A Brief Presentation To Steam Turbine

Prepared by: Mohammad Shoeb Siddiqui
Senior Shift Supervisor

Saba Power Company
Cell # +92 321 4598293
What is Steam Turbine?

A Steam Turbine is a device that extracts Thermal
Energy from pressurized Steam and uses it to
do Mechanical Energy on a rotating output shaft.
Steam Turbine is device where Kinetic Energy
(Heat) converted into Mechanical Energy (in shape
of rotation).
Turbine is an Engine that converts Energy of Fluid
into Mechanical energy & The steam turbine is
steam driven rotary engine.
This Presentation is base on basic of Steam Turbine
& 134 MW Toshiba Steam Turbine.
Prepared by
Mohammad Shoeb Siddiqui
Rating & Design Data

Turbine Type: SCSF36, single cylinder, single flow
Reheat condensing turbine.
Rated output:
134 MW
Speed:
3000 RPM
Direction of Revolution:
Counterclockwise
(seeing from turbine front End)
Steam Condition:
Main Steam Press.
Main Steam Temp.
Reheat steam Temp.
Exhaust pressure:
(before MSV): 16548 kpa (g)

(before MSV): 538oC
(before CRV): 538oC
6.77 kpa (g)

Prepared by
Rating & Design Data

Number of Extraction:
Number of Stage:
HP Turbine:
IP Turbine:
LP Turbine:
Number of Wheel:
6
21
9 stages
7 stages
5 stages
21
Prepared by
Prepared by
In order to better understand turbine operation, Four Basic

Classifications are discussed. Type of Steam Flow &
Division of Steam Flow, describes the flow of steam in
relation to the axis of the rotor. indicates whether the
steam flows in just one direction or if it flows in more than
one direction. Way of Energy Conversion & Type of
Blading, Reaction, Impulse and Impulse & Reaction
Combine. identifies the blading as either impulse blading
or reaction blading. Type of Compounding & Cylinder
arrangement refers to the use of blading which causes a
series of pressure drops, a series of velocity drops, or a
combination of the two. (number of cylinders whether
single, tandem or crosscompound in design) Exhausting
Condition & Number of Stages is determined by whether
the turbine exhausts into its own condenser or whether it
exhausts into another piping system.
Prepared by
1. Type of Steam Flow

Turbines may be classified
according to the direction of
steam flow in relation to the
turbine wheel or drum
Axial.
Radial.
Mixed
Tangential Or Helical.
Reentry
Prepared by
Radial Flow:
A turbine may also be

constructed so that the
steam flow is in a radial
direction, either toward or
away from the axis. In
figure
illustrates
an
impulse,
radial
flow, auxiliary turbine such
as may be used as a pump
drive.
The radial turbine is not nor
mally
the preferred choice for
electricity generation and is
usually only employed for
small output applications
Prepared by
Axial Flow:
The great majority of
turbines, especially those
of high power, are axial
flow. In such turbines the
steam flows in a direction
or directions parallel to the
axis of the wheel or rotor.
The axial flow type of turbi
ne is the most preferred for
electricity generation as
several cylinders can be
easily coupled together to
achieve a turbine with a
greater output.
.
Prepared by
Reverse Flow
In some modern turbine designs the
steam flows through part of the high
pressure (HP) cylinder and then is
reversed to flow in the opposite
direction through the remainder of the
HP cylinder. The benefits of this
arrangement are:
outer casing joint flanges and bolts
experience
much
lower
steam
conditions than with the one direction
design
reduction or elimination of axial
(parallel to shaft) thrust created within
the cylinder
lower steam pressure that the outer
casing
shaft
glands
have
to
accommodate
A simplified diagram of a reverse flow high
pressure cylinder is shown in Figure
Prepared by
2. Way of Energy Conversion & Types of Blading

Impulse turbines
Reaction turbines
Impulse & Reaction Combine
Prepared by
By Types of Blading:
The heat energy contained within the steam that
passes through a turbine must be converted
into mechanical energy. How this is achieved
depends on the shape of the turbine blades. The
two basic blade designs are:
1. Impulse
2. Reaction
Prepared by
Impulse:
Impulse blades work on the principle
of high pressure steam striking or
hitting against the moving blades.
The principle of a simple impulse
turbine is shown in Figure.
Impulse
blades
are
usually
symmetrical and have an entrance
and exit angle of approximately 200.
They are generally installed in the
higher pressure sections of the
turbine where the specific volume of
steam is low and requires much
smaller flow areas than that at lower
pressures. The impulse blades are
short and have a constant cross
section.
Prepared by
Reaction:
The principle of a pure reaction turbine
is that all the energy contained within the
steam is converted to mechanical
energy by reaction of the jet of steam as
it expands through the blades of the rotor.
A simple reaction turbine is shown in
Figure. The rotor is forced to rotate as the
expanding steam exhausts the rotor arm
nozzles.
In a reaction turbine the steam expands
when passing across the fixed blades
and incurs a pressure drop and an
increase in velocity. When passing
across the moving blades the steam
incurs both a pressure drop and a
decrease in velocity
A section of reaction type blading is
shown in Figure
Prepared by
Impulse stage
Whole pressure drop in
nozzle (whole enthalpy
drop is changed into
kinetic energy in the
nozzle)
Reaction stage
Pressure drop both in

