Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion

Scilab Textbook Companion for
Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion

by P. Murugaperumal1
Created by
Bathini Maheswara Reddy
B.Tech
Mechanical Engineering
SASTRA UNIVERSITY
College Teacher
Prof. D. Venkatesan
Cross-Checked by
Chaitanya
June 8, 2014
1 Funded
by a grant from the National Mission on Education through ICT,

http://spoken-tutorial.org/NMEICT-Intro. This Textbook Companion and Scilab
codes written in it can be downloaded from the Textbook Companion Project
section at the website http://scilab.in
Book Description
Title: Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion
Author: P. Murugaperumal
Publisher: Scitech Publications, Chennai
Edition: 1
Year: 2005
ISBN: 8188429937
Scilab numbering policy used in this document and the relation to the
above book.
Exa Example (Solved example)
Eqn Equation (Particular equation of the above book)
AP Appendix to Example(Scilab Code that is an Appednix to a particular
Example of the above book)
For example, Exa 3.51 means solved example 3.51 of this book. Sec 2.3 means
a scilab code whose theory is explained in Section 2.3 of the book.
Contents
List of Scilab Codes
1 Compressible Flow Fundamentals
12
2 Flow through Variable Area Ducts
46
3 Flow Through Constant Area Duct Adiabatic Flow
74
4 Flow Through Constant Area Ducts Rayleigh Flow
104
5 Normal and Oblique Shock
124
6 Aircraft Propulsion
170
7 Rocket Propulsion
195
8 Two Marks Questions and Answers
209
List of Scilab Codes

Exa 1.1
Exa 1.2
Exa 1.3
Exa 1.4
Exa 1.5
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
Exa 1.18
Exa 1.19
Exa 1.20
Exa 1.21
To calculate the work done . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

To calculate heat transfer internal energy change and
work done . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To determine temperature enthalpy drop and internal
energy change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To determine properties at outlet and area ratio of diffuser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To determine static pressure and axial force of turbojet
engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To determine mach number at a point . . . . . . . . .
To find direction of flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To calculate the bulk modulus . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To calculate mass of water to be pumped to obtain desired pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To find sonic velocity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To find velocity of sound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To find highest pressure acting on surface of a body .
To find air velocity for different types of flow . . . . .
To find number of nozzles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To find properties of a gas in vessel at a point . . . . .
To find mach number and velocity of flow . . . . . . .
To find distance covered before sonic boom is heard on
ground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To calculate time elapsed to feel disturbance due to aircraft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To find mach number at a point . . . . . . . . . . . .
To find Mach number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To find speed of sound and Mach number . . . . . . .
4
12
13
14
15
16
17
17
18
19
20
20
22
22
23
24
25
25
26
27
28
28
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
1.22
1.23
1.24
1.25
1.26
Exa 1.27
Exa 1.28
Exa 1.29
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
1.30
1.31
1.32
1.33
1.34
1.35
1.36
1.37
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
1.38
1.39
2.1
2.2
Exa 2.3
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
Exa 2.9
Exa 2.10
To find maximum possible velocity of air . . . . . . . .

To find exit velocity of air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To find static conditions and Flight Mach number . .
To find stagnation pressure and mach number . . . . .
To determine different velocities stagnation enthalpy and
crocco number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To find stagnation conditions and mass flow rate . . .
To find stagnation conditions and velocity at dynamic
condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To find flow velocity for compressible and incompressible
flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To find Mach number velocity and area at a point . .
To find velocity and mass flow rate . . . . . . . . . .
To find various properties at one section in duct . . .
To find various properties at one section in duct . . .
To find maximum temperature encountered by skin .
To find rate of heat transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To find various properties in a nozzle . . . . . . . . . .
To find Mach number velocity and pressure at a section
in duct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To find mass flow rate and velocity at exit . . . . . . .
To find time required for a value of pressure decrease
To find mass flow rate temperature and pressure at throat
To find properties at throat and exit in Convergent Divergent nozzle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To find properties at throat and exit maximum possible
velocity of gas and type of nozzle . . . . . . . . . . . .
To find properties at exit in Convergent Divergent nozzle
To find mass flow rate and pressure of a CD nozzle . .
To find exit properties and force exerted on diffuser walls
To find properties at inlet and exit of diffuser . . . . .
To find properties at throat and exit and maximum possible velocity of nozzle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To find Stagnation temperature properties at exit and
mass flow rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To determine throat and exit conditions mass flow rate
through nozzle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29
30
30
31
32
33
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
40
41
43
44
46
47
49
50
51
52
54
55
56
57
Exa 2.11
Exa 2.12
Exa 2.13
Exa 2.14
Exa 2.15
Exa 2.16
Exa 2.17
Exa 2.18
Exa 2.19
Exa 2.20
Exa 2.21
Exa 2.22
Exa 3.1
Exa 3.2
Exa 3.3
Exa 3.4
Exa 3.5
Exa 3.6
Exa 3.7
Exa 3.8
Exa 3.9
Exa 3.10
Exa 3.11
To find properties at throat and test section mass flow

rate and Power required in nozzle of wind tunnel . . .
To find cross section at throat and exit . . . . . . . . .
To find ratio of areas velocity and back pressure in CD
nozzle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To find how duct acts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To find mass flow rate static and stagnation conditions
and entropy change of subsonic diffuser . . . . . . . .
To find throat area reservoir conditions and mass flow
rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To find throat conditions ratio of velocities and mass
flow rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To find mass flow rate and exit conditions . . . . . . .
To find mach number change in stagnation pressure entropy change and static temperature and efficiency of
nozzle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To find pressure rise coefficient and ratio of area . . .
To find area at throat and exit Mach number total pressure loss and entropy change . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To find required throat and exit area of nozzle . . . .
To find length of pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To find length of required duct and length required to
obtain critical condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To find length of pipe and mass flow rate . . . . . . .
To find temperature velocity at a section and distance
between two sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To find length of pipe and properties of air at exit . .
To find mach number properties at a section and critical
section and length of the duct . . . . . . . . . . . . .
TO find final pressure and velocity of duct . . . . . .
To find inlet mach number mass flow rate and exit temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To find length diameter of the duct pressure at exit Stagnation pressure lose and to verify exit mach number .
To find length of the pipe Mach number percent of stagnation pressure loss and length required to reach choking
condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To find length of the pipe and mass flow rate . . . . .
6
59
60
62
63
63
65
66
67
68
70
71
72
74
75
76
77
78
80
82
83
84
86
87
Exa 3.12
Exa 3.13
Exa 3.14
Exa 3.15
Exa 3.16
Exa 3.17
Exa 3.18
Exa 3.19
Exa 3.20
Exa 3.21
Exa 4.1
Exa 4.2
Exa 4.3
Exa 4.4
Exa 4.5
Exa 4.6
Exa 4.7
Exa 4.8
Exa 4.9
To find length and Mach number of given pipe and at

