collapses, financial markets could crash while the plunging currency constrains the Federal
Reserves ability to cut interest rates. That fear is exacerbated by rising
concerns about higher crude oil and food prices.
(4) For now, the dollar nightmare is still unlikely. The currencys
decline is neither surprising nor, at least until this week, alarmingly
rapid. The gaping current-account deficit and interest-rate differen157
, 11,76% , ,
23,9% .
(: 28 2006. .
. ,
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, , 8% 23%.
( 2000. 2006. 34,9 . 19 . ,
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(4) 2007 ., , Roshen
. .
:
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159
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. , , .
(6) 27 2007 . . , , .
4,0523,9 %.
, , , , 11,76 %
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. 200305 . 32%
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17% 2005. 65%. 8% 23%.
(7) 2,5-3 . , .
.
. , .
(8) : 720%,
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, 160
-
.
()
2.9.
, . ,
.
,
, .. , ( ):
- - (New
Mexico);
(Robert Burns);
(Entertainment);
(
) (Caterpillar);
(Jam Session).
,
-, :
VI (George VI) (George Washington);
(Isaac Newton) - (Isaac Azimov).
,
2007 . Michael Mukasey
,
.
161
, , .
, , , , . (1)
(Stallone), - ( -
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-.
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2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
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( ,
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) ; Goldwater ( ).
, : FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation ( ), Nova
Scotia , Prince Edward Island .
, : North
Dakota .
: South Carolina
.
NB! :
* (General Motors , Levi Strauss );
* (Bank of England );
* (Downing Street );
* (The Christian Science
Monitor , Journal of Psychology );
15
.: .. . ( ). 7- . : , 2008, . 5153.
163
, .
. Leo
Tolstoy, Piotr Tchaikovsky.
.. , Soup of Master John, Sammys
coat.
, .
,
, ,
,
.
, , , , . , ,
:
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(.) Mickiewicz
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. (.) F. Liszt
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(.) Bank Societ Generale
, . ,
164
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: , ( -
+
).
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).
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( ), Maam ( ), Miss ( ), Mrs. ( ), Ms. ( , , ).
,
: , , , .
: Colonel X, Mr. Ambassador (USA), Ambassador (UK), Professor Y, Mr. Chairman, Doctor Z, Messrs [4mes@z]
( , - . messieurs), Reverend ( ) .
(Her Britannic Majestys
Ambassador): Your Excellency! !
(Charg
dAffaires a.i.) [Charg dAffaires (.);
ad interim (.)]: Mr (Dr) XX! - (-) .
- , : Mrs. Richard Brown
: Mrs. Governor Richardson. Dear ladies and gentlemen!
,
: , , , + , +
.
165
1.
2.
3.
4.
166
?
?
?
?
5.
, ,
?
6. ?
7.
?
8.
?
9. ?
10. ?
11. ?
1 (ENGLISH RUSSIAN)
.
, :
Mr. Gilchrist -
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
Chris Bryant
Brad Heath
Travel Channel
Paul Bermingham
Dow [dau] Jones index
Sir, (heres my key to the room).
The Financial Times
Ms. Caitlin Knowles
Starbucks coffee company
Frank ODonnell of Clean Air Watch
Thank you, honey
Messrs Curtis and Wintergreen!
New Brunswick
North Yorkshire
U.S. Department of Energy
Charing Cross Road
Brian Bennett
CNN
167
. , .
Son of Frankenfood?
From The Economist print edition
Produce from cloned animals has won regulatory approval. Now
companies must persuade consumers to buy it
(1) IT IS beyond our imagination to even find a theory that
would cause the food to be unsafe. With that ringing endorsement,
Stephen Sundlof, the chief food-safety expert at Americas Food and
Drug Administration (FDA), this week declared food derived from the
offspring of cloned cows, pigs and goats to be safe for human consumption. The decision came just days after the European Food Safety
Authority (EFSA) publicly reached the same conclusion.
(2) At first blush this seems likely to lead to a repetition of the
controversies that surrounded the arrival of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in agriculture more than a decade ago. Back then an
over-zealous industry (led by Monsanto, an American GMO pioneer) touted the benefits of a novel food technology. Activist groups
and parts of the media said GMOs were dangerous and unethical.
Scientific bodies on both sides of the Atlantic agreed that GMOs
could be used safely, but politics halted their advance in Europe.
(3) Could the same saga unfold with cloning? Once again the
biotechnology firms sound a bit brash, much as Monsanto did. James
Greenwood, head of BIO, the lobbying arm of the American biotechnology sector, bragged this week to reporters that, thanks to his
industrys efforts, animals have now been successfully cloned on six
continents. David Faber, the head of Trans Ova, an American firm
leading the charge, claims this technology will make possible elite
breeding that will lead to faster-growing, disease-resistant and genetically superior animals.
(4) To activists opposed to cloned food, meanwhile, the FDA
and EFSA decisions mean only one thing: Frankenfoods are on their
way. Since the creation of Dolly, a sheep cloned by researchers in
Scotland in 1996, they have rallied many thousands to sign petitions
and attend protest marches dressed as cloned cows and the like. And
on the heels of this weeks two big decisions, the anti-cloning crowd
168
is kicking into high gear. Friends of the Earth lost no time in declaring
it was organising a boycott of grocers who carry cloned products.
2 (RUSSIAN ENGLISH)
, :
Real estate agency
Tvoya stolitsa
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
- ( ) !
, !
- !
2.10.
, . ,
, .
169
,
, .16
, ,
,
, .
. , 17:
1.
,
() :
Instant coffee .
Sitting room .
He lives next door. ( ) .
A snowdrift ten inches deep. ( ) .
Hot milk with skin on it. .
2.
( ):
Religious materials .
Believe , ( ).
He knifed his way into the water. ,
, .
3.
(
, ):
16
.. . . .: , 1974, . 38.
17
.: .. , .. . ? // . .
.. . .: , 1975, . 5069. .
170
(usage):
The city is built on terraces rising from the lake.
, ( ).
No smoking. ( ).
No loss of life was reported. (
).
, , :
1.
( ,
):
Their expertise was essential for us.
.
Last year the agency sold five properties to Russians in London.
.
Her limbs were sore. .
What drives the economy at the moment?
?
2.
( , ):
Summer rains may be violent while they last. .
Working men and women have the right to strike. .
Im sick and tired of her complaints.
.
3.
(
):
Her photo is sitting on my table.
.
171
1.
2.
3.
4.
172
?
?
?
?
5.
6.
.
