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High Density Charge Cluster Method for Remediating

Radioactive Emissions
Background
For more than twenty years, scientists have been independently
conducting laboratory experiments focused on a naturally occurring
phenomenon exhibited by lightning strikes which is referred to in
patents issued in 1991 to Dr. Kenneth Shoulders [ 1] referred to in the
scientific literature as High Density Charge Clusters [HDCC]. Shoulders
most recent documents referred to charge clusters as Extraordinary
Voltage Objects [EVO's]. Other prominent scientists around the world
have applied for and been awarded patents for similar discoveries in
the field. [2] In our research, we have demonstrated that when a high
energy burst of electrons is emitted at the tip of a properly constructed
probe,
Figure 1

Shoulders, Kenneth C., United States Patent 5,153,9901; 5,148,461; 5,123,030;

5,054,047; 5,054,046; 5,018,180
2
Bowman, USPTO 6,233,298; Mesyats-Druce, USPTO 5,774,348; Puthoff, Harold A.,
USPTO 5,537,009; Stern, USPTO 6,331,774; Venneri, USPTO 6,442,226

EVO Plasma Discharge [Jin][3]

and directed toward a target material, which is placed in front of an

anode, in the presence of properly aligned magnetic fields and in the
presence of a proton-rich plasma [e.g., deuteride gas] contained in a
vacuum chamber, the cloud of electrons emitted at the tip of the probe
organizes itself into a toroid measuring 1 micron in diameter.[4]
Figure 2 - T. Banchoff Flat Torus in 3-Sphere [5]

The toroidal form of the EVO has been photographed with high
resolution tunneling electron microscopes (TEM) at the point of
3

Jin, S-X, EVO plasma discharge toroidal structure image, ref.

This image was produced by T. Banchoff and his colleagues at the University of
Illinois, in concert with N. Thompson at Brown University and D. Banks of the
University of North Carolina and Langley Research Center. It is of no small interest to
the authors that this figure was produced with Y-Bias and Angularity data as an
expression of a topological model.
4

http://www.geom.uiuc.edu/docs/research/ieee94/node25.html

emission. This phenomenon, which demonstrates the dynamics of selforganizing criticality at a microscopic scale, is specifically prohibited by
the standard model of physics because it is believed to violate the Pauli
Exclusion Principle.
Figure 3

HDCC trajectories

Cusp magnetic field

Anode

Cathode

Accelerated
ring
Electron
beem

After compression
and ion loading

Shoulders - (a) EV & (b) EV Chain

Nevertheless, as the photographic and digital imaging evidence shows,

the toroid formed by the self-organizing behavior of the electrons in a
vacuum/plasma is both stable and can be directed through a protonrich environment along the flux lines of a properly aligned magnetic
field, to collide with a target material.

Figure 4

The multiple EVO strikes [shown in Fig. 5] are caused by an induction

Collective Ion Accelerator
coil-driven
electrode being scanned along the top side of the foil with a
Layout
Scheme
spacing of about .75 inch. In some regions the EVO penetrates the 0.02
inch thick coating and 0.001 inch thick foil carrying the fluid out the
back side, appearing as a flare in the photo. In other cases, the EVO
penetrates the coating and foil and then reverses direction carrying the
fluidized SiC out the entry direction with high velocity. [6]

Figure 5

Edge View of Multiple EVO Strikes in Air on an

aluminum foil with SiC & Epoxy Mix
Fig. 6
Pinhole Camera Side View of Dual
EVO Flight Through Vacuum
6

The ability to penetrate is tied to having an electrical impedance match for the EVO
upon emergence into the space beyond the foil. Deep penetration of the materials
depends upon having a form of impedance match between the foil and the airspace.

