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    احمد الجزار2007
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    energy saving of chiller

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    Energy Saving of Chiller

    Загружено:

    احمد الجزار2007
    energy saving of chiller

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Energy and Bulngs 1192016) 308-322 ‘Contents list a lable at ScienceDirect Energy and Buildings journal homepage: www-clsevier.com/locate/enbuild Detailed analysis on part load ratio characteristics and cooling energy saving of chiller staging in an office building Qu Byeong Mo Seo®, Kwang Ho Lee?" + conduate Sho Hanbt National Univers, Daejeon, South Roe "Departmen Architectural ngnering, Hanba Nana User agen, uth Korea ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT ‘Accepted 25 Naren 2016 ‘Commercial Buldings account for significant portions of the total bullding energy i Korea and thus vasietyofreseach on tie chiller operation was arred out thusfar. However most of thezesearches were carried out on the chile itself Le, the part load ratio characteristics ané the corresponding electricity energy consumption pattern were not analyze in the existing studs. In this std. the part load ratio and the operating characteristics of vapor compression chiller were analyzed within an offic building ‘equipped with the conventional variable ar volume system. In alition. the enezgy consumption among ‘ferent chiller staging schemes was conyparatively analyzed Asa vest, significa portions of total ‘operating hous, cooling load and energy consumption turned ou tobe inthe pat load ratio range of 0 ‘through 50 and thus the energy consumption was significantly affected by the chile COP (Coefcent Commercial baling eaten ot petrmance of Performance) at lw pat load conditions, indicating thatthe chiller operation atthe pat loa i an teres important factor in comsmerllbuldings In adtion, wing sequential chiler aging scheme can "ive annual cooling energy usage by more than 10.2% compared to opesting 3 snge chiles. For further ‘eductioninconing energy, applying the sequential contro ehiler staging uring the intermediate eason and appving the uniform contol clr staging algorithm during the cooling season is considered to be {the optrtal contro algorithm fr maximum efficiency of eile. {© 2016 Elsevier BV. Al rights reserved 1. Introduction of greenhouse gases and approximately 87% of energy source used LL. Background There isa growing concern on the global warming recently and issues regarding energy and environments such as climate changes due to the global warming, new & renewable energy which could replace fossil fuel, and increase in energy consumption due to pop- ulation growth have become main topics in the every area and everyday lle of society. Korea based on export-oriented indus- trial structure is one of the top ten major producers of greenhouse ses facingincreasing pressure for the reduction of greenhouse gas emission from the global community, and since Korea is included in the mandatory target countries for the reduction of green- house gas emissions from 2020, so if we are unable to take proper ‘measures, national Key industries may decline rapidly. Current, approximately 92% of total energy used in the country is produced ‘Hough fossil fuel which is the biggest factor for the production “onrespending autor matladars lest hanbat cr (RH. Lee (0578-7748) 2016 sever BV. Al rights reserve. comes from imports |,Als0,the consumption of fossil fuelsis done ‘mostly in cities, and carbon dioxide generated from the combus- tion of fossil fuels is mostly from the energy usage in urban spaces. Therefore, while the main target of the government's greenhouse sas reduction measures in the past was the industrial sector that consumed energy in volume, recently there isa growing emphasis on the needs to prepare measures in city unit (2. Currently, the energy consumption in our country consists of approximately 55% for industries, 24% for buildings, and 21% for transportation. CO, generation rate due to buildings which account for most energy consumption in city space is announced as approximately 23% of total CO, generation in the country oniy in consideration of generation rate from energy consumption Fequied for maintaining buildings, ut iftotal energy consumption required for producing, transporting subsidiary building materi- als and construction work is considered, i is estimated to reach approximately 38% [2. Also, the cost used for energy consumption among the lifecycle cost ratio ofa buildings approximately 34% of {otal costs 4), and approximately 23% of total energy used in office buildings is consumed as cooling energy [5 Most domestic studies cartied out prior to 2000s were con- ‘centrated in the architectural methods, bu inthe recent