?
7. ?
8.
?
9. ?
10.
.
1 (ENGLISH RUSSIAN)
-- , .
BELARUS BACKS RUSSIA ON MISSILES
Belarus says it is ready to play its role as a Russian ally if the
US overrides Moscows objections and creates new missile bases
in Europe.
(1) Russia has warned it may place missiles in Belarus to counter
US plans for bases in Poland and the Czech Republic. Belarussian
leader Alexander Lukashenko praised ties with Russia as he hosted
President Vladimir Putin in Minsk. But he dismissed speculation that
his country, a former Soviet state, might enter a formal union with
Russia.
(2) I was surprised your visit prompted a stir in the West, Mr
Lukashenko said to Mr Putin during the Russian leaders tri p to the
Belarussian capital. Theres no subtext here. Were friendly allied states
and I would be surprised if you didnt visit.
(3) Analysts have recently suggested that a union between Minsk
and Moscow could enable President Putin to retain political influence in Russia after he relinquishes the presidency in March. Mr
Putin could, in theory, become leader of the new entity created by
such aunion.Mr Putin has also been ti pped as acandidate for prime
minister in Russia after his presidential term ends. His exact plans are
not yet known, though it is clear he intends to capitalise on his
popularity and continue playing a central role in politics.
173
Missile plans
(4) Mr Lukashenko welcomed Mr Putin at a ceremony in Minsk.
Belarus is ready to play its role in the issues of the planned deployment in Europe of US missile defence systems, Mr Lukashenko said.
He did not specify what this role would be. Last month, a senior
Russian general said his country may place missiles in Belarus to
counter US plans for bases in central Europe. The US says it plans to
build a missile defence system by building bases in the Czech Republic and Poland that could help intercept missiles fired from countries
such as Iran. Russia has, however, dismissed the alleged threat from
Iran and said the US is targeting its territory.
(5) Moscow has repeatedly voiced alarm at NATOs eastward
expansion plans, encompassing nations that were once in the Soviet
Unions sphere of influence. Belarus is largely regarded as one of
Russias staunchest allies among the ex-Soviet states. However, ties
between the two countries were recently strained over Russian efforts
to raise the price of fuel it supplies to Belarus.
2 (RUSSIAN ENGLISH)
,
.
,
(1) . .
.
.
10 . .
1,3 ,
.
(2) .
. 2001
, 174
. , ,
.
(3) 20% ,
7% .
, 0,27 ,
.
,
.
(4) ,
.
,
. .
1 .
(5) ,
( 7 ). . .
(6) , , , -, ,
. , : .
175
3.1.
, , .
,
.
,
:
Im hungry. (.: .) .
Ive got a headache. (.: .)
.
,
, ,
. ,
, :
He seems to have forgotten about his promise. (
), .
, .
: 176
, ,
.
, ..
,
, ,
.
,
, ,
. , - :
. Its getting cold.
. New equi pment was bought.
.
:
1.
:
She was killed in a car accident. .
He is survived by a wife and three chidlren.
. ( )
2. :
She didnt tell us about it until a year later.
() .
I wish he hadnt done it. , .
Our new office is almost half as large as the old one.
.
3.
:
Do you want to sit closer? () .
Why dont you call me tomorrow? () .
177
4.
:
For sale. .
To let (UK); For rent (USA) ().
5.
:
To put it mildly... ...
Ive got people to see there... ,
...
6.
:
They didnt expect us to come back so soon. , .
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
?
?
?
.
?
?
1 (ENGLISH RUSSIAN)
. .
178
2 (RUSSIAN ENGLISH)
- ..
(acting managing director) . , , .
.
-
$10 .
(1) -2
, . , , ( ). ..
(),
-.
(2) , , . , .
.
,
, ,
(93 100), , -
.
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, . - BBH Baltic , ,
BBH, 30% , : - . -
$10 . . 180
$6 . , , . ()
3.2.
, , , . ,
12 (
Simple, Continuous, Perfect Perfect Continuous), . ,
, , .
(.. ) () () ,
.
() , ,
. , , .
Present Simple, (He
always comes on time ),
:
:
If (in case, when, as soon as) it starts raining, Ill get back.
( , ; , )
, .
NB! when .
Future Simple, :
,
:
What do you do? ? ( ?)
Why do you ask? ( )?
What do you think about it? ?
( : What are you thinking about?
?)
3- Present Simple
(offers ; ; books ; ).
Past Simple, ,
, -
(I bought this book last
week ),
, :
, (
):
I thought that ... , ... ( ).
I went there last year. (
).
I lay on the sofa. (
).
:
He read the newspaper while he waited at the train station.
( : He was reading while he was watining).
, .
182
, , ( : -
(
):
He said he would help me if (when) he came to see us.
, , () []
.
:
I used to write (= I often wrote) short stories when I was a
school student. (, ) , .
:
Boys will be boys when they quarrel, they will fight.
: , .
Present Continuous, ,
(They are working on the an183
(
) :
They are coming for dinner tonight. () .
We are writing a test next week. .
(, ):
She is always (constantly) complaining. O () .
,
, ( ):
I didnt know he was sleeping. , (
).
() :
We were writing an essay, and the teacher was grading our
homework. , .
Future Continuous, , () (Ill be
preparing for the test tomorrow morning ), :
:
Ill be leaving soon. ( ).
Present Perfect, , ,
(She has just/already left / ), :
184
,
:
I have known him for many years (since childhood).
( ).
:
After (When) he has done his work, well be able to discuss
the matter. ()
[ ], .
:
Max forgot that he had written this exercise. ,
() .
( ):
Hardly had I come in, when the phone rang.
, .
No sooner had we arrived at the bus station, than it stopped
raining. ,
.
, - :
Youve been crying, havent you? , ()?
[ , , ()]
, ), :
,
() ( ,
Past Simple):
, :
depend on
run into
pay attention to
congratulate on
result in
refer to
:
-
:
. It is getting dark.
. It always gets dark very
fast in the South.
, . You never know what
will happen.
:
(1) , . () I think
youd better stay at home. (Present Simple)
(= ) . () Im
thinking of leaving here. (Present Continuous)
. ( ) Ive been thinking about it all day long.
(Present Perfect Continuous)
(2) . (
) They wont finish the work tomorrow. (Future
Simple)
. (
)
They wont have finished the work by tomorrow. (Future Perfect)
187
(3) . ( ,
) He studied here before the war.
(Past Simple)
, . ( , ..