stationary blades and in
rotary blades (enthalpy
drop
changed
into
kinetic energy both in
stationary blades and in
the moving blades in
rotor)
Prepared by
An impulse stage consists of

stationary blades forming
nozzles through which the
steam expands, increasing
velocity as a result of
decreasing
pressure.
The
steam then strikes the rotating
blades and performs work on
them, which in turn decreases
the velocity (kinetic energy) of
the steam. The stream then
passes through another set of
stationary blades which turn it
back to the original direction
and increases the velocity
again though nozzle action.
Prepared by
In Reaction Turbine both the

moving blades and the non
moving blades designed to act
like nozzles. As steam passes
through
the
nonmoving
blades, no work is extracted.
Pressure will decrease and
velocity will increase as steam
passes through these non
moving blades. In the moving
blades work is extracted. Even
though the moving blades are
designed
to
act
like
nozzles, velocity and pressure
will decrease due to work
being extracted from the
steam.
Prepared by
This utilizes the principle of

impulse and reaction. It is
shown diagrammatically :
There are a number of rows of
moving blades attached to the
rotor and an equal number of
fixed blades attached to the
casing. The fixed blades are set
in a reversed manner compared
to the moving blades, and act as
nozzles. Due to the row of fixed
blades at the entrance, instead of
nozzles, steam is admitted for
the whole circumference and
hence there is an allround or
complete admission.
Prepared by
Compounding of Impulse Turbine

This is done to reduce the rotational speed of the
impulse turbine to practical limits. (A rotor speed
of 30,000 rpm is possible, which is pretty high for
practical uses.)
Compounding is achieved by using more than one
set of nozzles, blades, rotors, in a series, keyed to
a common shaft so that either the steam pressure
or the jet velocity is absorbed by the turbine in
stages.
Three main types of compounded impulse turbines
are:
a) Pressure compounded,
b) velocity compounded and
c) pressure and velocity compounded impulse turbines.
Prepared by
With pressure compounding the total

steam pressure to exhaust pressure is
broken into several pressure drops
through a series of sets of nozzles and
blades. Each set of one row of nozzles
and one row of moving blades is referred
to as a stage
This involves splitting up of the whole
pressure drop from the steam chest
pressure to the condenser pressure into
a series of smaller pressure drops across
several stages of impulse turbine.
The nozzles are fitted into a diaphragm
locked in the casing. This diaphragm
separates one wheel chamber from
another. All rotors are mounted on the
same shaft and the blades are attached
on the rotor.
Pressure staging is also known as
RATEAU staging.
Prepared by
When the velocity energy produced

by one set of fixed nozzles is unable
to be efficiently converted into
rotational motion by one set of
moving blades then it is common to
install a series of blades as shown in
Figure. This arrangement is known
as velocity compounding.
Velocity drop is arranged in many
small drops through many moving
rows of blades instead of a single
row of moving blades.
It consists of a nozzle or a set of
nozzles and rows of moving blades
attached to the rotor or the wheel and
rows of fixed blades attached to the
casing.
Prepared by
This is a combination of
pressurevelocity compounding.
Most modern turbines have a
combination of pressure and
velocity compounding. This type
of arrangement provides a
smaller, shorter and cheaper
turbine but has a slight
efficiency trade off.
Turbines
using
this
arrangement are often referred
to as CURTIS turbines after the
inventor. Individual pressure
stages (each with two or more
velocity stages) are sometimes
called CURTIS stages.
Prepared by
This setup of a nozzle

followed by a set of moving
blades,
nonmoving
blades, and moving blades
makes up a single Curtis
stage. After steam exits the
nozzle there are no further
pressure
drops.
However, across both sets
of moving blades there is a
velocity drop. This causes
the Curtis stage to be
classified
as
velocity
compounded blading.
Prepared by
Turbines can be arranged either single cylinder or multistage in design.