tend of studies, studies on various saving measures forthe building energy ‘conservation are required so that various studies regarding exhaust heat recovery, high efficiency device and commissioning are being carried out actively (3), However, studies regarding the overestima- tion of heat source equipment which is considered as an endemic problem are inadequate, and also the overestimation af heat source ‘equipment may lead to increase in initial investment and mainte- nance expense, and installation space as well 3s increase in cooling and heating energy consumption according to the characteristics ‘of part load, According to relevant research trends. Lee et al. [5 ‘determined the overestimation evel of capacity of heat source sys~ ‘tem through the reference material and actual case investigations and analyzed the annual operational performance according to the part load characteristics of office building through the simulation, ‘obtaining the result that in case of applying the staging of heat source equipment differentially spiting chillers to 5:5 and boil- cers t0 7:3 had the highest energy saving rate in comparison to the ‘ease of no staging, and Park and Jung (7| analyzed the economic Feasibility of alternative heat source systems based on the air con- ditioning system n office building according tothe different staging, control, Many domestic studies regarding energy saving according, tothe staging of heat source equipment have been carried ou, but study regarding the analysis of mast efficient load distribution con- trol algorithm to supply heat source to each heat source equipment is significantly limited, Incase of international studies outside Korea, Abou-Ziyan et al investigated the effect of different load-sharing operation strate- ‘ies on the aggregate performance for existing multiple-chiler system under different partial oads and environmental conditions. The various tested load-sharing operation strategies obtain aggre- «gate performance from 1.06 to 1.41 for the full day and the best load-sharing operation strategy was better than conventional by 22-33%, I was also stated that the load shating strategy is influ ‘enced by many parameters such as the condition ofthe chillers and, ‘compressors, the piping arrangement, and the heat loss from the chilled water piping where these parameters may overwhelm the individual chiller performance, and thus the need for maintenance ‘can be predicted and the standby chiller may be eliminated (15 Sun etal [15] proposed an optimal strategy for operating chillers in steps in response to the changing building cooling loads, The Gordon and Ng's thermodynamic model correlates the chiller COP (Coefficient of Performance) with the temperature monitored at ‘the evaporator and condenser sides [17), Chan and Yu [18] ana- lyzed how the chiller component interact with each other and discussed the use of floating condensing temperature control to improve chiller performance. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to analyze the annual ‘operational performance of chiller according tothe part load char acteristics related to cooling energy which accounts for the largest portion of energy consumption in office buildings through the ‘dynamic simulation of building energy. tn addition, by utilizing chiller staging technique, energy usage through the comparative analysisof annual operational performance oftwo load distribution control algorithms including sequential control which distributes load in consecutive order and uniform [9] control which distributes load evenly among load distribution control algorithms of Ener- _gyPlus which have not been considered in previous studies were ‘compared: and the optimal cooling load distribution control algo- richn in case of applying chiller staging scheme for office buildings was presented, rable 12, Scope This study aims to reduce the consumption of cooling energy in office buildings, and the scope of contents is classified into two aspects. First, the enesgy consumption of chillers with no chiller Staging is estimated to analyze the annual energy consumption according to the performance of chillers, characteristics of part load and energy required for each section. Second, by analyzing the annual energy consumption according to the performance of chillers under different load distribution control algorithms the ‘optimal load distribution control algorithm in case of applying, chiller staging technique is presented, Fig. | shows the overall flow of this study, 2. Methods 2.1, Simulation software For the simulation program used in this study, EnergyPlus v6.0 ‘which could analyze the cooling and heating load of a building and verify the thermal environments mathematically was selected | 10) EnergyPlus uses the heat balance method which is recommended bby American Society of Heating, Refrigerating. and