) He was studying, and I
was working at that time. (Past Continuous)
, . ( ) He had
studied at the university before he arrived here. (Past Perfect)
, . (
) He had been
studying for three years when he met his future wife. (Past Perfect
Continuous)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
?
?
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
?
1 (ENGLISH RUSSIAN)
.
. .
188
and higher financing costs created by the credit squeeze have weakened the case for further rises in interest rates. But the ECB has
pledged to act if necessary to keep inflation expectations under
control.
2 (RUSSIAN ENGLISH)
.
.
(1) 2007 64- 177
. 27 - . ,
. ,
. ,
(67- ), (73-), (76-).
(2)
, , ,
.
,
- ,
, .
(3) . , 0,804.
0,5 67,8 .
106- . 72- ,
33-.
190
(4) ,
. .
.
, . . , ,
,
. (
, 177- -. , , 37- 43- .)
3.3.
,
,
. ,
, , . ,
[ to be
+ Partici ple II, ..3- ] :
1) :
The research was done by a group of scholars from Holland.
.
2) ( ):
The research was done by a group of scholars from Holland.
.
( , .)
3)
- :
It is believed that climatic changes are under way at present.
(), .
191
4)
:
It is believed that climatic changes are under way at present.
, .
, , , , :
New equi pment was bought for the lab. () .
:
The students were being examined from 8am to 11am.
...
8 11 .
A better solution is needed.
() .
They were given... : ...
= ... ...
, ,
:
This article is often referred to. .
:
Belarus was greatly affected by the Chernobyl disaster.
.
:
answer ;
attack smb., smth. ;
affect smb., smth. , ;
192
, . ,
, ,
.
, ,
to be.
, .
to be :
Present Simple
Past Simple
Future Simple
am, are, is
was, were
will be
Present Continuous
Past Continuous
Future Continuous
Present Perfect
Past Perfect
Future Perfect
had been
will have been
193
, 12 to
be 9 ( Future Continuous,
Present, Past & Future Perfect Continuous).
, (
Future Continuous) , (
Present Perfect Continuous)?
. ,
,
?
(1) . ( Future Continuous to be, ).
(2) . ( Present
Perfect Continuous to be, ).
,
. , , (
). () (). : .
to be: . ,
:
(1) They will be constructing this road all the summer.
(2) They have been constructing this road for two months now.
1.
2.
3.
194
?
?
?
4.
5.
6.
?
?
, to be
, .. ?
1 (ENGLISH RUSSIAN)
.
. . .
Russia urged to change tax regime to boost oil and gas
By Ed Crooks in Rome and Catherine Belton in Moscow
(The Financial Times)
(1) Russia must change its tax regime if it is to develop its oil
and gas resources to their full potential, George Robertson, the deputy
chairman of TNK-BP, BPs 50 per cent-owned joint venture, has
warned. Lord Robertson, the former British politician and NATO
secretary-general, said TNK-BP and Russias state-controlled companies Rosneft and Gazprom were being hit by rising costs and higher
taxes. He also said there was no plan to change TNK-BPs ownershi p, in spite of recent speculation that Gazprom was in talks over
taking a stake.
(2) Speaking to the Financial Times at the World Energy Congress in Rome, Lord Robertson said: The [Russian] fiscal regime
was designed for days when the price of oil was about $25$27 a
barrel. If they are going to exploit those reserves that they still have,
they are going to have to create a better fiscal regime to allow both
state and non-state companies to make the investment that would be
required.
(3) Eighty per cent of export revenues for Russian oil above
$27 per barrel is taken in taxes, meaning that the companies are not
seeing much benefit from todays high prices. BP said last month that
195
(2) 2006. ()
157 .
57 , () (
) Br15,91 ., ... Br15,88
., 49 , Br23,7 ..
(3) 2006. 7632 ,
479 , 5911 , Br2,26 ., .. Br1,1 .,
Br189,7 ., Br962,4 . Br4,1 .. ,
30 , 20 .
(4)
.
,
. ... 895,9 . Br1,3 ., I 359,5 . Br360 .; 2,8 . Br3,2 ., I 921 .
Br1,1 . , , Br1 ..
(5) 2006. 33 ...
Br1,9 ..
. ,
. , , , .
,
, . ,
-, -
197
, , .. ...
.
(6) ... .
:
. , , , .
3.4.
: ( , ), . :
... ( ...).
. ,
,
, .
( ):
If he would do it today it would be good. If he did it today, it
would be good.
If he would have done it yesterday, it would be better. If he had
done it yesterday, it would have been better.
I wish I would have visited more places there. I wish I had
visited more places there.
.
, ,
,
(.. , , ...).
198
: ,
.
,
. , ( ?)
( ?). , , ,
:
(1) , , :
If he had time, he would help you [but he doesnt have time and
wont help you].
(2) , , :
If he had had time, he would have helped you [but her didnt
have and didnt help you].
, , ,
, .. , (3),
, (4):
(3) [ ],
[
]:
If he were my brother [but he is not], I would have taken him on
a boat tri p last summer [but I didnt take him].
(4)
[ ],
[ ].
If you had given me this book at least a few days ago [but you
didnt], I would have prepared a presentation by Monday [but I
wont be able to do it].
:
1)
:
199
:
If + Past Simple / would + Indefinite Infinitive
If he came earlier today, we would (could) go to the theatre
together.
[ ],
[ ].
NB! to be ( ) Past Simple
were.
:
If + Past Perfect / would + Perfect Infinitive
If you had come earlier, you would have seen her on TV.
[ ],
[ ].
200
( ),
:
,
:
If + Past Perfect / would + Indefinite Infinitive
If I had known about your tri p to the lake this weekend, I
would also go with you.
[ ], [
].
, , ( ):
Had he told me about it ... (= If he had told me about it ...)
() =
() ... [ ].
, -
, / :
If it were not for his help, we would not be able to do it.
[ ],
[ ].
If it had not been for his help, we would not have been able
to do it.
[ ],
[ ].
2)
lest ( ),
( ):
201
as if, as though ( ):
You know, she is looking at me as if she saw me for the first
time.
, ,
.
4)
, Its time (
),
Past Simple:
Its time they understood it. .
Its time we left. .
5)
, I wish. , ,
, ...,
( ).
:
I wish he were here with us. [Past Simple]
, . (= ,
.)
:
I wish he wouldnt go there alone. [would + Indefinite Infinitive]
, . (= ,
.)
:
I wish they had told him about it. [Past Perfect]
, . (= ,
.)
202
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
?
, ?
?
?
?