The multistage can be either velocity, pressure or velocitypressure
compounded (discussed as earlier.
Single cylinder construction or Single Flow Turbine
Single cylinder turbines have only one cylinder casing(although may be is
multiple sections). Steam enters at the high pressure section of the turbine
and passes through the turbine to the low pressure end of the turbine then
exhausts to the condenser. Figure shows a single cylinder turbine with a
high, intermediate and low pressure section contained within the one
cylinder casing.
Prepared by
Tandem construction or Compound Flow Turbine

Dictated by practical design and manufacturers considerations modern
turbines are manufactured in multiple sections also called cylinders.
Greater output and efficiency can be achieved by coupling a number of
individual cylinders together in what is referred to as tandem (on one
axis).
Tandem compound
Large electric power generating turbines commonly have a high
pressure casing, which receives superheated steam directly from the
boiler or steam generator. The high pressure turbine may then exhaust
to an intermediate pressure turbine, or may pass back to a reheat
section in the boiler before passing to a reheat intermediate pressure
turbine. The reheat turbine may then exhaust to one or more low
pressure casings, which are usually two exhaust flow turbines, with the
low pressure steam entering the middle of the turbine and flowing in
opposite directions toward two exhaust end before passing into the
condenser. When the turbine casings are arranged on a single shaft, the
turbine is said to be tandem compounded.
Prepared by
Tandem construction or Compound Flow Turbine

A tandem two cylinder turbine with a single flow high pressure (HP) cylinder and a
double flow low pressure (LP)cylinder is shown in Figure.
Prepared by
Tandem Three Cylinder Turbine

It has a double flow LP cylinder with an IP cylinder arranged so that the
steam flow through it is in the opposite direction to the HP cylinder. This
design also greatly reduces the axial thrust on the rotor.
Tandem three cylinder turbine is shown in Figure as under:
Prepared by
Tandem Four Cylinder Turbine

Large modern turbines are required to deliver high output and are
generally constructed of four cylinders with the exhaust steam from the
HP cylinder passing through are heater before entering the IP cylinder.
Tandem Four cylinder turbine is shown in Figure as under:
Prepared by
Tandem CrossCompounding Turbine

In cross compound turbines, the high
pressure,
exhaust
passes
over
to
intermediate or low pressure casings which
are mounted on separate shafts. The two
shafts may drive separate loads, or may be
geared together to a single load.
In some larger overseas installations that
operate at 60 hertz (frequency) the use of
crosscompounding is some times employed.
Crosscompounding is where the HP and IP
cylinders are mounted on one shaft driving
one alternator while the LP cylinders are
mounted on a separate shaft driving another
alternator. This is done so as the LP cylinder
with its large diameter blading can be
operated at a greatly reduced speed thus
reducing the centrifugal force.
Tandem crosscompounding
shown in Figure:
turbine
is
Prepared by
Tandem four cylinder turbine with reverse flow

The final turbine arrangement that is becoming increasingly popular is
the Tandem four cylinder turbine with reverse flow HP cylinder, double
flow IP and twin double flow LP cylinders. This arrangement is shown
in Figure:
Prepared by
04. Number of Stages

Single stage
Multistage
Prepared by
In an impulse turbine,
the stage is a set of
moving blades behind
the nozzle. In a
reaction turbine, each
row of blades is called
a "stage." A single
Curtis
stage
may
consist of two or more
rows of moving blades.
Prepared by
5. Exhaust Conditions
Condensing
Extraction
Backpressure
Prepared by
By steam supply and exhaust conditions:

Condensing
Extraction, (Automatic or controlled )
Noncondensing (back pressure),
Mixed pressure (where there are two or more
steam sources at different pressures),
Reheat (where steam is extracted at an
intermediate stage, reheated in the boiler, and re
admitted at a lower turbine stage).
Prepared by
Condensing
The condensing turbine processes
result in maximum power and electrical
generation efficiency from the steam
supply and boiler fuel. The power output
of condensing turbines is sensitive to
ambient conditions.
The cooling water condenses the steam
turbine exhaust steam in the condenser
creating the condenser vacuum. As a
small amount of air leaks into the
system when it is below atmospheric
pressure, a relatively small compressor
(Vacuum pump) or Air Ejector System
removes noncondensable gases from
the condenser.
Prepared by
Extraction
In an extraction turbine, steam is withdrawn from
one or more stages, at one or more
pressures, for heating, plant process, or feed
water heater needs. They are often called
"bleeder turbines.
The steam extraction pressure may or may not
be automatically regulated. Regulated extraction
permits more steam to flow through the turbine to
generate additional electricity during periods of
low thermal demand by the CHP system. In utility
type steam turbines, there may be several
extraction points, each at a different pressure
corresponding to a different temperature. The
facilitys specific needs for steam and power over
time determine the extent to which steam in an
extraction turbine is extracted for use in the
process.
Prepared by
Backpressure
Figure shows the non

condensing
turbine
(also
referred to as a back
pressure turbine) exhausts its
entire flow of steam to the
industrial process or facility
steam mains at conditions
close to the process heat
requirements.
Prepared by
4. Rotational
Speed
Regular
Lowspeed
Highspeed
5. Inlet steam
pressure
High pressure
(p>6,5MPa)
Intermediate
pressure(2,5MP
a <p<6,5MPa)
Lowpressure
(p<2,5MPa)
Prepared by
8. Application
Power station
Industrial
Transport
Prepared by
In actual practice, not all of the energy in the