Coming from the EVO source at the lower portion of the pinhole
camera image, the EVO is seen to follow a helical pattern of motion
and decomposing into the individual electrons as it moves at a rate of
1/10 the velocity of light to the top of the photo. The length of the EVO
run in this photo is approximately 0.1 inches. This type of charge
motion produces a chirped spectrum of radiation sweeping from higher
to lower frequencies. [7]
The value of the phenomenon as a means for efficiently performing
work results from the fact that while 3.5 MeV is required to propel a
proton [1,835 times more massive than an electron] to .1 C in a
conventional linear particle accelerator, an electron charge cluster can
be accelerated to the same velocity with 2.5 KeV, a differential of 10 3
electron volts. When undertaken under controlled conditions, the
results demonstrate that the acceleration of the protons captured by
the EVO does not diminish the velocity of the charge cluster itself. In
this case, according to the Shoulders-Jin formulations, the second law
of thermodynamics is locally violated, as predicted by Bearden et al.
Figure 7

ttp://www.svn.net/krscfs/Electromagnetic%20Pulse%20Source%20Using
%20Fluidized%20Electrons-Appendix%20I.PDF

Schematic Diagram of HDCC Accelerator

Radioactivity Remediation System
When proton-entangled EVO's are directed at the target material, the
cumulative

effect

supplied

by

the

aggregated

kinetic

energy

represented by the entire collection of protons is shown to be sufficient

to disaggregate the nuclear particles comprising the target material.

Figure 8

While laboratory tests demonstrate that both gamma and neutron

emissions are present during this interaction, Jin has also shown that
the impact does not create a catastrophic fission event.
Figure 9

Instead, at the point of impact, light [in the form of highly energized
photons], heat [in the form of infrared emissions], gamma rays and
neutrons are emitted as the result of the disaggregating effect of the
collision. Within narrow limits, during the pico-seconds following the
impact

event,

the

hadrons

disaggregated

to

form

plasma

automatically re-arrange themselves to create a nuclear structure

which demonstrates a quantum reduction of energy to constitute what
is referred to as a more 'steady state,' that is, a condition in which the
number and volume of neutrons, gamma rays and other products of
nuclear decay are reduced to a lower energy state. This process results

in a shortening of the half-life of the target material by 50.0% with

each collision and reorganizing event.
Figure 9

In controlled laboratory experiments, Jin et al has demonstrated

conclusively [as Shoulders predicted] that when subjected to a steady,
targeted stream of EVO's, the gamma and neutron emissions produced
by one gallon of 40% molal solution of Thorium 232 [finely particulated
Thorium Oxalate, as found in common camp stove lantern mantel
materials] is reduced to ambient background levels in one hour. Digital
images of the target materials taken via tunneling electron microscopy
conclusively demonstrate the profound atomic and molecular effects
produced by bombardment of any target material with protonentangled EVO's under controlled conditions.

Figure 10

FIRST LENT-1 GAMMA SPECTRA

Courtesy Trenergy, Inc. [December 4, 1997] [8]

The implications arising from this scientifically validated protocol are

profound. The procedures developed by Jin et al demonstrate that a
low voltage power source can be harnessed to drive a properly
engineered electron emitting apparatus in a way that results in the
reduction of gamma, neutron and photon emissions in a target
material, without the danger of triggering any sort of catastrophic
fission event. The research also strongly suggests that this apparatus
can be design-engineered to operate on a continuous, controlled basis
with complete safety and at relatively modest cost.
8

Jin used a Ludlum Measurements, Inc., Sodium Iodide detector, Model 4410-D; the
Aptec Autobias PC Card, Aptec Multi-channel analyzer [Series 5000 MCard], and
Aptect Basic Display and Acquisition Software [PCMCA/SUPER]. This combination
provides a relatively low-cost gamma-ray spectroscope.

Simultaneous Acceleration in HDCC Interactions

An important feature of HDCCs is their strong ability to ionize nearby
materials and the ability to attract and transport positive ions.

The

ionization effect is produced by the high energy electrons in the

potential well of the HDCC.

Newly produced positive ions (e.g.,

protons) can be trapped in the highly-negative potential well of the

charge cluster and travel with and be accelerated together with the
charge cluster. Experiments show that the number of trapped positive
ions is about 10-4 to 10-3 percent of the electron number. Therefore, the
local positive ion density could be as high as about 10 17 to 1018 ions per
square centimeter. It is important to note that this combined charge
cluster can be accelerated to high energies similar to the acceleration
of an individual electron.
Mathematical Basis of the Process
Jin, Faust, Schroedter, Shoulders & Yurth have provided the following
formulation for estimating the maximum electric field and holding
power in a HDCC ring. As an approximation of the HDCC ring, consider
an electron ring with major radius R, minor radius a, and uniform
electron density ne, in a background of ions (charge +Ze) of uniform
density ni. We assume a/R << 1, then the self-electric field Er of the
slender

ring

coordinates (r,

could

be

expressed

approximately

in

cylindrical

, z) by (in MKSA units)