required section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To find length of the pipe percent of stagnation pressure
change and entropy change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To find maximum length of pipe and conditions of air
at exit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To find Maximum and required length of the pipe and
properties of air at a section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To find exit mach number and inlet temperature and
pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To find Static and Stagnation conditions velocity length
and mass flow rate of air in pipe . . . . . . . . . . . .
To find length of pipe and properties of air at a section
and limiting mach number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To find diameter of pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To determine required inlet conditions . . . . . . . . .
To find mach number at sections and mean value of
friction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To find heat transferred per unit mass flow and temperature change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To calculate flow properties at the exit . . . . . . . . .
To find mass flow rate per unit area Final temperature
and heat added per kg of air flow . . . . . . . . . . . .
To calculate pressure and Mach number after combustion in combustion chamber . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To find total temperature static pressure at exit Stagnation pressure and exponent of polytropic equation .
To determine Mach number pressure temperature of gas
at entry and amount of heat added and maximum heat
can be added . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To determine Mach number pressure temperature and
velocity of gas at exit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To find Mach number pressure and temperature after
cooling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To determine heat added per kg of air flow maximum
possible heat transfer and heat transfer required to get
maximum static temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
88
89
91
93
95
96
98
100
101
102
104
105
107
108
109
111
112
114
115
Exa 4.10
Exa 4.11
Exa 4.12
Exa 4.13
Exa 4.14
Exa 5.1
Exa 5.2
Exa 5.3
Exa 5.4
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9
Exa 5.10
Exa 5.11
Exa 5.12
Exa 5.13
Exa 5.14
Exa 5.15
Exa 5.16
Exa 5.17
Exa 5.18
To find exit properties Maximum stagnation temperature percentage of pressure loss and initial mach number
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
To find Mach number and percentage drop in pressure 118
To find inlet mach number and percentage loss in static
pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
To find inlet and exit mach number . . . . . . . . . . 120
To find properties at exit and sonic condition and heat
required to accelerate gas from inlet to sonic condition 121
To find Mach number before shock properties after shock
density increase loss of stagnation pressure and entropy
change of air in pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
To find properties across normal shock and entropy change 125
To find properties downstream of shock . . . . . . . . 127
To find velocities across shock and stagnation pressure
change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
To find properties downstream of shock . . . . . . . . 129
To find pressure acting on front of the body . . . . . . 130
To find mass flow rate and properties at exit of CD nozzle 130
To find properties upstream of wave front . . . . . . . 133
To find properties downstream of shock total head pressure ratio entropy change strength of shock . . . . . . 134
To determine Mach number across shock and area at
shock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
To find Mach number across shock Static pressure and
area at shock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
To find properties at various sections . . . . . . . . . . 137
To find mass flow rate and properties at throat and exit
at various sections of CD nozzle . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
To estimate the difference in mercury in limbs of U tube
manometer at various velocities . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
To estimate Mach number and properties across the normal shock of tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
To find Mach number and velocity in pitot tube . . . . 148
To find shock speed and air velocity inside the shock . 149
To compute speed of wave pressure and temperature of
air at rest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Exa 5.19
Exa 5.20
Exa 5.21
Exa 5.22
Exa 5.23
Exa 5.24
Exa 5.25
Exa 5.26
Exa 5.27
Exa 5.28
Exa 6.1
Exa 6.2
Exa 6.3
Exa 6.4
Exa 6.5
Exa 6.6
Exa 6.7
Exa 6.8
Exa 6.9
To find Mach number pressure temperature at exit and

diffuser efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To find length of duct across shock mass flow rate entropy change across and downstream of shock . . . . .
To find length across the shock properties of air at exit
and mass flow rate through the duct . . . . . . . . . .
To find properties after shock and exit and exit Mach
number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To find length diameter of pipe and properties at pipe
exit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To estimate amount of heat added in two pipe section
and properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To find deflection angle Downstream Mach number Static
pressure and total pressure loss through the shock . .
To determine static pressure temperature behind wave
Mach number and Wedge angle . . . . . . . . . . . .
To find property ratios at strong and weak shock at
wedge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To find deflection angle final Mach number and temperature of gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To calculate thrust and specific thrust of jet propulsion
To find thrust developed thrust power and propulsive
efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To determine specific thrust and thrust specific fuel consumption for turbojet engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To estimate properties at exit and propulsive efficiency
of a turbojet aircraft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To calculate absolute velocity drag overall and turbine
efficiency of jet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To Calculate propulsive and thrust power total fuel consumption and propulsive thermal and overall efficiency
To find specific thrust jet velocity TSFC and propulsive
thermal and overall efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To calculate fuel air and pressure ratios and Mach number of jet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To determine air flow rate thrust power thrust produced
specific thrust and specific impulse . . . . . . . . . .
151
153
156
158
159
161
164
165
166
168
170
172
173
175
176
177
179
180
181
Exa 6.10
Exa 6.11
Exa 6.12
Exa 6.13
Exa 6.14
Exa 6.15
Exa 6.16
Exa 6.17
Exa 7.1
Exa 7.2
Exa 7.3
Exa 7.4
Exa 7.5
Exa 7.6
Exa 7.7
Exa 7.8
Exa 7.9
Exa 7.10
Exa 7.11
Exa 7.12
To calculate pressure rise pressured developed by compressor and air standard efficiency of the engine . . . . 182
To estimate diameter power output AFR and absolute
velocity of the jet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
To determine jet velocity thrust specific thrust TSFC
thrust power and efficiencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
To jet velocity fuel rate TSFC propulsive power and
efficiencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
To find absolute jet velocity volume of air compressed
diameter power output and air fuel ratio of the jet . . 187
To estimate AFR nozzle thrust propeller thrust and
mass flow rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
To find various parameters of ramjet engine through out
its operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
To find power input power output Fuel air ratio Exit
Mach number thrust and thrust power developed in the
jet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
To find thrust of the motor of a rocket . . . . . . . . . 195
To calculate area ratio thrust characteristic velocity thrust
coefficient exit velocity and possible maximum velocity 196
To estimate thrust per unit area and specific impulse
197
To find specific impulse specific propellant consumption
effective and absolute jet velocity of rocket . . . . . . 198
To find propulsive efficiency thrust and thrust power of
rocket . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
To find velocity and maximum height that rocket will
reach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
To determine thrust coefficient propellant weight flow
coefficient SPC and characteristic velocity of rocket . 201
To find various parameters of rocket projectile during
its operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
To propulsive power engine output and efficiencies . . 203
To find thrust specific impulse and efficiencies . . . . 204
To find specific impulse SPC effective and actual jet
velocity and efficiencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
To find propellant flow rate thrust developed and height
attained during powered and coasting flights . . . . . 206
10
Exa 7.13
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
7.14
8.1.34
8.1.35
8.1.37
8.1.38
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
8.1.39
8.1.40
8.3.10
8.3.15
8.3.31
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
8.3.32
8.3.33
8.5.16
8.5.17
8.5.20
8.5.21
8.5.22
8.6.41
8.6.42
8.7.42
8.7.44
8.7.45
8.7.46
Exa 8.7.47
Exa 8.7.48
To find effective jet velocity mass ratio and propellant

mass fraction maximum slight speed Altitude gain during powered and coasting flights . . . . . . . . . . . .
To find orbital and escape velocities of a rocket . . . .
To find Mach angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To find values of back pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To find temperature at nose of aircraft . . . . . . . .
To determine stagnation pressure and stagnation temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To calculate bulk modulus of elasticity of a liquid . .
To find highest possible velocity . . . . . . . . . . . .
To find the length of the pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To find length of the pipe to achieve deceleration . . .
To find maximum possible amount of heat transfer of
combustion chamber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To find increase in specific entropy of the fluid . . . .
To pipe maximum heat transfer in a pipe . . . . . . .
To find pressure acting on the front of the body . . . .
To find strength of shock wave . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To find irreversibility of duct . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To find mach number and air velocity of pitot tube .
To find properties downstream of the shock . . . . . .
To find propulsive efficiency for an optimum thrust power
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To find propulsive efficency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To find thrust of the rocket . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To find the thrust developed . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To find the jet velocity of a rocket . . . . . . . . . . .
To calculate thrust propulsive efficiency and thrust power
of a rocket . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To determine orbital velocity and escape velocity of a
rocket . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To determine propulsive efficiency and propulsive power
of a rocket . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
207
208
209
210
210
211
212
212
213
213
214
214
215
216
216
217
217
218
219
219
220
221
221
222
222
223
Chapter 1
Compressible Flow
Fundamentals
Scilab code Exa 1.1 To calculate the work done

