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Safety
Hazard
Risk
HAZOP
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Quantitative Increase
Negation of Intention
Quantitative Decrease
Qualitative Increase
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E. Quantitative Increase
F. Negation of Intention
G. Quantitative Decrease
H. Qualitative Increase
What the guide word Less of mean in HAZOP study?
A. Quantitative Increase
B. Negation of Intention
C. Quantitative Decrease
D. Quantitative Decrease
What the guide word Part of mean in HAZOP study?
A. Negation of Intention
B. Quantitative Decrease
C. Qualitative Decrease
D. Quantitative Decrease
What the guide word As well as mean in HAZOP study?
A. Negation of Intention
B. Quantitative Decrease
C. Qualitative Increase
D. Quantitative Decrease
What the guide word Reverse mean in HAZOP study?
A. Complete Substitution
B. Logical Opposite
C. Negation of Intention
D. Quantitative Decrease
What the guide word Other than mean in HAZOP study?
A. Complete Substitution
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B. Logical Opposite
C. Negation of Intention
D. Quantitative Decrease
What are the typical material characteristic?
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The lowest temperature at which a liquid exposed to the air gives off sufficient vapor
to form a flammable mixture near the surface of the liquid is the meaning of?
A. Flash point
B. Back Pressure
C. Bonding
D. Operating pressure
What is the minimum spacing between gas compressor and an open flames
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A. 10 meters
B. 20 meters
C. 30 meters
D. 40 meters
Where is discharge check valves for an air compressors must be installed
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B.
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above 48 m
above 68 m
above 18 m
above 98 m
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A. unportable ladder
B. portable ladder
C. automatic ladder
D. permanent ladder
why Intakes and discharges shall be separated?
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What the spacing between hot oil tanks heated above 65.6 OC (150 OF),
excluding flash asphalt, slop oil and emulsion breaking tanks?
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A. 40 ft/s
B. 30 ft/s
C. 20 ft/s
D. 10 ft/s
what the function of Double-walled piping
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B.
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B.
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Where the flare knock drum, flare ignition and pumpout pump system should
be located?
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The lowest temperature at which a liquid exposed to the air gives off sufficient
vapor to form a flammable mixture near the surface of the liquid, or within the
test apparatus used, that can be ignited by a suitable flame.
What is the Inherently Safe?
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For boilers and furnaces must be located on the windward side of the plant. For
common stack employed, suitable barriers or isolating barriers may be provided
in individual ducting. Heaters must located near the edge of process area.
What is recommended layout for Vessels and Drums?
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FAR is generally used for the British Chemical Industry. This statistics reports
the number of fatalities based on 1000 employees working their entire lifetime.
The employees are assumed to work a total of 50 years. Hence, the FAR is
based on 108 working hours
What is the fatality rate?
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an independent of the number of hours actually worked and reports only the
number of fatalities expected per person per year. This approach is useful for
performing calculations on the general population, where the number of
exposed hours is poorly defined.
What is the Hazard and Operability Analysis (HAZOP)?
Hazard and Operability Analysis (HAZOP) is one of the most used safety
analysis methods in the process industry. It is one of the simplest approaches to
hazard identification. HAZOP involves a vessel to vessel and a pipe to pipe
review of a plant. HAZOP is based on guide words such as no, more, less,
reverse, other than, which should be asked for every pipe and vessel
What is the HAZOP study focuses on?
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the maximum (gauge) pressure permissible at the top of a vessel in its normal
operating position at the designated coincident temperature and liquid level
specified for that pressure.
What is the Process Safety Management?
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Where the tanks that designed for 20 kPa or less containing flammable and
combustible liquids should be located?
Tanks should be located in areas remote from process units and must be
arranged in rows not more than two deep.
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They shall not be located in any area classified as zone 0, 1 or 2 (except for gas
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The site layout is considering the site constraints include topographical and
geological features; weather; people, evacuation routes, activities and buildings
in the vicinity; access to utilities; treatment of effluents; and laws and regulations
What are floating roof tanks used for?
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Floating roof tanks are typically used where the vapor pressure of the stored
fluid would be excessive for a cone roof tank or where collection of emissions
from the tank is not required but it is still desirable to minimize them
What are fixed tank used for?
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What the worst safety problem that can occur with reactors?
The worst safety problem that can occur with reactors occurs when an
exothermic reaction generates heat at a faster rate than the cooling system can
remove it
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to prevent the hazards associated with flaring gas containing liquid droplets. The
flare knockout drum collects relief loads and separates liquid droplets from
vapor releases
What the purpose of the seal drum in flare system?
to prevent air ingress into the flare system thus providing flashback protection.
Below is discussed that should be considered to design seal drum
what the function of relief system to safety?
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Relief system is used when inherently safe design simply cannot eliminate
every pressure hazards and passive design can be exceedingly expensive and
cumbersome
What the function of Pressure relief system?
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the inlet pressure to the valve is directly opposed by a spring. Tension on the spring is
set to keep the valve shut at normal operating pressure but allow the valve to open
when the pressure reaches relieving conditions.
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Balanced relief valve Is a spring loaded pressure relief valve that incorporates a
bellows or other means for minimizing the effect of back pressure on the
performance characteristics opening pressure, closing pressure, lift, and
relieving capacity.
When the balanced relief valves can be used?
when the built-up pressure is too high for conventional pressure relief or when
the back pressure varies from time to time
When the pilot-operated relief valves are frequently chosen?
when operating pressures are within 5 percent of set pressures and a close
tolerance valve is required
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What are the factor selected to represent the inherent safety in Preliminary
Process Design?
Heat of Reaction, Hazardous Substances, Corrosiveness, Chemical Interaction,
Temperature, Pressure, Equipment safety, Safe Process Structure
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Tanks should be located in areas remote from process units and must be
arranged in rows not more than two deep.
What engineer should be consider in the ISD for a specific plant design?
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(1) Location of the plant due to the surrounding population, (2) Plant Layout, (3)
Applied System relative to the plant size
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How well the team is able to use the systematic method as an aid to
identifying deviations
Toxicity information
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Containment of accidents
Future expansions
What are the important factors in sitting central services, such as the boiler
house, cooling towers, power station?
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What are the rule thumbs for layout and spacing of the waste treatment facilities?
Location of the waste treatment area should be at a refinery/plant low
point to insure gravity flow from all unit process areas. The lift stations
could also be provided.
The waste treatment area must be remoote from the process and utility
area and arranged to permit future expansion of the system.
The layout of the area must involving vehicle accessibility for
maintenance purposes
what are the items that should be check in distillation?
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Levelness
Downcomer clearance
Weir heights
Bolt tightness
Fabrication Errors
What are the rule thumbs for layout and spacing of flare?
Keep the radiant flux below allowable limits by mainting them with a
sufficient space.
Flare stack must be placed remote from offsite and process facilities,
preferably down widn from any areas where personnel are required for
cntinuous operation.
Flare stack must be located minimum at 90 meters from other facilities
and have a clear perimeter surrounding them.
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Mention the inherently safer human systems for each stage of chemical
processing life cycle?
Appropriate training.
Reviews and Audits.
Error correction cycles.
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What are the most used systems to characterize accident and loss performance?
OSHA incident rate.
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