Em = ener/20 (1 fe)

(1)
where fe = Z ne/ni is a charge neutralization factor. The maximum
electric field in the ring could be estimated by the electric field at the
edge of the ring (r = a): Em = enea/20 (1 fe), or using the total
number of electrons in the ring, Ne = 22a2R ne, it can be written as

Em = Ne/420aR (1 fe)
(2)
Numerically, it gives

Em = 4.58 1010Ne/aR (1 fe)

(V/m)

(3)
In order for the ions to be accelerated along with the electron ring, the
ions must be held within the ring during the acceleration. The holding
power is defined as the maximum electric field holding the ions in the
accelerated ring, Eh . The Eh is related to the maximum electric field

Em and can be expressed as

Eh = Em

(4)

Because of the neutralization effect of the ions the Eh is always smaller

than Em, i.e. < 1. The size of

depends on the ion number and

distribution in the electron ring. As an example, consider the 20

diameter HDCC ring. With the data given by Ken Shoulders [8-11], we
have a ~ 0.5

m , R ~ 10 m, Ne ~ 1013 and fe ~105<< 1, and

therefore, we get Em ~ 1014 V/m, and

Eh 1014 V/m

(5)

This field strength shows that the collective electric field in the HDCC
ring is millions of times stronger than the electric field in normal
intense relativistic electron beam (~100 MV/m), or about eight orders
of magnitude increase compared with the average electric field limit in
conventional accelerators (1 - 5 MV/m). This holding power is strong
enough to hold ions in the moving potential well of the ring during the
acceleration.

HDCC trajectories

Cusp magnetic field

Anode

Cathode

Accelerated
ring
Electron
beem

After compression
and ion loading

There is a possibility that using a specially designed multi-tip cathode

array and a properly calibrated magnetic field [as shown in Figure 4], a
large high density electron ring with dimensions much larger than the
20 microns could be generated. For example, consider a situation in
which a large amount of HDCC produced by a cathode, such as a
metal-dielectric cathode, could be injected into a cusped magnetic
field. The magnetic field would be designed to transform the initially
longitudinally oriented electron velocity into an azimuthally oriented
velocity. With this strategy, the HDCC beam could be accumulated into
a large high-density electron ring. The holding power of the electron
ring would be strong enough to hold large amount of ions (e.g.,
protons) and the ions could be collectively accelerated to a high
energies.

Consider the ion loaded electron ring with sufficiently high holding
power in an external axial (z) electric field E. The rate of energy gain
of the ion energy Wi in the axial direction is then

dWi

(HDCC)

/dz = eEMi/cme [(1 fe )/(1 + fe Mi/Zcme)]

(6)
where Mi and me are the ion and electron rest mass, fe = Zni/ne is a
charge neutralization factor, ni and ne are the ion and electron
number, Z is the charge state of the ion, vc = (1 (ve/c)2 )1/2 is the
relativistic factor, ve is speed of the electron cluster, and c is speed of
light. In the case of small ion loading comparing with electron number,
i.e. fe = Zni /ne << Zc me/Mi , Eq. (6) reduces to

dWi (HDCC)/dz = eEMi/cme

(7)
or after integration we have

Wi (HDCC) = eVMI/cme = (Mi /vcme)We

(8)
where V is the applied potential difference, We is electron kinetic
energy. In the same potential difference V, the energy gain of a pure
ion is

Wi = ZeV
(9)
Comparing the Eqs. (8) and (9) we have

Wi

(HDCC)

/Wi = (Mi /Zcme)We = 1836A/Zvc

(10)
where A is atomic weight of the ion.

This means that the ion

acceleration by electron cluster is about 1836 A/Z times more effective

than pure ion acceleration.

Table 1 shows some applied potential

differences and the kinetic energy of a proton (deuteron) collectively

accelerated by the electron cluster.
As an example, consider a neutron producing reaction:

Li7

Be7 + n,

In this reaction the proton energy must be not less than the reaction
threshold of 1.88 MeV. To achieve this proton energy in a conventional
accelerator, the applied total electric potential differences must be not
less than 1.88 MV.