Air Condition- ing Engineers (ASHRAE) for calculating the building load |11|- Also, ‘in case of EnergyPlus, it has been verified through ASHRAE 140 sguidelines, which is the most representative dynamic simulation tales [12), and it has a big advantage to simulate the systematic connection between each component by executing Zone, Surface, ‘ir Heat Balance, System and Plant modeling, which are the main ‘components of building energy simulation integrally step by step ateach time. The detailed contents regarding the development and verification ofthe program have been described many times in the precedent studies [13), 22, Description of simulate office For the EnergyPlus simulation model, large scale office building prototype model of ASHRAF 90.1 provided in EnergyPlus was used forthe analysis The building was 731m long and 48m wide, andthe internal heat generating elements entered to the simulation were shown in Table I 23, Simulation condition {As the modeling applied for such study, the analysis was car- ried out through the ASHRAE Standard 90.1 based large scale office ‘building prototype model provided in EnergyPlus. For the repre- senting period selected for analysis, May 3nd August 14 which bad ‘the highest load during the intermediate season (March, April, May, September and October) when both cooling and heating equip ment were used complexiy and the summer season (June, July and ‘August) when only the cooling equipment was used were selected. asthe representing days since the office building was cooling-based Duilding, and forthe operation time of chiller, the period from am, to6 pam. was selected asthe operation time according t the sched- ule of office building. For the weather data. the weather data of Incheon area provided internally in EnergyPlus was used.The fol- lowing Table 2 shows basic input conditions used inthe study, and Sen KH. Le nergy ont ngs 119 (2016) 308-822 an Theoretical consideration {| Background of study and objective setup © Consideration of previous studies || Setting of study method and range Chiller control algorithm in case of applying operating number split + Sequential + Unitorm EnergyPlus Simulation || Use of large scale office building (EnergyPlus v6.0) ' Application of weather data provided by EnergyPlus setting of Simulation Input value | Selection of representative days and analysis of tem perature pattern Case Modeling + caren | = 1chiller + casez | 2 chillers, Sequential + cases | — 2 chillers, Uniform Case of Simulation Anal Performance Analysis | Analysis of part load ratio, performance coefficient and er chiter electric consumption of representative days Whours by section of - + Analysis of cumulative opera ee nna part load ratio eo + Analysis of electric consumption by section of annual Case Study year Deena Sumiary of HVAC system cntguaion 1520, partload ratio, + Comparison of electric consumption by case, month and ‘Comparison of cumulative operating hours by ease and by annual part load ratio section + Comparison of electric consumption by case and by section of annual part load ratio SP Coe cia) FEA Study ow bart, hile Capacity Tenrusveo 73tm) 48m side sree Tea8-08m sm? ables Performance curve input at ‘Table 3 is as follows. From §:00 until 18:00 the system controls ‘the internal air temperature to a cooling and heating temperature set point of 24°C and 21°C, respectively. During the night time ‘the system is switched off. The infiltration was assumed equal to 020003331 (sm) (low per exterior surface area). The mini- ‘mum outdoor air flow rate was set to be 0.782L(s/a?) (flow pet ‘1085 area) and was provided from $:00 until 18:00. Each zone is, served by conventional VAV (Variable Air Volume) box. Inthe cool- ing mode, the airflow is adjusted to meet the cooling load with the discharge air temperature fixed at the AHU Supply Air Tem- perature (SAT) set-point. In the heating mode, the hot water low through the reheat coil and the resultant discharge air tempera- ture are adjusted with the airflow fixed at the minirmum airflow. ‘The building is served by a single variable-speed central station ait handling uni(AHU) including an economizer, chilled water cooling coll, hot water heating coil and supply fan, The AHU fanis controlled ‘with a static pressure reset strategy. The central plant consists of «2 centtifugal chiller with variable-speed pumps and a two-speed. ‘cooling tower. A gas fied boiler provides hot water to all heating cals 3. Chiller modeling 3.1 Performance curves In order to analyze annual energy consumption using Energy- Plus according to the performance of chiller, characteristics of patt load and required energy per the part oad ratio section, coeficients regarding the following 3 performance curves should be entered inadvance. Therefore, coefficients required forthe calculation for- mula were