1 (ENGLISH RUSSIAN)
, .
.
RED FACES, BLACK WEEK
The prime minister will find it hard to avoid the blame for mistakes
at the Treasury
From The Economist print edition
(1) TO ERR may be human, but some blunders are so egregious that they fall into the you couldnt make it up category. Unfortunately for Gordon Browns beleaguered government, there was no
make-believe about the loss of 25m child-benefit records, which
Alistair Darling, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, disclosed on
November 20th to the House of Commons.
(2) The scale of the security lapse at the Treasurys tax agency
affecting almost half the British population was breathtaking. Two
203
204
1.
, .
A) If it were not for the rain, we would go there right now.
B) But for the rain, we wouldve gone there right now.
C) If it hadnt been for the rain, we would go there right
now.
2.
,
?
A) And what would you do if you had more time before the
train then?
B) And what would you have done if you had more time
before the train then?
C) And what you have done if you had had more time before the train then?
3.
.
A) Its time they would understand it.
, .
A) If he would come earlier, he wouldve said good bye to her.
B) Had he come earlier, he wouldve said good bye to her.
C) If he came earlier, he would say good bye to her.
5.
, - .
A) Had I not been a local resident, I would hardly find a way
there without help yesterday night.
B) If I were not a local resident, I would hardly have found
a way there without help yesterday night.
C) If I hadnt been a local resident, I would hardly have
found a way there without help yesterday night.
6.
!
A) I wish Id be able to go there in summer!
B) I wish I wouldve gone there in summer!
C) I wish I were able to go there in summer!
7.
, .
A) I wish she wouldnt talk to him about it.
B) I wouldnt like that she would talk to him about it.
C) I wish she didnt talk to him about it.
8.
, .
A) I would be grateful to you if you would invite her.
B) I would be grateful to you if you invited her.
C) I would be grateful to you if you wouldve invited her.
9.
, .
A) It wouldnt harm if you would call in there yourself.
B) It wouldnt harm if you would have called in there yourself.
C) It wouldnt harm if youd called in there yourself
10. .
A) I wouldnt talk him into it if I were you.
205
3.5.
( : , , ,
)
- ,
.
, - .
,
. , ,
. , ( to do to be done, , to be doing, to have
done, to have been done to have been doing), ,
.
,
:
( );
;
;
;
( );
( );
;
.
.
206
: To smoke is harmful. ()
.
: To tell the truth... ...
: To read this book, I had to go to
the library. ,
.
:
He came to work to find out that the office was locked. ...
...
(: He came to work to finish the project. ... ...)
:
He is old enough to make this decision himself.
, .
He is too young to travel alone. ,
.
:
This is the book to be read. ,
.
Complex Object :
(1) to see, hear, watch, feel:
I heard her unlock the door. ,
.
(2) to :
We didnt expect him to make progress so soon.
, .
207
Complex Subject :
(1) They are said to come (to have come) on Monday.
, () .
(2) He seems to understand (to have understood) everything. , , (). (= ,
...)
:
He must be sleeping now. , .
You may have left. , .
I might come later. , .
He may have been working since early morning. , ( ) .
:
This must be done today. ( : ) .
208
Partici ple I
(Reading
Partici ple II
:
The article referred to above was published last year. , ,
.
watch, observe :
We watched them playing tennis. ,
.
(Absolute Partici pial Construction) ./. +
-
, (1) (2)
:
(1) It being cold, I decided to put on a jacket.
, .
Weather permitting, well go to the country.
, .
(2) I finally solved the equation, being equal to one.
, .
with
:
An old man sat on the bench, with his dog lying nearby.
, .
, ing-, :
1. ( ):
Reading books is my great hobby. (=
) .
NB! :
210
:
On coming home I had lunch. ,
.
He left without saying good-bye. ,
.
3.
I enjoy swimming. .
, , mind, remember, suggest, enjoy, a , begin, start, continue, stop, finish .
:
He stopped reading newspapers. .
He stopped to read the newspaper. ,
.
NB!
:
She likes being read to. ,
.
suggest ,
, , :
He suggested going to the country.
. ( , .)
: The doctor suggested that he (should) stay at home.
(), .
NB! suggest .
4. :
Do you mind his coming late? ,
( )?
5. (
):
211
:
The result of the research will largely depend on the experiment
being made on time. ,
.
:
The amount of academic hours depends on the subject being
studied.
( , ).
6. worth
(while), its no use, cannot help :
This TV-set is not worth (while) repairing.
.
Its no use talking to him. C .
I cannot help admiring her. .
:
1. :
Present Partici ple (Partici ple I) Active: , the children reading short stories.
Which/that + : , facts which/that are of interest.
212
2.
4.
Past Partici ple (Partici ple II) : the book read [e].
:
1. ,
, :
Present Simple:
, . When I
listen to this music, I cant help thinking about you.
Past Continuous:
, .
When I was solving the problem, I discovered an interesting regularity.
When + :
, . When
a boy, I used to go fishing.
213
2. ,
, :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
?
?
?
?
?
.
.
1 (ENGLISH RUSSIAN)
.
.
. 214
( to ).
.
Green issues matter for holidaymakers
By Steve Hawkes (The Times)
(1) Before booking breaks, Britons are demanding that holiday
companies take a responsible approach to the environment
Peter Long, the chief executive of TUI Travel, welcomed Britons commitment to taking a summer break yesterday as he revealed
that 90 per cent of his customers were looking to get away despite the
economic gloom.
(2) He said that a holiday remained a priority for people and
that they would rather cut back on eating out and spending on big DIY
projects than holidays. He would do as well to champion TUIs green
credentials, as the latest in a series of exclusive surveys for The Times
shows that, increasingly, holidaymakers are taking the environment
into account when choosing where to go on holiday.
(3) A Populus survey reveals that 78 per cent of those heading
abroad take into account whether a holiday is responsible or ecofriendly when deciding where to book their tri p.Nearly two thirds
65 per cent consider whether their destinations can be reached by
train or boat in an attempt to lessen their carbon footprint. The
survey also found that more than 70 per cent would consider taking
more holidays in the UK in the future to help the environment.
(4) Giles Gibbons, managing director of the consultancy Good
Business, says: The Costa del Sol approach to putting up an apartment block and not worry[ing] about the area you are in is no longer
good enough. People are looking far more at their holiday from an
environmental perspective.
(5) Center Parcs is judged as one of the best tour operators in
terms of overall appeal and its perceived work in tackling social and
environmental issues, reflecting its efforts at blending in with the woodland around its sites. The group has also introduced low energy light
bulbs and used rainwater in toilet cisterns to save about 11 million
litres of water each year, a bonus in the eyes of some consumers.