In the high density charge cluster accelerator,

however, the required potential differences for the same proton energy
is only 1.88 MV/1836 = 1.02 KV.
Table1 - The proton (deuteron) energy accelerated by HDCC
Applied

The kinetic energy of

voltage

Proton

(KV)1

(MeV)
1.836 ( 3.672)

2.5

(deuteron)

4.590 ( 9.180)

10

18.360 ( 36.720)

50

91.800 (183.600)

With the electron current density of 0.1 to10A/cm 2 per pulse, the ion
current density could have about 1 to 100mA/cm2 per pulse, which
correspond to1017 to 1018/cm2 protons per pulse.
The only current embodiment of a self-sustaining reactor with similar
features is the device referred to as a Cold Fusion cell. A key
consideration here is that the pitting observed in the anode material
contained in the conventional CF cell does not comport with the kind of
pitting observed in neutron embrittlement. Rather, when carefully

examined, the observed pitting in the anode of the CF cell is identical

to the pitting photographed by Shoulders, as the product of HDCC
impacts on the surface of similarly constructed anodic materials. What
this suggests about the nature of the intrinsic CF interactions is
significant because it suggests something useful about the underlying
dynamic which seems to drive heat generation, sporadic voltage
production, and anomalous spark generation in the CF apparatus.
Standard Model Beta Production Dynamics
In nuclear physics, according to the standard physical model, beta
decay is described as a type of radioactive decay in which a beta
particle (an electron or a positron) is emitted. In the case of electron
emission, it is referred to as beta minus (), while in the case of a
positron emission it is described as beta plus (+). The kinetic energy
of beta particles exhibits a continuous spectrum ranging from 0 to
maximal available energy (Q), which depends on parent and daughter
nuclear states participating in the decay. Typical Q is normally on the
order of 1 MeV, but it can range from a few KeV to a few tens of MeV.
The most energetic beta particles are described as ultra-relativistic,
with speeds very close to the speed of light.
In decay, the weak interaction is said to convert a neutron (n 0) into
a proton (p+) while emitting an electron (e) and
an antineutrino (Ve):

n0

p
+

e
+ +e

At the fundamental level (as depicted in the typical Feynman diagram),

this is due to the conversion of a down quark to an up quark by
emission of a W boson; the W boson subsequently decays into an
electron and an antineutrino. So, unlike , + decay cannot occur in

isolation, because it requires energy, the mass of the neutron being

greater than the mass of the proton. + decay can only happen inside
nuclei when the value of the binding energy of the mother nucleus is
greater than that of the daughter nucleus. The difference between
these energies goes into the reaction of converting a proton into a
neutron, a positron and a neutrino and into the kinetic energy
exhibited by these particles.
Further, the standard model holds that in all cases where + decay is
allowed energetically and the proton is a part of a nucleus with
electron shells, it is accompanied by the electron capture process when
an atomic electron is captured by a nucleus with the emission of a
neutrino:

ener
gy

p e
n
++ + 0 +
e

But if the energy difference between initial and final states is low (less
than 2mec2), then + decay is not energetically possible, and electron
capture is the sole decay mode.
This

model

has

been

repeatedly

shown

by

widely

reported

experimental evidence to be fundamentally flawed. George C. Mileys

widely published work [along with Shoulders and Puthoff], for example,
has demonstrated that electron generation does not necessarily result
in the reduction in mass of the source material. In order to
accommodate this phenomenon, we have to think about the way
electrons are emitted in the context of a new dynamical model. Here is
the experiment we have repeatedly conducted which demonstrates
how fundamental this notion may be.
Conclusions & Recommendations

The development of an efficient, cost-effective solution to the nuclear

stockpile problem constitutes one of the most important technology
innovations of the 21st Century. In order to succeed, it must be financed
with quiet, patient, long-suffering private sources of capital. Its
research initiatives must be conducted under conditions which are so
thoroughly secret and confidential that none of its detractors will be
able to interdict the process. Whether or not such a combination of
resources and circumstances can be created in time to prevent the
irremediable pollution of the earth's ecosystems remains to be seen.
David G. Yurth
Nova Institute of Technology
Holladay, Utah 84117
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