calculated through actual measurement data of catalog provided by a company in US. and the description on the calcula- tion formula of each performance curve and the entered coetficient value are as shown in Table 4 [14 3.1.1. Cooling capacity function of temperature curve performance curve) ChillerCapFTemp = a+b (Tew.t) + €(Tew.t)” +4 (Toone) (tane)* +4 (Font) (Tete) were ChillercapFTemp=cooling capacity factor, equal to 1 at refer- Tewsleaving chilled water temperature, C Tec wenteing condense uid temperatre 3.12. Energy input to cooling output ratio function of temperature curve) ChillerEIRFTemp = a~b (Tew.t) + €(Tewt) "+4 (Teond.e) nde) +£ (Tew) (Teonee) where, ChillerEIRFTemp energy input to cooling output factor, equal to Lat eference conditions Tow = leaving chilled water temperature, C Trang “entering condenser fuid temperature, C 3.13. Energy input to cooling output ratio function of part ioad ratio curve 14) (Chiller EIRFPLR = a+ (PLR) + (PLR) where, CChillerEIRFPLR~ energy input to cooling output factor, equal to 1 at reference conditions PLR part-load-ratio= (cooling load){chillr’s available cooling capacity) 32, Load distribution algorithm ‘ig. 2 shows the behavior method of load distribution control algorithm in EnergyPlus. [14] Each behavior method of load dis ‘wibution conttol algorithm is as follows. Optimal operates each, plece of equipment at its optimal past load ratio and will oper= ate the last component between its minimum and maximum part load ratio in order to meet the loop demand. Sequential uses each, piece of equipment to its maximum part load ratio and will oper= ate the last required piece of equipment between its minimum land maximum part load ratio in order to meet the loop demand, Uniform evenly distributes the loop demand amongst all avail able components on the equipment list for a given load range (9), However, according to the part load ratio input value of chillers ‘which were applied to this study, there is no difference in the min- imum and maximum part load ratio input values in comparison to the optimum part load ratio and minimum unloading ratio val- ‘ues which become input variables of optimal control algorithm, so ‘optimal control algorithm and sequential control algorithm behave equally as explained above. Therefore, since the analysis of load distribution contol algorithm according to changes of part load ratio input had a different objective than the presentation of opti- ‘mal load distribution control algorithm in case of applying chiller staging technique which is the objective of this study, the analy- sis of optimal control algorithm among three control algorithms was excluded, and the minimum part load ratio input was fixed and cases were classified into 3 cases as shown in Table 5, In CCase-I which is the base case, one chiller with the capacity of ‘B50 EW was applied, and in Case.2, the capacity of chiller in the base case was split to 425KW respectively at a ratio of 5:5, and ‘the sequential [oad method was selected for the load distribu- tion. and the priority order of equipment is in order of Chiller! and Chiller2. The Uniform control method that the capacity of {wo chillers is divided into 425KW respectively and chiller! and, CChiller2 handle the same load is adopted in Case-3 just as Case 2, and due (0 the characteristics of load control algorithm, chillers dare operated at the same time in Case-3 regardless of priority of equipment. Identity available equipment Select Scheme os ead teaeleeatioercal Toad equipment Toad equipment] Load equipment ) | Ceadequipment tooptinalPLR | | tocapactyin Uniformly to ‘equip ist order capacty ‘Sim Equiprvent ‘non-uniformly to ‘Sim Equipment “Sim Equipment tn ago 1420), Tables Tiel Easier GeoTew ‘pean poy Toad Dsbationagoriim 4, Results analysis 4.1, Analysis of outdoor air temperature Fig, 3 shows the annual outdoor air temperature of Incheon Metropolitan City. Incheon is located at latitude of 37.48° and a Tongitude of 126.55°, and for the weather data of Incheon, the weather data provided in EnergyPlus was used. The analysis result showed that the annual average outdoor air temperature was 11.8°C, minimum temperature was -9.7°C on December 15 and the temperature was 32.6°C on July 23. Also, March, April, May, September and October were selected asthe intermediate season Which was the period to use both cooling and heating and June, July and August were selected as the cooling season mainly based ‘on cooling, and inorder to carry aut the analysis on the period touse chillers, May 3 and August 11 having average temperature pattern and load were selected as the representative days of intermediate season and summer season respectively. 