steam is converted to useful work. Losses
common to all turbines are described
below:
Loss of working substance. Loss of steam
along the shaft through the shaft glands where
the shaft penetrates the casing.
Work loss. Loss due to mechanical friction
between moving parts.
Throttling loss. Wherever there is a reduction
in steam pressure without a corresponding
production of work, such as in a throttle valve.
Prepared by
Leaving loss. The kinetic energy of the steam leaving

the last stage blading. This leaving loss can be
minimized by lightly loading the last stage blading by
increasing the annular exhaust area of the turbine. This
is often optimized through economic studies.
Windage loss. This is caused by fluid friction as the
turbine wheel and blades rotate through the
surrounding steam.
Friction loss as the steam passes through nozzles and
blading.
Diaphragm packing loss as the steam passes from one
stage to another through the diaphragm packing.
Tip leakage loss in reaction turbines as steam passes
over the tips of the blades without doing any useful
work.
Prepared by
Prepared by
Rankine
cycle
with
superheat
Process 12: The working fluid is
pumped from low to high pressure.
Process 23: The high pressure liquid
enters a boiler where it is heated at
constant pressure by an external heat
source to become a dry saturated vapor.
Process 33': The vapour is superheated.
Process 34 and 3'4': The dry saturated
vapor expands through a turbine,
generating power. This decreases the
temperature and pressure of the vapor,
and some condensation may occur.
Process 41: The wet vapor then enters a
condenser where it is condensed at a
constant pressure to become a saturated
liquid.
Prepared by
Prepared by
Foundation
Rotor or Shaft
Cylinder or Casing
Blades
Diaphragm
Steam Chest
Coupling
Bearings
Labyrinth Seal
Front Pedestal
TSI
DEHC (Governor)
MSV (Main Steam Stop Valve)
CV(Control Valve)
IV (Intercept Valve)
CRV (Combined Reheat Valve)
Turbine Turning Gear
Turbine Bypass & Drains
Atmospheric Relief
Diaphragm (Rupture Disk)
Lube Oil System
EHC Oil System
Gland Steam System
Condenser
Steam Jet Ejector
Vacuum Breaker
Prepared by
Prepared by
Frame (Base): Supports the stator, rotor and

governor pedestal.
Shell: Consists cylinder, casing, nozzles, steam
chest & bearing.
Rotor: Consists of low, intermediate, and high
pressure stage blades, and possible stub shaft (s)
for governor pedestal components, thrust
bearing, journal bearings, turning gear & main
lube oil system.
Governor Pedestal: Consists of the EHC oil
system, turbine speed governor, and protective
devices
Prepared by
An multistage steam turbines are

manufactured with solid forged
rotor construction.
Rotors are
precisely machined from solid alloy
steel forgings. An integrally forged
rotor provides increased reliability
particularly
for
high
speed
applications.
The complete rotor assembly is
dynamically balanced at operating
speed and over speed tested in a
vacuum bunker to ensure safety in
operation. High speed balancing
can also reduce residual stresses
and the effects of blade seating.
Prepared by
Prepared by
The casings of turbine cylinders are

of simple construction to minimize any
distortion due to temperature changes.
They are constructed in two halves (top and
bottom) along a horizontal joint so that the
cylinder is easily opened for inspection and
maintenance. With the top cylinder casing
removed the rotor can also be easily
withdrawn with out interfering with the
alignment of the bearings.
Prepared by
Most turbines constructed today either have a

double or partial double casing on the high pressure
(HP) and intermediate pressure (IP) cylinders. This
arrangement subjects the outer casing joint
flanges, bolts and outer casing glands to lower
steam condition. This also makes it possible for
reverse flow within the cylinder and greatly reduces
fabrication thickness as pressure within the cylinder
is distributed across two casings instead of one. This
reduced wall thickness also enables the cylinder to
respond more rapidly to changes in steam
temperature due to the reduced thermal mass.
Prepared by
The highpressure end of the turbine is

supported by the steam end bearing housing
which is flexibly mounted to allow for axial
expansion caused by temperature changes.
The exhaust casing is centerline supported on
pedestals that maintain perfect unit alignment
while permitting lateral expansion. Covers on
both the steam end and exhaust end bearing
housings and seal housings may be lifted
independently of the main casing to provide
ready access to such items as the bearings,
control components and seals.
Prepared by
Atmosphere Relief Diaphragm