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
clc
clear
// I n p u t d a t a
m =0.75 // Mass o f a i r i n kg
T1 =800 // I n t i a l T e m p e r a t u r e i n K
P1 =400 // I n i t i a l P r e s s u r e i n kPa
P2 =150 // F i n a l P r e s s u r e i n kPa
k =1.4 // A d i a b a t i c c o n s t a n t
R =0.287 // S p e c i f i c Gas c o n s t a n t i n J / kgK
// C a l c u l a t i o n
p1 = P2 / P1 // p r e s s u r e r a t i o o f p r o c e s s
T2 = T1 * p1 ^(( k -1) / k ) // F i n a l t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
W =(( m * R *( T1 - T2 ) ) /( k -1) ) // Workdone i n kJ
//PV Diagram
scf ()
clf ()
12
20 V1 =((( m * R * T1 ) / P1 ) ^(1/ k ) ) *10^3 // I n l e t volume i n c c

21 V2 =((( m * R * T2 ) / P2 ) ^(1/ k ) ) *10^3 // F i n a l volume i n c c
22 V = V1 :( V2 - V1 ) /100: V2
// R e p r e s e n t i n g volume on
graph , a d i a b a t i c e x p a n s i o n
23 P = P1 * V1 ^ k ./ V ^ k // R e p r e s e n t i n g p r e s s u r e on g r a p h
24 plot (V , P ) // P l o t t i n g
25 legend ( PV k=C ) // D e f i n i n g c u r v e
26 xtitle ( PV Diagram , V ( c c ) , P ( kPa ) ) // T i t l e s
of axes
27
28
29
// Output
printf ( Workdone i s %3 . 2 f kJ ,W )
Scilab code Exa 1.2 To calculate heat transfer internal energy change and
work done
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
clc
clear
V1 =0.35 // Volume o f g a s i n m3
P1 =110 // I n i t i a l P r e s s u r e i n kPa
P2 =600 // F i n a l P r e s s u r e i n kPa , m i s s i n g d a t a
Cv =718 // S p e c i f i c h e a t a t c o n s t a n t volume i n J / kgK
R =287 // S p e c i f i c Gas c o n s t a n t i n J / kgK
dQ =0 // Heat t r a n s f e r i n J , S i n c e A d i a b a t i c p r o c e s s
m =( P1 *10^3* V1 ) /( R * T1 ) // Mass o f a i r i n kg
p1 = P2 / P1 // P r e s s u r e r a t i o
T2 = T1 * p1 ^(( k -1) / k ) // F i n a l t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
dU =( m * Cv *( T2 - T1 ) ) *10^ -3 // Change i n i n t e r n a l e n e r g y
i n kJ
13
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
dW = - dU // Workdone i n kJ , S i n c e dQ=0
//PV Diagram
scf ()
clf ()
V1cc = V1 *10^3 // I n l e t volume i n c c
V2cc = V1cc *( T2 / T1 ) ^(1/( k -1) ) // F i n a l volume i n c c
V = V1cc :( V2cc - V1cc ) /100: V2cc
// R e p r e s e n t i n g
volume on graph , a d i a b a t i c e x p a n s i o n
P = P2 * V1cc ^ k ./ V ^ k // R e p r e s e n t i n g p r e s s u r e on g r a p h
plot (V , P ) // P l o t t i n g
legend ( PV k=C ) // D e f i n i n g c u r v e
xtitle ( PV Diagram , V ( c c ) , P ( kPa ) ) // T i t l e s
of axes
// Output
printf ( (A) Heat t r a n s f e r i s %3i J \n (B) Change i n
i n t e r n a l e n e r g y i s %3 . 3 f kJ \n (C) Workdone i s %3 . 3
f kJ \n ,dQ , dU , dW )
Scilab code Exa 1.3 To determine temperature enthalpy drop and internal
energy change
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
clc
clear
P1 =3.2 // I n i t i a l P r e s s u r e i n
P2 =1 // F i n a l P r e s s u r e i n b a r
T1 =475 // I n i t i a l t e m p e r a t u r e
Mol =44 // M o l e c u l a r w e i g h t o f
Ri =8314 // I d e a l g a s c o n s t a n t
14
bar
in K
c a r b o n d i o x i d e i n kg / mol
i n J / molK
13 R = Ri / Mol // S p e c i f i c g a s c o n s t a n t i n J / kgK
14 Cp =( k * R ) /( k -1) // S p e c i f i c h e a t c a p a c i t y a t c o n s t a n t
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
p r e s s u r e i n J / kgK
Cv = Cp / k // S p e c i f i c h e a t c a p a c i t y a t c o n s t a n t volume
i n J / kgK
p1 = P2 / P1 // P r e s s u r e r a t i o
T2 = T1 * p1 ^(( k -1) / k ) // F i n a l T e m p e r a t u r e
dh = Cp *( T1 - T2 ) *10^ -3 // E n t h a l p y d r o p i n kJ / kg
dU = Cv *( T2 - T1 ) *10^ -3 // Change i n i n t e r n a l e n e r g y i n
kJ / kg , ve s i g n i n d i c a t e s l o s s
// Output
printf ( (A) T e m p e r a t u r e i s %3 . 3 f K\n (B) E n t h a l p y d r o p
i s %3 . 3 f kJ / kg \n (C) Change i n i n t e r n a l e n e r g y i s
%3 . 2 f kJ / kg i . e . %3 . 2 f kJ / kg ( l o s s ) ,T2 , dh , dU , abs
( dU ) )
Scilab code Exa 1.4 To determine properties at outlet and area ratio of
diffuser
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
clc
clear
P1 =0.5 // I n i t i a l P r e s s u r e i n b a r
T1 =50+273 // I n t i a l T e m p e r a t u r e i n K
C1 =240 // I n l e t v e l o c i t y i n m/ s
C2 =120 // O u t l e t v e l o c i t y i n m/ s , m i s s i n g d a t a
Cp =1005 // S p e c i f i c h e a t c a p a c i t y a t c o n s t a n t
10 k =1.4 // A d i a b a t i c c o n s t a n t
11
12 // C a l c u l a t i o n
13 T2 = T1 +(( C1 ^2 - C2 ^2) /(2* Cp ) ) // F i n a l T e m p e r a t u r e i n K
14 t1 = T2 / T1 // T e m p e r a t u r e r a t i o
15
15 P2 = P1 * t1 ^( k /( k -1) ) // F i n a l P r e s s u r e i n b a r
16 ar =( P1 * T2 * C1 ) /( P2 * T1 * C2 ) // R a t i o o f o u t l e t t o
inlet
area
17
18
19
// Output
printf ( (A) At o u t l e t : \ n
T e m p e r a t u r e i s %3 . 2 f K\n
P r e s s u r e i s %3 . 4 f b a r \n (B) R a t i o o f o u t l e t t o
i n l e t a r e a i s %3 . 4 f ,T2 , P2 , ar )
Scilab code Exa 1.5 To determine static pressure and axial force of turbojet engine
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
clc
clear
m =25 // Mass f l o w r a t e o f a i r i n kg / s
C2 =115 // O u t l e t v e l o c i t y i n m/ s
P1 =100 // // I n i t i a l P r e s s u r e i n kPa
R =0.287 // S p e c i f i c g a s c o n s t a n t i n kJ / kgK
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
T2 = T1 +(( C1 ^2 - C2 ^2) /(2* Cp ) ) // F i n a l T e m p e r a t u r e i n K
t1 = T2 / T1 // T e m p e r a t u r e r a t i o
P2 = P1 * t1 ^( k /( k -1) ) // F i n a l P r e s s u r e i n b a r
A1 =( m * R * T1 ) /( P1 * C1 ) // Area a t i n l e t i n m2
A2 =( m * R * T2 ) /( P2 * C2 ) // Area a t o u t l e t i n m2
F =(( P1 * A1 ) -( P2 * A2 ) ) +( m *( C1 - C2 ) ) *10^ -3 // A x i a l f o r c e
on m o u t h p i e c e r e s u l t i n g from a c c e l e r a t i o n o f a i r
i n kN
16
21
22
23
// Output
printf ( (A) S t a t i c p r e s s u r e a t i n t a k e f a c e i s %3 . 3 f
kPa \n (B) Magnitude o f a x i a l f o r c e on m o u t h p i e c e
r e s u l t i n g from a c c e l e r a t i o n o f a i r i s %3 . 3 f kN ,
P2 , F )
Scilab code Exa 1.6 To determine mach number at a point