215
Virgin Holidays, which recruits the vast majority of its overseas staff
from local communities, takes second place to Center Parcs when
judged on its success in tackling social issues. (...)
2 (RUSSIAN ENGLISH)
. ,
. .
(1) ,
21
.
21 .
. ,
.
(2) 11 2001 - .
350 . USD. 5
, ,
, .
(3) , .
. , ,
,
.
(4) 1997 , . 216
.
. , 1998
.
(5) ,
, . , , ,
,
,
. .
3.6.
.
, .
.
: , , , .
.
, . ,
,
.
.
,
217
,
.
CAN ,
,
:
They cant have done it. ,
.
Can they have done it? ?
CAN COULD :
They could have done it themselves. (=
) (
).
MAY MIGHT , :
He might be late. , . (=
, .)
:
He may have missed the train. ,
.
MIGHT () () ,
:
() She might have told you about it sooner.
( ).
() She might have fallen. .
HAVE
TO, , do, does, did:
He had to wait for the whole group, didnt ( hadnt) he?
, ?
218
TO BE (TO), MUST,
(); , ,
. :
The train is to arrive at 6 PM. 6
.
The train was to arrive at 6 PM. 6 . ( , , ,
.)
The train was to have arrived at 6 PM.
6 . ( , .)
should,
, :
Should you need (= If you need) my advice, please feel free
to call me. , .
, , ,
.
. , , (
, ).
220
May
?
Will you be able to help
them?
( )
. I may do it
just as well.
Could + Perfect Infini- , (
- tive
). You
Can
,
(). She
cant be sleeping.
,
. He cant have
done it.
?
Can she have said it? (Can
it be that she said it?)
? Could (Will) you
please call later.
Could
Will
I wish + - ,
- . I wish I could
+ help you.
, . I
wish she hadnt left.
, .
I wish he were with us.
Cannot (cant)
. You
cant smoke here.
221
Must not
( )
. You
must not ski p classes.
Can
()
. I can solve such
problems.
May (= be allowed)
- May
Perhaps
Maybe
, .
She may be still sleeping. =
Perhaps shes still sleeping.
, . He
may have left.
, .
He might be late.
- Must
Obviously
Probably
Evidently
Be (un)likely
222
(),
. They
must have forgotten about it.
( must + Perfect
Infinitive probably+ Past Simple (Present
Perfect) must have failed
to do smth: ,
. Probably
he didnt notice us. = He must
have failed to notice us.
, . He is unlikely
to come today.
,
,
.
Will
(). This will be my father.
be sure (certain)
to do smth.
() . He is sure
(certain) to do it.
Must
()
. We must (are
obliged) to help them by all
means.
Be obliged
Need (to)
Neednt do
(have done)
Dont (doesnt,
didnt, wont)
need to do
Dont (doesnt,
didnt, wont)
have to do
Have (to)
. You neednt (=
dont need to = dont have
to) come.
( ) .
They neednt have come
(didnt need to come = didnt
have to come).
.
You will have to wait.
,
. Im glad you didnt
have to wait.
,
,
Be (to)
3. The train
is to arrive at platform 5.
, (..
). He was to
have done it yesterday, but
he fell ill.
, Be (to)
. They were
to live a long life.
223
Should
Ought (to)
(= ),
. You
ought to have called before
coming.
(= ).
You shouldnt have told them
about it.
Shall ( )
!
They shall remember me!
Should
() .
Increase of wages should result
in price rise.
(
)
Will
(
). The
door wont open.
Would
( ) . He
wouldnt admit his fault.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
224
?
?
?
?
,
?
6.
, (
, , , )?
1 (ENGLISH RUSSIAN)
The Economist .
,
.
(1) Google currently handles 66% of searches on the internet
in America, compared with 21% for Yahoo and a mere 7% for
Microsoft (through MSN and its new search engine, live.com). Strikingly, over the past year both Microsoft and Yahoo have seen their
share of searches decline while Googles has gained.
(2) The more people use your search engine, the more advertisers you can attract; and the more advertisers you can attract, the
more likely you are to be able to serve up relevant advertisements that
people will actually click on. As Mr Ballmer puts it: While online
advertising growth continues, there are significant benefits of scale in
advertising platform economics, in capital costs for search index buildout, and in research and development, making this a time of industry
consolidation and convergence.
(3) Microsoft is desperate to grab a bigger share of the onlineadvertising market because many of its software products are being
challenged by free, advertising-supported services offered by Google.
The company is also worried that Googles dominance in search and
advertising allows it to dictate terms to advertisers, and gives it an
unfair advantage over its smaller rivals. This is a bit rich coming from
Microsoft, a convicted monopolist in operating-system software, which
has also been known to squeeze out smaller competitors, but its
anger that it has had to endure years of scrutiny by regulators, while
Google has been left alone, is genuine.
(4) As well as creating a stronger rival to Google, the deal would
also have other merits, Microsoft claims. The two companies could
combine their research-and-development efforts into search, advertising and other areas; they could save money by consolidating the
225
(3) . , . , ,
, , , . ,
,
.
(4) . ,
.
, , .
3.7.
, .
.
, :
/:
/:
/:
/:
/:
/:
/:
means means
deer deer
sheep sheep
hair hair ( hairs )
fish fish ( fishes )
trout trout
salmon salmon18
data
, .. datum, . . : Data is/are.
18
227
-:
commanders-in-chief
passer-by passers-by
mothers-in-law
lady-bugs
forget-me-nots
merry-go-rounds
:
.
clothes
police
proceeds
( )
money19
sledge
perfume
passage
hair
moustache
the USA (the United States)
. .
/
/
/
knowledge
information
news
19
moneys . .
228
()
()
()
advice
per cent
evidence
. .
()
. .
()
investment(s)
finance(s)
election(s)
watch(es)
abstract(s)
s,
:
barracks
works
physics
(- collectives).
20
: statistics (..) ,
, statistics (..) ;
content (), , contents () ; development (), developments
, .
229
, , :
( )
( )
230
, )
:
. Ten kilometres is not a long distance for
a bike ride.
. Ten
kilometres are not easy to walk in hot weather.
, ,
(
N + N, ):
:
the climate of Britain
Britains government
my friends house
my friends house
my friends parents house
my friend and his brothers
house
(. .) Johns and Jacks houses
. Ch. Dickens (= Ch. Dickenss) novels
data base
draft law
:
an application to the dean
a note for the manager
:
, . films directed by E.