CV
LP Turbine Casing
IP Turbine Casing
HP Turbine Casing
CV
HP Turbine Casing
Prepared by
Prepared by
One method of joining the top

and bottom halves of the
cylinder casing is by using
flanges with machined holes.
Bolts or studs are insertion into
these machined holes to hold
the top and bottom halves
together.
To prevent leakage from the
joint between the top flange and
the bottom flange the joint faces
are accurately machined. A
typical bolted flange joint is
shown in Figure.
Prepared by
Another method of joining

the top and bottom cylinder
flanges is by clamps bolted
radially around the outer of
the cylinder. The outer faces
of the flanges are made
wedgeshaped so that the
tighter the clamps are pulled
the greater the pressure on
the joint faces. This method
of joining top and bottom
casings is shown in Figure.
Prepared by
Blade design is extremely important in attaining

high turbine reliability and efficiency. A large
selection of efficient blade profiles have been
developed and proven by extensive field service
allowing for optimal blade selection for all
conditions of service. Blades are milled from
stainless steel within strict specifications for proper
strength, damping and corrosion resistant
properties.
Disk profiles are designed to minimize centrifugal
stresses, thermal gradient and blade loading at the
disk rims.
Prepared by
Rotary Blades
09HP Turbine Blades
07 IP Turbine Blades
05 LP Turbine Blades
Prepared by
Partitions between pressure stages in a

turbine's casing are called diaphragms. They
hold the vaneshaped nozzles and seals
between the stages. Usually labyrinthtype
seals are used. Onehalf of the diaphragm is
fitted into the top of the casing, the other half
into the bottom.
Nozzle rings and diaphragms are specifically
designed and fabricated to handle the
pressure, temperature and volume of the
steam, the size of the turbine and the required
pressure drop across the stage. The nozzles
used in the first stage nozzle ring are cut from
stainless steel. Steam passages are then
precision milled into these nozzle blocks
before they are welded together to form the
nozzle ring.
Prepared by
Steam Turbine Components And Relative Equipments
The nozzles in the intermediate

pressure stages are formed from
profiled stainless steel nozzle sections
and inner and outer bands. These are
then welded to a circular center section
and to an outer ring then precision
machined.
The lowpressure diaphragms in
condensing turbines are made by
casting the stainless nozzle sections
directly into highstrength cast iron. This
design includes a moisture catching
provision around the circumference
which collects released moisture and
removes it from the steam passage.
Additional features such as windage
shields and interstage drains are used
as required by stage conditions to
minimize erosion. All diaphragms are
horizontally split for easy removal and
alignment adjustment.

Various root fixing shapes have been

developed for turbine blading to suit
both construction requirements and
conditions under which turbines
operate. The most popular types of
blade root fixing available are:
Grooves
Straddle
Rivet
Groove construction
The groove type of root fixing fits into a
machined
grove
around
the
circumference of the rotor wheel or
disc. Some examples of typical groove
type blade root designs are shown in
Figure A while a rotor disc with a
machined groove arrangement is
shown in Figure B.
Blade roots are installed through the
closing blade window and then slid
around the circumference of the disc
into their desired position. The last
blade root is installed in the closing
blade opening and secured in position
by dowel(s).
Straddle construction
Straddle construction is where the
blade root fits over the machining on
the outer periphery of the rotor wheel
or disc. An example of straddle firtree
blade root construction is shown in
Figure A. while the disc peripheral
machining is shown in Figure B.
Once again with this type of
construction the blade roots are
installed through the closing blade
window slid around the circumference
of the disc into position, then the last
blade inserted is doweled in the closing
blade window location.
Rivet construction
Rivet construction is where the blade root
either inserts into a groove or straddles the
disc and all blades are doweled into position.
Peripheral blade fixing
On larger blading where the blade length is
relatively long a system of lacing wire or
shroud rings are installed to give the blading
additional
support
and
reduce
vibration. The lacing wire is installed a small
distance from the outer ends of the blades
while the shoud rings are fitted to tangs on
the outer edges of the blades and secured by
peening the tangs. A section of blading
showing the installation of the lacing wire is
shown in Figure A while a section of blading
showing shroud ring installation is shown in
Figure B.
Steam chest: The steam

chest, located on the
forward, upper half of the
HP turbine casing, houses
the throttle valve assembly.
This is the area of the
turbine where main steam
first enters the main engine.
The throttle valve assembly
regulates the amount of
steam entering the turbine.
After passing through the
throttle valve, steam enters
the nozzle block.
Prepared by
With multicylinder turbines it is necessary to have

some method of connecting individual cylinder rotors.
It is also a requirement to connect the turbine to the
alternator rotor. To achieve these connections we
use a device known as a coupling. These couplings
must be capable of transmitting heavy loads and in
some turbines are required to accommodate for axial
expansion and contraction.
The types of couplings generally employed in power
plants are:
Flexible coupling
Solid shaft coupling
Prepared by
Flexible couplings
Where axial shaft movement is required a flexible
coupling is employed and these are either:
Sliding claw (or tooth)
1.
Flexible connection (between the two flanges)
2.
With both of the above flexible couplings it is
necessary to have a separate thrust bearing for
each shaft to maintain the same relative position
between rotor and cylinder casing.
Prepared by
Sliding claw (or tooth)

Sliding claw couplings consists of an inner
gears or tooth coupling half. The inner
half is shrunk onto its respective shaft
and secured by keys or driven pins.
The outer coupling half machined in
the reverse shape is installed onto the
other shaft.
The gear or teeth coupling is positioned
inside the outer coupling half where it
is able to slide back and forth to allow
for expansion or contraction.
A diagram of a sliding claw coupling
prior to the inner claw section being
inserted into the outer half is shown in
Figure A, while a gear tooth coupling is
shown in Figure B.
Prepared by