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
clc
clear
P =200 // P r e s s u r e i n kPa
C =50 // V e l o c i t y o f a i r i n m/ s
d =2.9 // D e n s i t y i n kg /m3
Mol =32 // M o l e c u l a r w e i g h t o f o x y g e n i n kg / mol
Ri =8314 // I d e a l g a s c o n s t a n t i n J / molK
// C a l c u l a t o r
R = Ri / Mol // S p e c i f i c g a s c o n s t a n t i n J / kgK
T = P *10^3/( R * d ) // T e m p e r a t u r e i n K
a = sqrt ( k * R * T ) // V e l o c i t y o f sound i n m/ s
M = C / a // Mach number
// Output
printf ( Mach number i s %3 . 2 f ,M )
Scilab code Exa 1.7 To find direction of flow

1 clc
2 clear
17
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Pa =1.3 // P r e s s u r e a t s e c t i o n A i n b a r
Ta =50+273 // T e m p e r a t u r e a t s e c t i o n A i n K
Pb =1 // P r e s s u r e a t s e c t i o n B i n b a r
Tb =13+273 // T e m p e r a t u r e a t s e c t i o n B i n K
10 R =287 // S p e c i f i c g a s c o n s t a n t i n J / kgK
11
13 ds =(( Cp * log ( Tb / Ta ) ) -( R * log ( Pb / Pa ) ) ) *10^ -3 // The
c h a n g e i n t h e e n t r o p y i s kJ / kg
14 //+ve s i g n i n d i c a t e s A t o B
15 //ve s i g n i n d i c a t e s B t o A
16
17
18
// Output
printf ( The c h a n g e i n t h e e n t r o p y i s %3 . 4 f kJ / kg \n
S i n c e v a l u e i s ve , p r o c e s s must t a k e s p l a c e from
B t o A , ds )
Scilab code Exa 1.8 To calculate the bulk modulus

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
clc
clear
V1 =8 // I n t i a l volume i n l i t r e
V2 =7.8 // F i n a l volume i n l i t r e
P1 =0.7 // I n t i a l P r e s s u r e i n MPa
P2 =2.7 // F i n a l P r e s s u r e i n MPa
// C a l c u l a t i o n s
K =( P2 - P1 ) /( log ( V1 / V2 ) ) // Bulk modulus o f l i q u i d i n
kPa
18
12
13
14
// Output
printf ( Bulk modulus o f l i q u i d i s %3 . 3 f kPa ,K )
Scilab code Exa 1.9 To calculate mass of water to be pumped to obtain

desired pressure
1 clc
2 clear
3
4 // I n p u t d a t a
5 V1 =0.5 //Voume o f Water r e q u i r e d t o
fill
pressure
v e s s e l i n m3
6 P =3000 // T e s t p r e s s u r e i n b a r
7 dv =0.6 // Change o f empty volume o f
c o n t a i n e r due t o
p r e s s u r i s a t i o n in percentage
8 K =20000 // Bulk modulus o f w a t e r i n MPa
9
11 m1 = V1 *10^3 // Mass o f w a t e r r e q u i r e d t o f i l l
pressure
v e s s e l i n kg
12 Vr =( P * V1 ) / K // Reduced volume o f w a t e r due t o
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
c o m p r e s s i o n i n m3
Vi = dv * V1 /100 // I n c r e a s e d volume o f c o n t a i n e r i n m3
V = Vr + Vi // Volume o f a d d i t i o n a l w a t e r r e q u i r e d i n m3
m = V *10^3 // Mass o f a d d i t i o n a l w a t e r r e q u i r e d i n kg
mt = m1 + m // T o t a l mass o f w a t e r r e q u i r e d i n l i t r e ,
S i n c e 1 kg=1 L i t
// Output
printf ( Mass o f w a t e r t o be pumped i n t o t h e v e s e l t o
o b t a i n t h e d e s i r e d p r e s s u r e i s %3i l i t , mt )
19
Scilab code Exa 1.10 To find sonic velocity

1 clc
2 clear
3
5 SG_oil =0.8 // S p e c i f i c g r a v i t y o f c r u d e o i l
6 K_oil =153036*10^4 // Bulk modulus o f O i l i n N/m2
7 K_hg =2648700*10^4 // Bulk modulus o f Mercury i n N/m2
8 d_steel =7860 // D e n s i t y o f s t e e l i n kg /m3
9 E_steel =200*10^9 // Modulus o f e l a s t i c i t y i n Pa
10 d_hg =13600 // D e n s i t y o f m e r c u r y i n kg /m3
11 d_water =1000 // D e n s i t y o f w a t e r i n kg /m3
12
14 d_oil = SG_oil * d_water // D e n s i t y o f o i l i n kg /m3
15 a_oil = sqrt ( K_oil / d_oil ) // S o n i c v e l o c i t y o f c r u d e
o i l i n m/ s
16 a_hg = sqrt ( K_hg / d_hg ) // S o n i c v e l o c i t y o f m e r c u r y i n
m/ s
17 a_steel = sqrt ( E_steel / d_steel ) // S o n i c v e l o c i t y o f
s t e e l i n m/ s
18
19
20
// Output
printf ( (A) S o n i c v e l o c i t y o f c r u d e o i l i s %3 . 2 f m/ s \
n (B) S o n i c v e l o c i t y o f m e r c u r y i s %3 . 2 f m/ s \n (A)
S o n i c v e l o c i t y o f s t e e l i s %3 . 1 f m/ s \n , a_oil ,
a_hg , a_steel )
Scilab code Exa 1.11 To find velocity of sound