Ryazanov
, a letter written with a
pencil
231
:
? Are you going to town?
. She left for
Brest last week.
? When did he go on a
business tri p? .
1.
2.
3.
4.
?
?
?
, ?
1 (ENGLISH RUSSIAN)
(1) (2) . .
(1) Writers, Studios Make Progress (The World Street Journal)
LOS ANGELES The leadershi p of the striking Writers Guild
of America and top studio executives have made significant progress
on a key issue, people familiar with the matter said, a development
that may set the stage for a new labor agreement that would end a
nearly three-month-old work stoppage by film and TV writers. (...)
(2) From The Sunday Times
SCOTLAND YARDS antiterrorist squad secretly bugged a highprofile Labour Muslim MP during private meetings with one of his
constituents. Sadiq Khan, now a government whi p, was recorded by
an electronic listening device hidden in a table during visits to the
constituent in prison. (...)
232
. - , , . ,
, .
.
(3) ,
, .
.
3.8.
,
.
, .
, :
hard ( hardly,
, , );
fast ;
straight ;
lovely ;
high , (highly ,
, :
) .
, , :
, .
The tri p turned out much (= far) more exciting than we had
expected.
234
, :
. ( softer, more softly);
. ( larger, more);
. ( smaller, a less / fewer)22
:
as white as snow
, as strong as his elder brother
, ... not as (so) punctual as ...
( , , ) :
( , ) .
Her flat is twice as large as mine (three, four times larger than
mine).
( , ) .
Her flat is half as large as mine (three, four times smaller than
mine).
, , : , .
:
. This is a most difficult problem.
. This problem is most difficult;
little . littler , , ;
lesser, .,
to a lesser extent .
22
235
, , :
,
, :
a historic event;
a historical museum.
:
the future;
the poor;
the rich.
,
:
payment documents;
customs declaration;
business communication.
, (look , taste .),
its :
She looks good. .
This perfume smells nice. .
Its deep here. .
Its hot and humid today. .
,
:
1.
236
: - research;
2.
+ : internationally accepted;
3. : competitive;
4. , and:
- black-and-white;
5. : - deep purple;
6. : science intensive;
7. :
shock
proof;
8. :
time (labor) consuming;
9. :
the military;
10. : -
social-economic;
11. :
short-term;
12. :
(the) above-mentioned.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
? ?
?
, ?
, , ?
.
.
237
1 (ENGLISH RUSSIAN)
,
. . .
How good should your business be?
From The Economist print edition
Corporate social responsibility has great momentum. All the more
reason to be aware of its limits
(1) HOW wonderful to think that you can make money and save
the planet at the same time. Doing well by doing good has become
a popular business mantra: the phrase conjures up a Panglossian bestof-all-possible worlds, the idea that firms can be successful by acting in
the broader interests of society as a whole even while they satisfy the
narrow interests of shareholders. The noble sentiment will no doubt
echo around the Swiss Alps next week as chief executives hobnob with
political leaders at the World Economic Forum in Davos.
(2) For these are high times for what is clunkingly called corporate social responsibility (CSR). No longer is it enough for annual
reports to have a philanthropic paragraph about the charity committee;
now companies put out long tracts full of claims about their fair
trading and carbon neutralising. One huge push for CSR has come
from climate change: sustainability is its most dynamic branch.
(3) Another has been the internet, which helps activists scrutinise corporate behaviour around the globe. But the biggest force is the
presumption that a modern business needs to be, or at least appears to
be, good to hang on to customers and recruit clever young people.
(4) Thus for most managers the only real question about CSR
is how to do it. Our special report this week looks at their uneven
progress in that regard. But it is also worth repeating a more fundamental question this paper has asked before: is the CSR craze a good thing
for business and for society as a whole?
2 (RUSSIAN ENGLISH)
.
.
238
,
(1) ? , .
? ,
- .
, .
(2) ,
.
,
. .
. 2007 106,
2006 15, 2002- 9.
(3) .
Merrill Lynch Capgemini,
345 , 1 . 5 30 . ,
3 .
3.9.
, :
1)
(. 3.8), : direct
:
You can apply to the company direct. () .
You can use direct speech.
.
239
,
:
few (friends, books, ideas), little (sugar, time,
money).
fewer (friends, books, ideas), less (sugar, time,
money).
3)
:
I havent seen him here before.
.
Before the war, their family lived in Vitebsk.
.
I havent seen her since. .
Since she left, I havent seen her.
, .
Since its your first visit, Ill take you there.
, .
4)
:
. It feels
very good after massage. ( feel,
smell, taste, look, sound)
. It was very funny. ( it
be)
5)
, :
. His works are widely known.
. Open your mouth wide.
6)
240
, :
in a friendly way;
on time;
in the end;
its time .
7)
,
: :
, .
We need another two hours to complete the work.
? Who else did you invite?
. He hasnt come yet.
2000 . They started
this project as early as (= back) in the year 2000.
? Do you want more?
. She is still sleeping.
. Id like another
cup of coffee.
, . Please stay with
us longer if you can.
8)
, , , ..
-:
? What do you think?
? ( ?) What
does he look like?
. They walked slowly.
? How do you know?
1.
2.
3.
?
, ?
?
241
4.
5.
?
?
1 (ENGLISH RUSSIAN)
, . , . ,
, ,
.
AS DOLLAR FALLS, MIGRANTS FEEL PINCH
By Tom A. Peter (The Christian Science Monitor)
Their earnings dont stretch as far for family overseas, so many
are working extra hours.
(1) CAMBRIDGE, MASS. Working in the kitchen at a midpriced restaurant in Cambridge, Mass., Jose Lucas managed to cover
all the expenses of his wife and three kids in his native Brazil. But that
changed when the real appreciated 60 percent against the US dollar
in the past three years.
I had to get more hours at work so I could send more money,
says Mr. Lucas. I used to work 40 hours a week. Now, I work 56. So
far, the extra hours have made up the difference.
(2) Across the US, the falling dollar value has sent ri pples
through immigrant communities that send money to family overseas.
As some currencies for developing countries have risen substantially
against the dollar, many immigrant workers are increasing their workweek by up to 20 hours or taking second jobs. If the dollars slide
continues, the US may become less attractive to migrant workers,
analysts say.
(3) Although its too early to tell whether this will cause a major shift in immigration, a number of migrants in Ecuador, Peru,
and Bolivia are already choosing Spain over the US.