Flexible connection coupling
Flexible connections such as the bibby
coupling are constructed in two
halves. Each half is shrunk onto their
respective shaft and secured with keys
or driven pins. The halves are
machined with groves parallel or
nearly parallel to that of the alignment
of the shaft. Flexible spring steel grids
are inserted into these machined
groves and held in place with an outer
cover. This type of coupling is effective
in allowing axial expansion and
contraction along with the ability to
tolerate minor misalignment. A bibby
coupling is shown in Figure.
The flexible couplings just mentioned
are by no means the only flexible
couplings available but they are the
preferred choice for high load
applications.
Prepared by
Solid shaft coupling

When shaft movement is not
required it is usual to install a
solid type coupling. Two flanges
are
installed
onto
their
respective shafts and then the
two flanges are bolted together
to form a solid joint as shown in
Figure A.
Often teeth are machined on the
outer rim of these couplings and
used as a point for barring the
turbine shaft. (more about
barring the turbine later). Figure
B shows a solid shaft coupling
with a barring gear fitted
Prepared by
Turbine Bearings
Journal Bearing:
The turbine rotors are

supported by two journal
bearings. Both the No.1
and No.2 bearings are
of a doubletilting pad
type. The bearing metal
is divided into six pads
which are selfaligned. A
center adjustment of
these
bearings
can
easily be made with
shimmed pads.
Prepared by
A labyrinth seal is a type

of mechanical seal that
provides a tortuous path to
help prevent leakage. An
example of such a seal is
sometimes found within
an axle's bearing to help
prevent the leakage of the oil
lubricating the bearing.
A labyrinth seal may be
composed of
many grooves that press
tightly inside another axle, or
inside a hole, so that the fluid
has to pass through a long
and difficult path to escape.
Prepared by
Labyrinth seals are utilized as

end gland seals and also inter
stage seals. Stationary labyrinth
seals are standard for all
multistage turbines and grooves
are machined on the rotating part
to improve the sealing effect. The
leakage steam from the outer
glands is generally condensed by
the gland condenser. Some
leakage
steam
from
the
intermediate section of the steam
end gland seals can be
withdrawn and utilized by re
injecting it into the lowpressure
stage or low pressure steam
line.
Prepared by
FRONT STANDARD & TSI

Toothedwheel for speed sensors
The turbine rotating speed is
sensed by the magnetic pickups
faced to the toothedwheel (96
teeth) installed on the control rotor.
The pulse signal is produced when
each tooth passes the pickups. The
frequency signals from two (2)
pickups are converted into digital
value proportional to the turbine
speed through F/D (Frequency to
Digital) converters.
Other three (3) sensors are located
around toothedwheel. These
sensors are used for trip detector.
Prepared by
FRONT STANDARD & TSI

The electromagnetic pickup use for
speed detector is fixed facing the
tooth face of the speed detecting
gear connected directly to the rotor
end of the turbine. (Inside of front
standard) The turbine speed can be
detected as the sine wave frequency
signal in proportion to the turbine
speed. This frequency signal is
converted to an digital signal by
means of the F/D converter to
become a feedback signal to the
speed control circuit.
Over speed detector also make
frequency signal in proportion to the
turbine speed. They face to tooth
wheel on control rotor. Pickup is
used eddy current type. Clearance
between sensor face and tooth face
is different from electromagnetic
pickup type.
Prepared by
STEAM TURBINE SPEED CONTROL
Principles Of Governing
During operation of a TurbineGenerator Unit
the Load carried by the Generator may vary
over time. In order to respond to changing
System Load demands the amount of steam
directed to the Turbine must be varied in
proportion to each demand.
The function of a governor is to provide rapid
automatic response to load variations.
Prepared by
STEAM TURBINE SPEED CONTROL
Prepared by

System Features
Application:
DEHC system can be applied to control, protection and monitoring of steam
turbines for various type of power plants including conventional fossilfired
power plants, combined cycle plants, cogeneration plants, and atomic power
plants.
Powerful and reliable controllers:
Highspeed control with stateoftheart microprocessor based control system
Distributed and hierarchical architecture consists of
System controller, Master controller, Programmable logic device,
Valve interface
Normal Operation:
During Normal Operation, the main stop valves, intermediate stop valves
and intercept valves are wide open. Operation of the TG is under the control
of the ElectroHydraulic Control (EHC) System. The EHC System is
comprised of three basic subsystems: the speed control unit, the load control
unit, and the flow control unit. The normal function of the EHC System is to
generate the position signals for the four main stop valves, four main control
valves, and intermediate stop valves and intercept valves.
Prepared by
The main stop valve is located