1 clc
2 clear
3
20
5 T =20+273 // T e m p e r a r t u r e o f medium i n K
6 Cp_fr =678 // S p e c i f i c h e a t c a p a c i t y a t c o n s t a n t
7
p r e s s u r e o f f r e o n i n J / kgK
Cv_fr =543 // S p e c i f i c h e a t c a p a c i t y a t c o n s t a n t
v o l i m e o f f r e o n i n J / kgK
T_air =0+273 // T e m p e r a t u r e o f a i r i n K
mol_h =2 // M o l e c u l a r w e i g h t o f Hydrogen i n kg / mol
mol_water =18 // M o l e c u l a r w e i g h t o f w a t e r i n kg / mol
R_air =287 // S p e c i f i c g a s c o n s t a n t o f a i r i n J / kgK
k =1.4 // A d i a b a t i c c o n s t a n t o f h y d r o g e n
k_water =1.3 // A d i a b a t i c c o n s t a n t o f w a t e r
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
17 R_h = Ri / mol_h // S p e c i f i c
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
gas c o n s t a n t o f hydrogen in
J / kgK
a_h = sqrt ( k * R_h * T ) // V e l o c i t y o f sound i n h y d r o g e n i n
m/ s
R_water = Ri / mol_water // S p e c i f i c g a s c o n s t a n t o f
w a t e r i n J / kgK
a_water = sqrt ( k_water * R_water * T ) // V e l o c i t y o f sound
i n w a t e r v a p o u r i n m/ s
k_fr = Cp_fr / Cv_fr // A d i a b a t i c c o n s t a n t o f f e o a n
R_fr = Cp_fr - Cv_fr // S p e c i f i c g a s c o n s t a n t o f f r e o n i n
J / kgK
a_fr = sqrt ( k_fr * R_fr * T ) // V e l o c i t y o f sound i n f r e o n
i n m/ s
a_air = sqrt ( k * R_air * T_air ) // S o n i c V e l o c i t y o f a i r a t
i n m/ s
// Output
printf ( (A) V e l o c i t y o f sound i n h y d r o g e n i s %3 . 2 f m/
s \n (B) V e l o c i t y o f sound i n w a t e r v a p o u r i s %3 . 2 f
m/ s \n (C) V e l o c i t y o f sound i n f r e o n i s %3 . 2 f m/ s
\n (D) S o n i c V e l o c i t y o f a i r a t %3i K i s %3 . 4 f m/ s
,a_h , a_water , a_fr , T_air , a_air )
21
Scilab code Exa 1.12 To find highest pressure acting on surface of a body
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
clc
clear
M =0.85 // Mach number
k =1.4 // A d i a b a t i c C o n s t a n t
Po = P *(1+((( k -1) /2) * M ^2) ) ^( k /( k -1) ) // P r e s s u r e a c t i n g
on t h e s u r f a c e o f t h e body i n kPa
// Output
printf ( The h i g h e s t p r e s s u r e a c t i n g on t h e s u r f a c e
o f t h e body i s %3 . 1 f kPa , Po )
Scilab code Exa 1.13 To find air velocity for different types of flow
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
clc
clear
T =27+273 // T e m p e r a t u r e i n K
dP =32 // D i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n p i v o t and s t a t i c p r e s s u r e
d =( P *10^3) /( R * T ) // D e n s i t y i n kg /m3
22
13 Ci = sqrt ((2*( dP *10^3) ) / d ) // V e l o c i t y

14
15
16
17
18
19
20
of
i n c o m p r e s s i b l e f l o w i n m/ s
pr =( dP ) / P // P r e s s u r e r a t i o
p1 = pr +1 // S t a g n a t i o n t o s t a t i c p r e s s u r e r a t i o
M = sqrt ((( p1 ^(( k -1) / k ) -1) *2) /( k -1) ) // Mach number
Cc = M * sqrt ( k * R * T ) // V e l o c i t y o f c o m p r e s s i b l e f l o w i n
m/ s
// Output
printf ( (A) A i r v e l o c i t y i n i n c o m p r e s s i b l e f l o w i s %3
. 1 f m/ s \n (B) A i r v e l o c i t y i f f l o w i s c o m p r e s s i b l e
i s %3 . 3 f m/ s ,Ci , Cc )
Scilab code Exa 1.14 To find number of nozzles

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
clc
clear
T1 =200+273 // I n t i a l T e m p e r a t u r e i n K
P1 =1.7 // I n i t i a l P r e s s u r e i n b a r
P2 =1 // F i n a l P r e s s u r e i n b a r
m =1 // Mass f l o w r a t e i n kg / s
D =0.025 // N o z z l e d i a m e t e r i n m
14
16 p1 = P2 / P1 // P r e s s u r e r a t i o
17 T2 = T1 * p1 ^(( k -1) / k ) // F i n a l t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
18 E1 = T1 +( C1 ^2/(2* Cp ) ) //LHS o f S t e a d y f l o w e n e r g y
equation
23
19 C2 = sqrt (( E1 - T2 ) *2* Cp ) // E x i t
v e l o c i t y of the a i r in
m/ s
20 d2 =( P2 *10^5) /( R * T2 ) // D e n s i t y a t
21 A2 = %pi * D ^2/4 // Area a t o u t l e t i n
22 n = ceil ( m /( d2 * A2 * C2 ) ) // Number o f
23
24 // Output
25 printf ( (A) E x i t v e l o c i t y o f t h e
o u t l e t i n kg /m3
m2
n o z z l e s t o be u s e d
a i r i s %3 . 2 f m/ s \n (
B) Number o f n o z z l e s t o be u s e d a r e %1 . 0 f ,C2 , n )
Scilab code Exa 1.15 To find properties of a gas in vessel at a point

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
clc
clear
Po =300 // P r e s s u r e i n t h e v e s s e l i n kPa
To =50+273 // T e m p e r a t u r e i n v e s s e l i n K
M =1 // Mach number
Mol =4 // M o l e c u l a r w e i g h t o f h e l i u m i n kg / mol
Cp =( k * R ) /( k -1) // S p e c i f i c h e a t c a p a c i t y a t c o n s t a n t
p1 =(2/( k +1) ) ^( k /( k -1) ) // P r e s s u r e r a t i o
Pt = Po * p1 // P r e s s u r e a t t e s t c o n d i t i o n i n kPa
t1 =(2/( k +1) ) // T e m p e r a t u r e r a t i o
Tt = To * t1 // T e m p e r a t u r e a t t e s t c o n d i t i o n i n K
at = sqrt ( k * R * Tt ) // V e l o c i t y o f sound i n m/ s
Ct = at // V e l o c i t y o f g a s a t t e s t c o n d i t i o n i n m/ s
Cmax = sqrt (2* Cp * To ) //Maximum v e l o c i t y due t o
e x p a n d i n g o f g a s e s t h r o u g h n o z z l e s y s t e m i n m/ s
24
22
23
24
// Output
printf ( (A) At t e s t p o i n t : \ n
P r e s s u r e i s %3 . 2 f kPa
\n
V e l o c i t y i s %3
. 1 f m/ s \n (B) Maximum v e l o c i t y due t o e x p a n d i n g o f
g a s e s t h r o u g h n o z z l e s y s t e m i s %3 . 2 f m/ s ,Pt , Tt ,
Ct , Cmax )
Scilab code Exa 1.16 To find mach number and velocity of flow
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
clc
clear
p1 =0.5 // S t a t i c t o S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e r a t i o
Mol =39.94 // M o l e c u l a r w e i g h t o f a r g o n i n kg / mol
p2 =1/ p1 // P r e s s u r e r a t i o
M = sqrt ((( p2 ^(( k -1) / k ) -1) *2) /( k -1) ) // Mach number
C = M * sqrt ( k * R * T ) // V e l o c i t y i n t h e f l o w i n m/ s
// Output
printf ( (A) Mach number i s %3 . 3 f \n (B) V e l o c i t y i n t h e
f l o w i s %3 . 1 f m/ s ,M , C )
Scilab code Exa 1.17 To find distance covered before sonic boom is heard
on ground
25
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
clc
clear
h =10 // H e i g h t i n km
alp = asind (1/ M ) // Mach c o n e a n g l e i n d e g r e e
d =10/ tand ( alp ) // D i s t a n c e t h e j e t would c o v e r b e f o r e
a s o n i c boom i s h e a r d on g r o u n d i n km
// Output
printf ( D i s t a n c e t h e j e t would c o v e r b e f o r e a s o n i c
boom i s h e a r d on g r o u n d i s %3 . 2 f km ,d )
Scilab code Exa 1.18 To calculate time elapsed to feel disturbance due to
aircraft
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
clc
clear
h =1100 // H e i g h t i n m
M1 =2.5 // Mach number o f a i r c r a f t @h
T =280 // T e m p e r a t u r e @h
M2 =0.5 // Mach number o f o b s e r v e r
R =287 // S p e c i f i c g a s c o n s t a n t i n J / kgK
alp = asind (1/ M1 ) // Mach c o n e a n g l e i n d e g r e e
C1 = M1 * a // V e l o c i t y o f a i r c r a f t when t h e o b s e r v e r i s
s t a t i o n a r y i n m/ s
26
16 t1 = h /( C1 * tand ( alp ) ) // Time e l a p s e d when t h e o b s e r v e r
i s stationary in sec
17 C2 =( M1 - M2 ) * a // V e l o c i t y
o f a i r c r a f t when t h e
o b s e r v e r i s moving i n t h e d i r e c t i o n o f a i r c r a f t
i n m/ s
i s moving i n t h e d i r e c t i o n o f a i r c r a f t i n s e c
19 C3 =( M1 + M2 ) * a // V e l o c i t y o f a i r c r a f t when t h e
o b s e r v e r i s moving i n t h e o p p o s i t e d i r e c t i o n i n m
/s
i s moving i n t h e o p p o s i t e d i r e c t i o n i n s e c
21
22
23
// Output
printf ( (A) Time e l a p s e d when t h e o b s e r v e r i s
s t a t i o n a r y i s %3 . 3 f s e c \n (B) Time e l a p s e d when
t h e o b s e r v e r i s moving i n t h e d i r e c t i o n o f
a i r c r a f t w i t h M=%3 . 1 f i s %3 . 2 f s e c \n (C) Time
e l a p s e d when t h e o b s e r v e r i s moving i n t h e
o p p o s i t e d i r e c t i o n i s %3 . 2 f s e c \n ,t1 , M2 , t2 , t3 )
Scilab code Exa 1.19 To find mach number at a point