242
20 percent hit for a rich man is probably tolerable ... but for poor
people, a 20 percent income hit is a very big hit, and they would be
hard pressed to adjust to it, says Dili p Ratha, asenior economist at
the World Bank who specializes in remittances and migration.
(10) While these families are not likely to go hungry, they will
probably simplify their diets to subsist on a bare minimum, Dr. Ratha
says. Theyre also likely to cut back on clothing purchases and limit
any medical treatment to emergency situations.
(11) As migrants look to cut costs, some businesses that cater
to immigrant needs are starting to feel the pinch. Take Alberto Gomess
Superior Supermarket, a small Portuguese and Brazilian grocery store
in Cambridge. In years past, Mr. Gomes, who is originally from Portugal, attracted a number of area Brazilians by stocking his shelves
with goods from Brazil and Portugal. But when the dollar began to
fall, the cost of goods soared, and Gomes had to raise prices. I do
about half of the business [I used to], he says. Currently, his operation is in the red. I take it day by day and see how Americas going to
do, he says.
(12) For some countries, however, mainly Mexico, the exchange rate remains favorable, and the economic incentives for working
in the US continue. Yet in any case, it can be difficult to draw hard
and fast conclusions about remittance flows, given the undocumented
status of many people in the migrant workforce, says Simon Reich,
director of the Ford Institute for Human Security at the University
of Pittsburgh. The vast majority of money is going to migrants families in Mexico and Central America, says Dr. Reich. This means that
the vast majority of migrants have not been affected by [the falling
dollar value].
2 (RUSSIAN ENGLISH)
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244
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245
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each of us
anyone can do it
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never anybody, anyone, ei249
ther, .. , :
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tells anybody about his problems.
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he told neither) of them about it.
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ready, including myself.
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(). Were getting together
tomorrow at my (her) place.
1.
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3.
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1 (ENGLISH RUSSIAN)
, - .
250
.
The Preservation Predicament
By Cornelia Dean (The New York Times)
(1) Conservation organizations that work to preserve biologically rich landscapes are confronting a painful realization: In an era of
climate change, many of their efforts may be insufficient or beside
the point.
(2) Some scientists say efforts to re-establish or maintain salmon
runs in Pacific Northwest streams will be of limited long-term benefit
to the fish if warming makes the streams inhospitable. Others worry
about efforts to restore the fresh water flow of the Everglades, given
that much of it will be under water as sea level rises. Some geologists
say it may be advisable to abandon efforts to preserve some fragile
coastal barrier islands and focus instead on allowing coastal marshes
to migrate inland, as sea level rises.
(3) And everywhere, ecologists and conservation biologists wonder how landscapes already under preservation will change with the
climate. We have over a 100-year investment nationally in a large
suite of protected areas that may no longer protect the target ecosystems for which they were formed, said Healy Hamilton, director of
the California Academy of Sciences, who attended a workshop on the
subject in November in Berkeley, California New species will move
in, and the target species will move out.
(4) As a result, more and more conservationists believe they must
do more than identify biologically important landscapes and raise
money to protect them. They must peer into an uncertain future,
guess which sites will be important 50 or 100 years from now, and
then try to balance these guesses against the pressing needs of the
present.
(5) Its turning conservation on its head, said Bill Stanley,
who directs the global climate change initiative at the Nature Conservancy. He said the organization has a goal to protect 10 percent of
major habitat types like grasslands, forests and freshwater systems by
2015.
(6) We are not sure exactly how to treat this yet, Mr. Stanley
said. Areas that we preserved as grasslands are going to become for251
ests. Does this mean we are going to have more than enough forest
and less grassland than we had before? Or does it mean we should
fight it try to keep the forest from coming into those grasslands?
Or should we try to find new areas that are least likely to change, that
seem to be the least susceptible to change, and prioritize those areas?
(7) As Dr. Hamilton put it, Our whole strategy is going to
have to shift. No one is suggesting that land conservation done so far
has been a wasted effort. Many argue that preserved areas will contribute immensely to ecosystem resilience as the climate changes.
2 (RUSSIAN ENGLISH)
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253
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254
ENGLISH RUSSIAN
(1) ,
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McKinsey Global Institute,
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255
(4)
,
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.
(5) The findings are likely to attract attention from bankers and
policy-makers since they come
amid an intensifying debate about
the changing pattern of financial
power an issue likely to be centre stage at the meeting of the World
Economic Forum in Davos next
week.
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256
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ENGLISH RUSSIAN
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258
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259
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66%. (...)
260
Neptune Investment
Management
ENGLISH RUSSIAN
(, 10.01.2008)
Colleagues call you ace, you always look busy and the chief executive knows who you are thanks
to some smart moves at the office
Christmas party. But have you done
enough to earn yourself a raise?
Not on that evidence. Heres what
it really takes to make the perfect
pitch and boost your pay packet:
, ,
, ,
.
?
,
.
,
:
1.
, ,
,
,
Pearn Kandola. , .
,
.
2. Do your homework.
Its important to understand what
the salary norms are for the job
role and industry that you are
working in, says Jo Causon, director of marketing and corporate
affairs at the Chartered Management Institute. This means comparing roles and activities, not job
titles within the company, she says.
Theres no reason why you cannot ask your HR department how
is my role benchmarked?
2.
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261
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262
, . ,
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8. Be open.
Dean Hodcroft, the head of real
estate at Ernst & Young, a professional services firm, likes people
who get to the point and who have
done their homework. That [approach] makes me much more disposed to having a sensible, open
and honest conversation, he says.
8.
, Ernst
& Young, ,
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9.
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263
, ,
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Read up.
For more advice on how to build
a persuasive case for a pay rise,
go to www.businessballs.com.
,
,
www.businessballs.com.
ENGLISH RUSSIAN
(, 28.11.2007)
15 . ,
(1)
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264
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265
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Rio Tinto,
.
Rio
266
bid by its rival BHP Billiton. However, Rio has little money of its own
to spend, having taken on $40 billion debt to buy Alcan during the
summer. Rio declined to comment
on Norilsk.
-
BHP Billiton,
62 . . Rio ,
,
40 .
,
Alcan. Rio .
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ENGLISH RUSSIAN
()
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267
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268
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ENGLISH RUSSIAN
(10) ,
8
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Gazproms stranglehold
(The Financial Times)
( )
(1) Gazprom has long been the bogeyman of European energy. Whenever a rival gas supplier announces a
(1)
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270
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. ,
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(3) Gazprom currently controls about two-fifths of the European Unions imported gas
supplies, according to the trade
body, Eurogas. As several longterm supply contracts approach
expiry, the theory goes, other
companies such as Norways
StatoilHydro and Sonatrach of
Algeria are poised to capture
market share, particularly in
central and Eastern Europe.