in the main steam piping
between the boiler and the
outlet piping to turbine control
valve chest in turbine casing.
The main stop valve has one
inlet and two identical outlet
pipe connections. Outlet pipes
are welded directory.
The primary function of the
main stop valves is to quickly
shut off the steam flow to the
turbine
under
emergency
conditions such as failure of the
control valves to close on loss
of load.
Prepared by
The control valves are

arranged into an upper
and lower valve group
with each group mounted
on common chest which is
an integral part of the
upper and lower turbine
outer shells.
Each control valve admits
steam from the valve
chest of its group to an
individual nozzle box, after
that controlled steam flow
into a particular section of
the turbine first stage
nozzles.
Prepared by
Two combined reheat

valves are provided, one
in each hot reheat line.
Supplying reheat steam to
the turbine. As the name
implies. The combined
valve is actually two valve.
The intercept valve and
the
reheat
stop
valve, incorporated in one
valve casing. Although
they utilize a common
valve casing, these valves
provide entirely different
functions.
Prepared by
The motor driven turning gear

is mounted on the turbine
bearing cap, adjacent to the
turbinegenerator coupling so
as to mesh with a bull gear
(spacer disk gear type). Which
is bolted between the turbine
generator coupling faces.
The primary function of the
turning gear is to rotate the
turbinegenerator shaft slowly
and
continuously
during
shutdown periods when rotor
temperature changes occur.
Turning Gear
Driven Motor
Turning Gear
Driven Chain
Turning Gear Oil Supply
Turning Gear
Prepared by
When the turbine is shutdown, cooling of its inner

elements is continues for many hours. If the rotor
is allowed to remain stationary during this cooling
period, distortion begins almost immediately. This
distortion is caused by the flow of hot vapors to
the upper part of the turbine casing, resulting in
the upper half of the turbine being at a higher
temperature than the lower half. The parts do not
return to their normal position until the turbine has
cooled to the point where both the upper and
lower halves are at approximately the same
temperature.
Prepared by
Water induction can happen at any time

however the most common situations are
during transients such as start up, shut
down and load changes. In figure
illustrates the percentage of times various
events contribute to water induction for a
conventional steam cycle. It is interesting
that only 18 percent of water induction
incidents occur when the unit is at load.
Turbine drains are necessary to avoid
slugging nozzles and blades inside the
turbine with condensate on startup this
can break these components from impact.
The blades were designed to handle
steam, not water.
Turbine casing drains remove the
condensate from the turbine casing during
warmup, securing, maneuvering and other
low flow conditions.
Prepared by
The atmospheric relief diaphragm is a safety feature

which protects the exhaust hood and condenser
against excessive steam pressure in case the
condenser water for any reason is lost.
The device consists of hard rolled silver bearing
copper sheet of sufficient area to pass full throttle
steam flow at a safe protective pressure. In normal
operation of the turbine with proper vacuum
conditions, the diaphragm is dished inward against
the supporting grid by atmospheric pressure should
the vacuum conditions fail for any reason and the
internal exhaust hood pressure raise to approximately
5 psig, it would force the diaphragm outward against
the cutting knife. The diaphragm would be cut free as
a disk relieving the exhaust pressure to atmosphere.
Prepared by
Prepared by
Function
The function of lubrication is to interpose a film of
lubricant such as grease or oil between the moving
surfaces in a bearing.
Lubrication
reduces
friction,
minimizes
wear, provides cooling and excludes water and
contaminants from bearing components. The
protection of rotating heavy machinery depends
greatly on the effective operation and supervision of
lubricating oil systems and bearings.
Prepared by
Establishment of Oil Film

Oil lubricated bearings rely on the physical separation
of the two bearing surfaces by a thin film or wedge of
oil. In order to establish and maintain this oil film the
following conditions must be established.
1) There must be relative motion between the two beari
ng surfaces to build up sufficient pressure within the oil
to prevent the film breaking down.
2) There must be an uninterrupted supply
of oil available to the bearing.
3) The bearing surfaces must not be parallel and need
a narrow angle between them. This is to enable the oil
to be shaped into a thin wedge tapering off in the
direction of the motion
Prepared by
Oil Film Dynamics

1). With the shaft at rest the journal lies in the
bottom of the bearing. The weight of the shaft
tends to squeeze the oil out of the bearing so
that metal to metal contact occurs.
2). As the shaft commences to rotate the first
action of the journal is to climb up the bearing
wall until it begins to slip and some metal to
metal contact occurs.
3) As the shaft continues to increase in speed
the oil is dragged around by virtue of viscosity
until it forms a thin oil wedge. it's
Prepared by
Components of a Turbine Lubricating