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
clc
clear
d =2.9 // D e n s i t y i n kg /m3
C =50 // V e l o c i t y i n m/ s
mol =32 // M o l e c u l a r w e i g h t o f o x y g e n i n kg / mol
27
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
R = Ri / mol // S p e c i f i c g a s C o n s t a n t i n J / kgk
T =( P *10^3) /( R * d ) // T e m p e r a t u r e i n K
// Output
Scilab code Exa 1.20 To find Mach number

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
clc
clear
C =200 // V e l o c i t y o f o b j e c t i n m/ s
mol =4 // M o l e c u l a r w e i g h t o f h e l i u m i n kg / mol
T =288 // T e m p e r a t u r e i n K
R = Ri / mol // S p e c i f i c g a s C o n s t a n t i n J / kgk
// Output
Scilab code Exa 1.21 To find speed of sound and Mach number
1 clc
2 clear
3
28
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Z1 =0 // H e i g h t from s e a l e v e l i n m
Z2 =11 // H e i g h t from s e a l e v e l i n m
T1 =288 // T e m p e r a t u r e @Z1 i n K, from g a s t a b l e s
T2 =216.5 // T e m p e r a t u r e @Z2 i n K, from g a s t a b l e s
C =1000*(5/18) // V e l o c i t y i n m/ s
R =287 // S p e c i f i c g a s c o n s t a n t i n J / kgk
a1 = sqrt ( k * R * T1 ) // Sound v e l o c i t y @Z1 i n m/ s
M1 = C / a1 // Mach number @Z1
a2 = sqrt ( k * R * T2 ) // Sound v e l o c i t y @Z2 i n m/ s
M2 = C / a2 // Mach number @Z2
// Output
printf ( (A) Speed o f sound a t : \ n
s e a l e v e l i s %3 . 2
f \n
an a l t i t u d e o f %3i km i s %3 . 2 f m/ s \n (B)
Mach numbeer a t : \ n
s e a l e v e l i s %3 . 2 f \n
an
a l t i t u d e o f %3i km i s %3 . 2 f ,a1 , Z2 , a2 , M1 , Z2 , M2 )
Scilab code Exa 1.22 To find maximum possible velocity of air

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
clc
clear
T =300+273 // S t a t i c T e m p e r a t u r e i n K
C =200 // V e l o c i t y i n m/ s
8
10 To = T +( C ^2/(2* Cp ) ) // S t a g n a t i o n T e m p e r a t u r e i n K
11 C_max = sqrt (2* Cp * To ) //Maximum p o s s i b l e v e l o c i t y
29
o b t a i n e d by a i r i n m/ s
12
13
14
// Output
printf ( Maximum p o s s i b l e v e l o c i t y o b t a i n e d by a i r i s
%3 . 2 f m/ s , C_max )
Scilab code Exa 1.23 To find exit velocity of air

1 clc
2 clear
3
5 dT =37 // T e m p e r a t u r e d i f f e r e n c e
between a i r i n s i d e
t h e t y r e and n o z z l e e x i t
6 Cp =1005 // S p e c i f i c h e a t c a p a c i t y a t c o n s t a n t
7
9 C = sqrt (2* Cp * dT ) // E x i t v e l o c i t y o f a i r i n m/ s
10
11 // Output
12 printf ( E x i t v e l o c i t y o f a i r i s %3 . 1 f m/ s ,C )
Scilab code Exa 1.24 To find static conditions and Flight Mach number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
clc
clear
C =800*(5/18) // V e l o c i t y i n m/ s
Po =105 // S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e i n kPa
To =35+273 // S t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
30
8 Cp =1005 // S p e c i f i c
heat capacity at constant

9 k =1.4 // A d i a b a t i c C o n s t a n t
10 R =287 // S p e c i f i c g a s c o n s t a n t i n J / kgk
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
T = To -( C ^2/(2* Cp ) ) // S t a t i c t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
P = Po *( T / To ) ^( k /( k -1) ) // S t a t i c p r e s s u r e i n kPa
a = sqrt ( k * R * T ) // Sound V e l o c i t y i n m/ s
// Output
printf ( (A) S t a t i c c o n d i t i o n s : \ n
P r e s s u r e i s %3 . 2 f
kPa \n
Sound
V e l o c i t y i s %3 . 2 f m/ s \n (B) Mach number i s %3 . 2 f ,
P ,T ,a , M )
Scilab code Exa 1.25 To find stagnation pressure and mach number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
clc
clear
C =215 // V e l o c i t y i n m/ s
T =30+273 // S t a t i c t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
P =5 // S t a t i c p r e s s u r e i n b a r
a = sqrt ( k * R * T ) // Sound V e l o c i t y i n m/ s
To = T *(1+((( k -1) /2) * M ^2) ) // S t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e i n
K
15 Po = P *( To / T ) ^( k /( k -1) ) // S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e i n kPa
31
16
17
18
// Output
printf ( (A) S t a g n a t i o n P r e s s u r e i s %3 . 4 f b a r \n (B)
Mach number i s %3 . 3 f ,Po , M )
Scilab code Exa 1.26 To determine different velocities stagnation enthalpy