42. Load of chillers on the representative days and changes in ‘urdaor air temperature In this study. May 3 and August 11. which record the repre sentative average temperature values of intermediate season and cooling season were selected as the representative day of each sea- som respectively and a close analysis was cartied out. The following, Fig. 4 shows the cooling load of AHU cooling coil and outdoor tem- perature on the representative days. The temperature distribution of 15.3-23.1 "Cis shown on the representative day ofthe interme- diate season, and the temperature distribution of 25.1-322°C is shown on the representative day ofthe summer season. Fortheload pattern on the representative day, the distribution of 0-300 KW in «ase ofthe intermediate season ané the distribution of 0-550 KW in case ofthe summer season are shown, and we can see that the pat- terms which are almost similar withthe office schedule are shown, We can confirm that there is no oceursence of cooling load from 19:00 to 4:00 which is not the main building usage time because challers are not operated and cooling load occurs from 5:00 to 18:00 which is the main building usage time. Also, on the contrary to the intermediate season, we can confirm that load increases rapidly from 5:00 to 7-00 onthe representative days during summer season regardless of office schedule. Ths is to reduce the indoor temper- ature to the indoor setting temperature (24°C) while removing accumulated heat in the building while the system is turned off faring nighttime, 43. Part load ratio variations ‘The following Figs 5 and 6 show the part load ratio at the repre- sentative days in each case tn case of Case 3s similar with Case.1 soitis only shown in Fig. 5 For the distribution from 05:00 to 18:00 ‘which isthe operating hours chillers, Case.1, 3 showed adistribu- tion of 10-34x, chiller! in Case_2 showed a distribution of 10-68% and Chiller2 showed a distribution of O% in case of intermediate season, Incase of summer season, Case.1 showed a distribution of 44-61%, Chiller in Case.2 showed a distribution of 83-97% and Chiller2 showed a distribution of 0-26%, Chllert and Chiller2 in Case.3 showed a distribution of 41-61% which was same with Case-1. The part load ratio of Case.1 and Case-3 was maintained at 10% from 5:00 to 9:00 constantly during the intermediate sea- son, and this is because the minimum part load ratio was 10%. We can see that even if actual load applied tothe chiller was less than aa 1M Se KE Le very and lng 1192018) 308-322 Fe 3. Outdoor ar temperature of Incheon City |) =i Intermediate Season Outdoor Ar seb Cooling Seon Outdoor Ar 2 ntermesiae Seaton Cooling Rate —# cooling seston Coting ate Outdoor Air Dry Bulb [°C] 22348 6 7 @ 9 101142 43 14 35 16 17 18 19 2011-223 24 Hour Fig. 4. AU cooling cl cooling ate and outeor air temperature varatins 82). —teintermediate Seaton Cooling Seaton 5 Pat Lad Ratio U6) sh R EGER REE Hour Fig 5 Part lad eto (C3 3,319 10%, the part load ratio of chiller was fixed to 10% which was the load increases rapidly due to the effect of incoming solar radiation ‘minimum part load ratio. Between 14:00 and 15:00 when cooling and indoor heating elements, the maximum value is recorded, and. EM Ses, KH Le nergy end Buns 119 (2016) 309-822 a Intermediate Season Chiler 1 —wcoolng Season chiler 1 Part Load Ratio [%] sR 289888 inermadiate Season Chiller 2 + Cooling Season Ciler 2 eooeo 1g 6. Part oad aio case? then the value gradually decreases so that PLR is maintained at 0 from 19:00 to 04:00 when chillers are not operated In case of summer season, a similar distribution with the load pattern in Fig. 4 i shown, and the highest PLR is shown as 617% at (05:00 when the operation of chillers begins in order to achieve the indoor setting temperatute, and then decreases gradually until it becomes the minimum value as 44% at 7:00 and then increases to near 60% again at between 14:00 and 15:00 due to the eflect of ‘incoming solar radiation and indoor heating elements, After that, PLR decreases gradually and becomes 0% at 19:00 when the oper” ation of chillers stops. The part load ratio of Case.2 shown in Fig. 5 ‘was maintained at 10% from 5:00 to 7:00 constantly in case of Chiller} during the intermediate season, and this is because 10% which was the minimum part load ratio was maintained as men- tioned above, The maximuim value is recorded between 14:00 and 15:00 when cooling load increases rapidly due to the effect of incoming solae radiation and indoor heating elements, and then the value gradually decreases. Chiller2 is not operated during the intermediate season so 0% is maintained. In case of Chiller, PLR {s maintained at 97% during the summer season except for 07:00 and 18:00, and in case of chiller2, PLR occurs dusing the operating hhours except for 07:00 and 18:00 The total capacity of chiller in all three cases is 8SOKW and the maximum load on the representative day of cooling season is 'S50kW occurred at 05:00 equally. In Case.1, the