Oil System
Main Oil Tank
Oil Purification Systems
Oil Pumps
Oil Coolers
Strainers / Filters
Instrumentation
Jacking Oil Pumps
Hydraulic Accumulator
Prepared by
The purpose of the

gland steam system
is to reduce steam
leakage
to
a
minimum
and
to
prevent air ingress.
Or
Function of the gland
sealing system falls
into two categories:
the
turbine
Seal
glands
under
all
operating conditions
Extract leakoff steam
from
the
turbine
glands.
Prepared by
Steam leakage leads to the requirement for

increased make up this increases the load on
the feed and boiler water treatment chemicals
and to a deterioration of the working
environment surrounding the power plant.
Air ingress leads to a loss of vacuum and hence
reduction in plant efficiency, and causes
problems of thermal stressing around the gland
as well as increases oxygen content of the
exhaust steam.
Prepared by
Gland Steam Condenser

The gland steam condenser is cooled by the
condensate extracted from the main condenser and so
acting as a feed heater. The gland steam often shares
its condenser with the air ejector reducing the cost of
having two units.
A fan is fitted to induce a flow through the system
without incurring a negative pressure in the final
pocket as this would allow the ingress of air. This is
ensured by the fitting on valves to the exhaust line
from the glands so enabling the back pressure to be
set.
Prepared by
A surface condenser is a
commonly used term for a water
cooled shell and tube heat
exchanger
installed
on
the
exhaust steam from a steam
turbine
in
thermal
power
stations. These condensers are heat
exchangers which convert steam
from its gaseous to its liquid state at
a pressure below atmospheric
pressure. Where cooling water is in
short
supply,
an
aircooled
condenser is often used. An air
cooled condenser is however
significantly more expensive and
cannot achieve as low a steam
turbine exhaust pressure as a water
cooled surface condenser.
Prepared by
Prepared by
The purpose of a Vacuum Breaker Valve is to quickly

allow air into the vacuum space of the condenser and
low pressure turbine exhaust hood. The vacuum
breaker valve is usually located on the steam turbine
or the condenser shell/transition.
A vacuum breaker valve is typically operable by a
controller responsive to losses of load on the steam
turbine.
Once opened, the vacuum breaker valve will allow air
into the steam space to quickly reduce the existing
vacuum and hence reduce the acceleration of the
steam turbine upon loss of load by the generator.
Prepared by
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
Emergency trip pushbutton in control room

Boiler Trip, Turbine trip
Low condenser vacuum
Low lube oil pressure
LP turbine exhaust hood high temperature
Thrust bearing wear
Emergency trip at front standard
Low hydraulic fluid pressure
Loss of EHC
Excessive turbine shaft vibration
Loss of two speed signals either Normal Speed Control or
Emergency Over speed Trip
Over Speed Trip 1
Over Speed Trip 2
Prepared by

A Brief Presentation To Steam Turbine

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Оригинальное название

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

A Brief Presentation To Steam Turbine

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Prepared by: Mohammad Shoeb Siddiqui

Senior Shift Supervisor

What is Steam Turbine?

Rating & Design Data

(before MSV): 16548 kpa (g)

6.77 kpa (g)

Rating & Design Data

In order to better understand turbine operation, Four Basic

1. Type of Steam Flow

A turbine may also be

2. Way of Energy Conversion & Types of Blading

Pressure drop both in

An impulse stage consists of

In Reaction Turbine both the

This utilizes the principle of

Compounding of Impulse Turbine

With pressure compounding the total

When the velocity energy produced

This setup of a nozzle

Turbines can be arranged either single cylinder or multistage in design.

Tandem construction or Compound Flow Turbine

Tandem construction or Compound Flow Turbine

Tandem Three Cylinder Turbine

Tandem Four Cylinder Turbine

Tandem CrossCompounding Turbine

Tandem four cylinder turbine with reverse flow

04. Number of Stages

By steam supply and exhaust conditions:

Figure shows the non

In actual practice, not all of the energy in the

Leaving loss. The kinetic energy of the steam leaving

Frame (Base): Supports the stator, rotor and

An multistage steam turbines are

The casings of turbine cylinders are

Most turbines constructed today either have a

The highpressure end of the turbine is

Atmosphere Relief Diaphragm

One method of joining the top

Another method of joining

Blade design is extremely important in attaining

Partitions between pressure stages in a

Steam Turbine Components And Relative Equipments

The nozzles in the intermediate

Mohammad Shoeb Siddiqui

Steam Turbine Components And Relative Equipments

Various root fixing shapes have been

Steam Turbine Components And Relative Equipments

Steam Turbine Components And Relative Equipments

Steam Turbine Components And Relative Equipments

Steam Turbine Components And Relative Equipments

Steam chest: The steam

Steam Turbine Components And Relative Equipments

With multicylinder turbines it is necessary to have

Steam Turbine Components And Relative Equipments

Steam Turbine Components And Relative Equipments

Sliding claw (or tooth)

Steam Turbine Components And Relative Equipments

Steam Turbine Components And Relative Equipments

Solid shaft coupling

The turbine rotors are

Steam Turbine Components And Relative Equipments

A labyrinth seal is a type

Steam Turbine Components And Relative Equipments