and crocco number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
clc
clear
T =400 // S t a t i c t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
9
11 a = sqrt ( k * R * T ) // Sound v e l o c i t y i n m/ s
12 C = a // V e l o c i t y o f j e t i n m/ s , S i n c e j e t h a s s o n i c
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
velocity
To = T +( C ^2/(2* Cp ) ) // S t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
ao = sqrt ( k * R * To ) // Sound v e l o c i t y a t S t a g n a t i o n
c o n d i t i o n i n m/ s
ho =( Cp * To ) *10^ -3 // S t a g n a t i o n e n t h a l p y i n kJ / kg
C_max = sqrt (2* Cp * To ) //Maximum v e l o c i t y o f j e t i n m/ s
cr = C / C_max // C r o c c o number
// Output
printf ( (A) V e l o c i t y o f sound a t %3i K i s %3 . 3 f m/ s \n
(B) V e l o c i t y o f sound a t s t a g n a t i o n c o n d i t i o n i s
%3 . 3 f m/ s \n (C) Maximum v e l o c i t y o f j e t i s %3 . 3 f m
/ s \n (D) S t a g n a t i o n e n t h a l p y i s %3 . 3 f kJ / kg \n (E)
C r o c c o number i s %3 . 4 f ,T ,C , ao , C_max , ho , cr )
32
Scilab code Exa 1.27 To find stagnation conditions and mass flow rate
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
clc
clear
D =10 // D i a m e t e r i n d u c t i n cm
T =5+273 // S t a t i c t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
P =40 // S t a t i c p r e s s u r e i n kPa
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
Po = P *( To / T ) ^( k /( k -1) ) // S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e i n kPa
d =( P *10^3) /( R * T ) // D e n s i t y i n kg /m3
A =( %pi * D ^2/4) *10^ -4 // Area i n m2
m = d * A * C // Mass f l o w r a t e i n kg / s
// Output
printf ( (A) S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e i s %3 . 2 f kPa \n (B)
S t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e i s %3 . 2 f K\n (C) Mass f l o w
r a t e i s %3 . 4 f kg / s ,Po , To , m )
Scilab code Exa 1.28 To find stagnation conditions and velocity at dynamic condition
1 clc
33
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
clear
T =290 // S t a t i c t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
Po = P *( To / T ) ^( k /( k -1) ) // S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e i n kPa
a = sqrt ( k * R * T ) // Sound v e l o c i t y i n m/ s
Co = sqrt ( k * R * To ) // Sound v e l o c i t y a t S t a g n a t i o n
// Output
printf ( (A) S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e and t e m p e r a t u r e a r e
%3 . 4 f b a r and %3 . 2 f K\n (B) V e l o c i t y o f sound i n
t h e dynamic and s t a g n a t i o n c o n d i t i o n s a r e %3 . 2 f m
/ s and %3 . 2 f m/ s ,Po , To ,a , Co )
Scilab code Exa 1.29 To find flow velocity for compressible and incompressible flow
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
clc
clear
dP =490*(1.01325/760) // P r e s s u r e i n p i v o t t u b e i n b a r
P =0.3546+1.01325 // S t a t i c p r e s s u r e ( a b s o l u t e ) i n b a r
k =1.4 // A d i a b a a t i c c o n s t a n t
34
11
13 Po = dP + P // S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e i n b a r
14 T = To *( P / Po ) ^(( k -1) / k ) // S t a t i c t e m p e r a t u r e
15 C1 = sqrt (2* Cp *( To - T ) ) // Flow v e l o c i t y f o r
C o m p r e s s i b l e f l o w i n m/ s
16 di = Po /( R * To ) // D e n s i t y i n kg /m3
17 C2 = sqrt ((2* dP ) / di ) // Flow v e l o c i t y
for
i n c o m p r e s s i b l e f l o w i n m/ s
18
19
20
// Output
printf ( Flow v e l o c i t y f o r : \ n (A) C o m p r e s s i b l e f l o w i s
%3 . 2 f m/ s \n (B) I n c o m p r e s s i b l e f l o w i s %3 . 2 f m/ s
,C1 , C2 )
Scilab code Exa 1.30 To find Mach number velocity and area at a point
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
clc
clear
Po =8 // S t a g n a t i o n P r e s s u r e i n b a r
P =5.6 // S t a t i c p r e s s u r e i n bar , t a k e n from d i a g r a m
given
k =1.4 // A d i a b a a t i c c o n s t a n t
35
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
T = To *( P / Po ) ^(( k -1) / k ) // S t a t i c t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
C = sqrt (2* Cp *( To - T ) ) // V e l o c i t y i n m/ s
A =(( m * R * T ) /( P *10^5* C ) ) *10^4 // Area a t a p o i n t i n t h e
c h a n n a l i n cm2
// Output
printf ( (A) Mach number i s %3 . 4 f \n (B) V e l o c i t y i s %3
. 1 f m/ s \n (C) Area a t a p o i n t i n t h e c h a n n a l i s %3
. 3 f cm2 ,M ,C , A )
Scilab code Exa 1.31 To find velocity and mass flow rate
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
clc
clear
Po =1.8 // S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e i n atm
P =1 // S u r r o u n d i n g p r e s s u r e i n atm
p1 =0.528 // S t a t i c t o S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e r a t i o @Mach
number =1 , from g a s t a b l e s
Pt = p1 * Po // C r i t i c a l p r e s s u r e i n atm , S i n c e Pt<P t h e
flow i s not chocked
di =( Po *10^5) /( R * To ) // D e n s i t y i n kg /m3
ao = sqrt ( k * R * To ) // Sound v e l o c i t y a t S t a g n a t i o n
Cp =( k * R ) /( k -1) // S p e c i f i c h e a t c a p a c i t y a t c o n s t a n t
C = sqrt (2* Cp * To *(1 -( P / Po ) ^(( k -1) / k ) ) ) // V e l o c i t y o f
36
a i r f l o w which w i l l t a k e p l a c e from chamber t o