(3)
,
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(StatoilHydro) (Sonatrach),
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271
43% 2008 ,
( , ).
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2006/
2007 .
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(6) , 2010 ,
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4.1.2.
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RUSSIAN ENGLISH 1
( )
: (www.naviny.by)
1,5
. .
272
.
,
1,5 . 20 . 2007
( : ). 15
LIBOR 0,75% .
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273
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.
Economic expert hails Russian loan terms
Economic expert Stanislaw Bahdankevich has hailed terms on which
the Russian government is to issue a $1.5-billion stabilization loan to
Belarus.
Minsk asked Russia for a $1.5-billion stabilization loan in February 2007, citing the need to plug holes in the budget caused by a
sharp rise in energy prices. On Thursday, the Belarusian and Russian
finance ministers signed an interstate agreement for Belarus to receive the loan.
Definitely, this loan will not undue for us because it is longterm and this is its plus, Dr. Bahdankevich, a former chairman of the
National Bank of Belarus and a member of the United Civic Party,
told BelaPAN. One more plus, I think, is its reasonable interest rate.
In addition, the five-year repayment deferment is also a positive thing.
The expert said that he would have accepted the terms if in power.
Mr. Bahdankevich said that the Belarusian authorities should make a
wise use of the loan, citing a gloomy outlook for the countrys economy.
He said that Belarus deficit in foreign trade was projected to
total between $1.2 billion and $1.4 billion in 2008, and the government should use the Russian funds to maintain the stability of the
national currency.
274
100 .
(www.naviny.by)
100 .
. e
2008-2011
, 4 ,
(1)
,
, .
(1) A new country assistance strategy for Belarus for the period between 2008 and 2011, which provides for the loan program, was discussed by the World Banks Board
of Executive Directors, according to
the World Banks office in Belarus.
(2) ,
15 . .
275
-
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(3) ,
22,6 . 2001 .
600 ,
,
, 20-25%.
(4) , ,
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.
(4) The additional funding will go toward similar projects at 140 schools and
hospitals across Belarus, including window and boiler replacement, wall and
roof insulation, and the installation of
energy efficient lighting.
(5) ,
,
, .
276
RUSSIAN ENGLISH
:
Charles Karelis. The Persistence of Poverty. Why the Economics of the WellOff Cant Help the Poor. Yale University Press, Hew Haven and London,
2007. 208 pp. ( & , 2007 .)
The English version of the book review: Charles Karelis. The Persistence of Poverty. Why the Economics of the Well-Off Cant
Help the Poor. Yale University
Press, Hew Haven and London,
2007. 208pp. (Finance & Development, December 2007)
(1) . , , , ,
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The persistence of poverty is distressing both because we feel compassion for the poor and because
poverty is associated with disruptive behaviors, such as crime. It is
also puzzling, because conventional economic wisdom suggests
that poor people have strong incentives to find employment, get
educated, and, more generally,
seek to better their lives. If your
277
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(6) Not all the policy implications are equally cheering. For example, Kareliss line of argument
279
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Daniel Hardy
Division Chief
IMF Monetary and Capital
Markets Department
4.2.
.
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1 2 .
,
.
281
ENGLISH RUSSIAN
1-
2-
GOVERNMENTS
ROLE IN
ENCOURAGING
SMALL BUSINESS
By Steve Strauss
(Economic Perspectives)
( - ( )
)
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283
1-
2-
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ENGLISH RUSSIAN
LAYING
THE GROUNDWORK
FOR ECONOMIC
GROWTH
1-
1-
By Ira M. Millstein
(Economic Perspectives)
( 1 )
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RUSSIAN ENGLISH
1-
2-
(www.pravda.ru)
ARGUMENTS ON
PIPELINES GO ON
PIPE DISPUTE
CONTINUES
(1)
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286
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(3)
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287
RUSSIAN ENGLISH
1-
2-
(www.pravda.ru)
(1)
,
.
(1) As a result of the agricultural crisis in Russian its domestic producers of mineral fertilizers had to search for
customers on the world
market, where Russias
chemicals had already
dumped prices significantly.
(2) , ,
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,
.
(3) 4050%.
,
.
(3) The amount of output in domestic enterprises averages only 4050% of its potential capacity. All the companies work for export, as
there is practically no
home market.
(4) -
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288
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(6)
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4.3.
ENGLISH RUSSIAN
the OECD. With a domestic market that offers little scope for growth,
Japan is missing out on opportunities overseas.
Time for a new model
(4) Its old industrial model, which formed the basis of the Japanese miracle in the second half of the 20th century, was devised
under very different circumstances: high growth and a pyramidal population structure, with far more young people than old, notes Atsushi
Seike, a labour economist at Keio University in Tokyo. This old model
was founded on three main elements: first, lifetime employment, in
which workers spend their entire career at the same firm, slowly
working their way up the ranks; second, seniority-based pay, which
links wages to length of tenure rather than ability; and third, company-specific unions.
(5) Another typically Japanese practice was a close relationshi p with amain bank and other companies organised into corporate groups known as keiretsu, bound together by aweb of reci procal
cross-shareholdings. The old model was well suited to the times: it
delivered social stability and cohesion as Japanese workers pulled together to catch up with Western nations, and helped Japan to become the worlds second-biggest economy.
(6) But the population structure has changed beyond recognition and Japan is no longer a developing country, so the old model
no longer fits and many of its strengths have become weaknesses. It
hinders consolidation among Japanese firms, which is necessary if
they are to become more globally competitive. It prevents the efficient
redeployment of labour and a proper use of women and elderly workers, which will be vital if Japan is to cope with its ageing population
and shrinking workforce. The old model hampers entrepreneurshi p
and innovation in small companies, an important component of a
dynamic and responsive economy. All of this acts as a brake on growth.
At the same time, Japan needs to become more closely integrated
into the global economy, both to gain access to fast-growing foreign
markets and to enable competition from foreign firms to spur improvements in the stodgy services sector. That is why a new, more
flexible model is needed.
(7) In the late 1990s, when Japan had endured almost a decade
of stagnation, the American model seemed to have all the answers
a reversal from the 1980s, when American firms were trying to emulate the seemingly unstoppable Japanese model. Americas economy
was booming, fuelled by a flourishing technology industry. Its approach
291