chiller handles '550.W with the capacity of 850KW, so PLR is recorded at 61%, land in Case-3, two chillers with the capacity of 42SkW handle evenly distributed load at the same time, so each chiller handles 275KW and PLR is recorded at 61% same as Case.t. In Case. the fact of two chillers with the capacity of 425KW is same with CCase-3, bt load is distributed and handled in consecutive order in ‘order fo Chillerl and chiller2, so Chller2 is not operated during, the intermediate season. During summer season, when load which cannot be handled by Chiller! occurs as shown in Tig. 6, Chiller2 is operated, handling the load. Case-1 and Case-3 show the same pattern even though there isa difference in the number and capac- ty of chillers and Case-2 shows a different pattern from Case.1 and Case-3 because the load is handled with the total capacity of one chillerin Case-1 and the uniform control algorithm distributes load evenly when it occurs in Case.3 as explained above. On the other hhand, when load occurs in Case.2, the sequential control algorithm handles the load with 2 chillers in consecutive order according £0 the priority 44. COP variations during representative days The following Figs. ? and 8 show COP atthe representative days in each case. In ease of Case-3 is similar with Case-t, soit is only shownin ig. 7-For the distribution from 08-00 to 18:00 whichis the operating hours of chillers, Case-1 and Case-3 showed a distribu- tion of 1.7-55, Chiller in Case 2 showed a distribution of 17-66 and Chiller? showed a distribution of in case of intermediate sea- son, In case of summer season, Case.| and 3 show a distribution ff 5.6-6.1, Chiller! in Case.2 shows a distribution of 5.3-5.7 and Chiller2 shows a distribution of 0,5-2 8.COP of Case.1 and 3 shown in Fig, 7is maintained constantly at approximately 17 from 05:00 to 09:00 during the intermediate season, and this is because the operation amount is decided according to the minimum part load ratio as explained above, Betiveen 14:00 and 15:00 when cooling load becomes highest during the day due tothe effect of incoming solar radiation and indoor heating elements, the value i recorded at 55, and then the value gradually decreases so that COP is main- tained at 0 from 19:00 to 04:00 when chillers are not operated. In case of summer season, COP of Chiller is fixed at 6.0 on aver- age throughout the day except for 5.7 at 07:00 and 5.6 at 18:00. In Fig. 8, COP of Chller1 in Case.2is maintained at approximately 117 constantly from 05:00 to 07:00 during the intermediate sea- son, inereases rapidly to 64 until 13:00 and 6.6 at 16:00, and then decreases gradually, and Chiller2 is not operated. In case of sum- ‘mer season, COP of Chiller is fixed at 5.4 on average throughout the day except for 5.6 at 07:00 and 5.7 at 18:00. COP of Chiller2 is recorded 3.1 at 05:00 when the operation of chillers begins, and then gradually deceases and becomes 0 at 07:00, Between 14:00 and 15:00 when coolingload becomeshighest duringthe day due to the effect of incoming solar radiation and indoor heating elements itis recorded at 38, and then the value gradually decreases. ‘There iso significant difference in COP value a 15:00 between the intermediate season and summer season in Case.1 and Case 3 because two chillers are operated equally under all load conditions incase of Case-3 and the part load ratio which each chiller is oper- ated is the same with Case.1. As the grounds for this, the load at (07:00 on the representative day of summer season in two cases 1M Seo KH Le Brey an ukings 1192018) 308-322 arintermediate Season -t-Cooling Season ig. 7, COP varavone (C4131 Ineo Sexson hier terme Seaton cher? Hour shown in Fig, 4 is 381)0W, PLR and COP in Fig. 5 is 44% and 56 respectively, and the load at 15:00 on the representative day of intermediate season is 301 kW, and PLR and COP are 34% and 5.5 respectively. On the other hand, the reason why the COP curve of the representative day in Case_2 shows a pattern different from ‘other cases isthe difference inthe part load ratio which each chiller is operated, n case of intermediate season, only Chillert with the ‘capacity of 425 KW which is a half in comparison to Case.1 and 3 is operated. Therefore, Case.1 and 3 have the average value of 3.06 ‘during the operation hours of chillers on the representative days of intermediate season, but Case.2 has a significantly higher value of, 461 45. Chiller electric consumption during representative days ‘The following Figs. 9 ancl 10 show the electric consumption of, chiller at the representative days in each case. In case of Case.3 and Case 1 are same patterns, o tis only shown in ig. 9. For the distribution from 05:00 to 18:00 which is the operating houts of chiller, Case.1 showed a distribution of 16.3-54.7 kWh, Chiller in Case_2 showed a distribution of 164-463kWh and Chiller? showed a distribution of 0 KWh, and Chiller1 and Chiller? in Case.3 showed the same distribution of 8 2-27 4 kWh incase of intermedi ate season. In ase of summer season, Case.1 showed a distribution ‘of 65.5-89.9kWh, Chiller in Case2 showed a distribution of {53.1-79.1 kWh, Chiller2 showed a distribution of 0-33.1 kWh, and Chiller and Chiller2 in Case.3 showed the same distribution of 32.2-45.2 kWh. The electric consumption of chillers in Case-1 and 3 shown in Fig. 9 occurs at 05:00 when the operation of chillers Degin and then decreases slightly at 06:00 in case of intermedi- ate season. A rapidly rising curve of electric consumption is shown, ‘between 06:00 and 09:00 as time goes on, and then aconstantelec- {ric consumption is shown until 18:00, During summer season, a similar curve of electric consumption with the load pattern on the representative day of summer season shown in Fig 4is shown, The clectric consumption of chillers in Case.2 shown in Fig. 10 shows a different pattern from Case. and Case_3. In case of Chiller! dur- ing intermediate season, the electric consumption accurs at 05:00 ‘when the operation of chiller begins and then decreases slightly at 06:00. Then, the electric consumption increases until 08:00, and then aconstant electric consumption is maintained until 10:00, and the electric consumption is recorded at 46.3 kWh between 14:00, Sen KH Le nergy ont ung 119 (2016) 309-822 ar tenement eat 25 o2 Fecre Consumption a] “cooing Season Fie clr elect consuption (Case 1.2) (18 ‘seiner Season Chile cooing Season Chiler tere oneuption (i) 8 our + Intermaait Senan Cir 2 Fi 10. Chiles tere consumption (ate 2, and 15:00 when cooling load becomes highestduring the day due to the effect of incoming solar radiation and indoor heating elements, and then the value gradually decreases. Chiller? is nat operated so that OkWh of electric consumption is shown throughout the inter- ‘mediate season, During summer season, Chillert shows a relevant low electric consumption at 07:00 and 18:00 during the operation. time from 05:00 to 18:00 in comparison to other times on the con- trary to COP pattern, and Chiller2 records an electric consumption (33.0 kWh at 05:00 and stops operation at 07:00 when fewer loads ‘occur. Also, a constant electric consumption of 27.9 kWh is shown, between 10:00 and 16:00. ‘The pattern of electric consumption shown in Figs. 9 and 10 are closely related to the part load ratio (Figs. 5 and 6), COP (igs. 7 and 8) and the load of chiller (Fig. 4). The graph of electric consumption during the intermediate season and summer season sn Case.1 and Case.3 shows a similar pattern just as PLR and COP graphs above, and Case_2 showsa significant difference from Case.1 and Case.3 due to the effect of chiller number control algorithm. 46. Detailed analysis on annual data ‘The following Figs. 11, 12 and 13 and Table 6 are graphs and table showing annual cumulative operation hours, annual cumula- tive cooling coil rate and annual total chiller electric consumption for each PLR (10 part load ratios). In case of Case-1 where only tone chiller is operated. che section of over PLR 0% an below 10% {0 a § 2 w - & I é . = Part Load Ratio [61 Fig. 15, Cumulative operation outs, etry enh FER (Case 3) [20 electric consumption. This is because load which chillers should and low part load ratio, The section of PLR over 10% and below 20% handle is significantly low and electric consumption is also low (10 = PLR<20) had a higher electric consumption in comparison to accordingly even though COP is low due to many operating hours the cumulative operating hours and cooling load because chillers 1 Sen KH Le /Enerzy on uiings 1192018) Tables ‘Gmulative hour of Operation hile Bcc ‘Cumslave hour of Operon AEilerHecnie. Total Coting Call hours at Consumption ensumpten Consumption | Rate Opecation|in)_ ews hw hw are turned on and off according tothe minimum partload ratio set- ting, so the electric consumption atthe section of PLR at 10% which is the set value occurs higher in comparison to the load. Also, we can see that the operating hours, electric consumption and load decrease significantly from the section of PLR over 50% and below 60x (50 = PLR <60), and electric consumption at the section of PLR ver 0% and below 50x (50 = PLR <60) aecounts for 74% of annual chillerelectric consumption. Ifthe part load ratio which chillers are ‘operated is low, COP will decrease and the electric consumption will ncrease, and this result proves the need ofthe chiller staging contralto operate more than 2 chillers rather than to operate only chiller 33 Case.t The annual total lectric consumption in Case2 was 24028,.9kWh at the section of PLR over 50x and below 60% (50-=PLR<60) and 10,755.2kWh at the section of PLR over 80% and below 90% (80 = PLR

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