t h e o u t s i d e t h r o u g h a u n i t a r e a h o l e i n m/ s
18 G = di * ao * sqrt (2/( k -1) ) *( P / Po ) ^(1/ k ) * sqrt ((1 -( P / Po ) ^((
k -1) / k ) ) ) // Mass f l o w r a t e p e r u n i t a r e a i n kg / s
m2
19
20
21
// Output
printf ( (A) V e l o c i t y o f a i r f l o w which w i l l t a k e
p l a c e from chamber t o t h e o u t s i d e t h r o u g h a u n i t
a r e a h o l e i s %3 . 3 f m/ s \n (B) Mass f l o w r a t e p e r
u n i t a r e a i s %3 . 3 f kg / sm2 ,C , G )
Scilab code Exa 1.32 To find various properties at one section in duct
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
clc
clear
A1 =465.125 // C r o s s s e c t i o n a l a r e a a t e n t r y i n cm2
T1 =26.66+273 // S t a t i c t e m p e r a t u r e a t s e c t i o n 1 i n K
P1 =3.4473 // S t a t i c P r e s s u r e a t s e c t i o n 1 i n b a r
C1 =152.5 // V e l o c i t y a t s e c t i o n 1 i n m/ s
P2 =2.06838 // S t a t i c P r e s s u r e a t s e c t i o n 2 i n b a r
T2 =277.44 // S t a t i c t e m p e r a t u r e a t s e c t i o n 2 i n K
C2 =260.775 // V e l o c i t y a t s e c t i o n 2 i n m/ s
15
16 // C a l c u l a t i o n s
17 To1 = T1 +( C1 ^2/(2* Cp ) ) // S t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e a t
entry in K
18 To2 = T2 +( C2 ^2/(2* Cp ) ) // S t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e a t
exit in K
37
// h e r e To1=To2 from a n s w e r s
d1 =( P1 *10^5) /( R * T1 ) // D e n s i t y a t s e c t i o n 1
d2 =( P2 *10^5) /( R * T2 ) // D e n s i t y a t s e c t i o n 2
ar =( d2 * C2 ) /( d1 * C1 ) // R a t i o o f i n l e t t o o u t l e t a r e a
A2 = A1 / ar // C r o s s s e c t i o n a l a r e a a t e x i t i n cm2
C_max = sqrt (2* Cp * To1 ) //Maximum v e l o c i t y a t e x i t i n m
/s
25 m = d1 * A1 * C1 *10^ -4 // Mass f l o w r a t e i n kg / s
26 F =(( P1 *10^5* A1 *10^ -4) -( P2 *10^5* A2 *10^ -4) ) +( m *( C1 - C2 )
) // F o r c e a c t i n g on t h e d u c t w a l l b e t w e e n two
sections in N
19
20
21
22
23
24
27
28
29
// Output
printf ( (A) Maximum v e l o c i t y and s t a g n a t i o n
t e m p e r a t u r e a t e x i t a r e %3 . 2 f m/ s and %3 . 2 f K\n (
B) S i n c e S t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e %3i K a t e n t r y and
%3i K a t e x i t a r e e q u a l , t h e f l o w i s a d i a b a t i c \n
(C) C r o s s s e c t i o n a l a r e a a t e x i t i s %3 . 2 f cm2\ n
(D) F o r c e a c t i n g on t h e d u c t w a l l b e t w e e n two
s e c t i o n s i s %3 . 2 f N , C_max , To2 , To1 , To2 , A2 , F )
Scilab code Exa 1.33 To find various properties at one section in duct
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
clc
clear
P1 =250 // S t a t i c P r e s s u r e a t s e c t i o n 1 i n kPa
T1 =26+273 // S t a t i c t e m p e r a t u r e a t s e c t i o n 1 i n K
M1 =1.4 // Mach number a t e n t r y
M2 =2.5 // Mach number a t e x i t
38
13 C1 = sqrt ( k * R * T1 ) * M1 // A i r v e l o c i t y a t e n t r y i n m/ s
14 To = T1 *(1+((( k -1) /2) * M1 ^2) ) // S t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
in K
t1 =(1+((( k -1) /2) * M2 ^2) ) // S t a g n a t i o n t o e x i t
Temperature r a t i o
T2 = To / t1 // E x i t t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
C2 = sqrt ( k * R * T2 ) * M2 // A i r v e l o c i t y a t e x i t i n m/ s
P2 = P1 *( T2 / T1 ) ^( k /( k -1) ) // E x i t s t a t i c p r e s s u r e i n
kPa
d2 =( P2 *10^3) /( R * T2 ) // D e n s i t y a t s e c t i o n 2 i n kg /m3
G = d2 * C2 // ) Mass f l o w r a t e t h r o u g h t h e d u c t p e r
s q u a r e m e t r e i n kg / sm2
// Output
printf ( (A) At s e c o n d s e c t i o n : \ n
T e m p e r a t u r e i s %3
. 2 f K\n
P r e s s u r e i s %3 . 2 f kPa \n
Velocity is
%3 . 4 f m/ s \n (B) Mass f l o w r a t e t h r o u g h t h e d u c t
p e r s q u a r e m e t r e i s %3 . 1 f kg / sm2 ,T2 , P2 , C2 , G )
Scilab code Exa 1.34 To find maximum temperature encountered by skin

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
clc
clear
M =2 // Mach number
h =20 // A l t i t u d e i n km
Tc = -56 // Ambient t e m p e r a t u r e i n d e g r e e C e n t i g r a d e
Ta = -56+273 // Ambient t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
39
14 a = sqrt ( k * R * Ta ) // Sound v e l o c i t y i n m/ s
15 C = M * a // V e l o c i t y o f f l i g h t i n m/ s
16 To = Tc +( C ^2/(2* Cp ) ) // The maximum t e m p e r a t u r e
e n c o u n t e r e d i s %3 . 1 f d e g r e e C e n t i g r a d e
17
18
19
// Output
printf ( The maximum t e m p e r a t u r e e n c o u n t e r e d i s %3 . 1 f
d e g r e e C e n t i g r a d e , To )
Scilab code Exa 1.35 To find rate of heat transfer

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
clc
clear
W =20000 // Power d e v e l o p e d i n kW
C1 =50 // V e l o c i t y o f a i r e n t e r i n g i n m/ s
T1 =700+273 // T e m p e r a t u r e o f a i r e n t e r i n g i n K
T2 =298 // T e m p e r a t u r e o f a i r l e a v i n g i n K
C2 =125 // V e l o c i t y o f a i r l e a v i n g i n m/ s
Cp =1.005 // S p e c i f i c h e a t c a p a c i t y a t c o n s t a n t
p r e s s u r e i n kJ / kgK
12
14 dh = Cp *( T2 - T1 ) // Change i n e n t h a l p y i n kJ / kg
15 Q =(( m * dh ) +W -( m *(1/2000) *( C2 ^2 - C1 ^2) ) ) // The r a t e
of
h e a t t r a n s f e r i n kJ / s
16
17
18
// Output
printf ( The r a t e o f h e a t t r a n s f e r i s %3 . 2 f kJ / s ,Q )
Scilab code Exa 1.36 To find various properties in a nozzle

40
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
clc
clear
mol =39.9 // M o l e c u l a r w e i g h t o f g a s i n kg / mol
Po =500 // P r e s s u r e i n chamber i n kPa
To =30+273 // T e m p e r a t u r e i n chamber i n K
P1 =80 // P r e s s u r e o f n o z z l e a t g i v e n s e c t i o n i n kPa
D =0.012 // C r o s s s e c t i o n d i a m e t e r o f n o z z l e i n m
R = Ri / mol // S p e c i f i c g a s c o n s t a n t i n J / kgK
p1 = Po / P1 // S t a g n a t i o n t o s t a t i c p r e s s u r e r a t i o
M1 = sqrt (((( p1 ^(( k -1) / k ) ) -1) *2) /( k -1) ) // Mach number
at s e c t i o n
T1 = To *((1+((( k -1) /2) * M1 ^2) ) ^( -1) ) // T e m p e r a t u r e a t
section in K
a = sqrt ( k * R * T1 ) // Sound V e l o c i t y i n m/ s
C1 = M1 * a // Gas V e l o c i t y a t s e c t i o n i n m/ s
d =( P1 *10^3) /( R * T1 ) // D e n s i t y i n kg /m3
A1 = %pi * D ^2/4 // C r o s s s e c t i o n a l Area
m = d * A1 * C1 // Mass f l o w r a t e t h r o u g h n o z z l e i n kg / s
// Output
printf ( (A) At s e c t i o n : \ n
Mach number i s %3 . 1 f \n
V e l o c i t y i s %3 . 3 f
m/ s \n (B) Mass f l o w r a t e t h r o u g h n o z z l e i s %3 . 3 f
kg / s ,M1 , T1 , C1 , m )
Scilab code Exa 1.37 To find Mach number velocity and pressure at a
section in duct
1 clc
41
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
clear
mol =4 // M o l e c u l a r w e i g h t o f g a s i n kg / mol
C1 =150 // Gas V e l o c i t y a t s e c t i o n 1 i n m/ s
P1 =100 // P r e s s u r e o f d u c t a t s e c t i o n 1 i n kPa
T1 =15+273 // T e m p e r a t u r e a t s e c t i o n 1 i n K
T2 = -10+273 // T e m p e r a t u r e a t s e c t i o n 2 i n K
R = Ri / mol // S p e c i f i c g a s c o n s t a n t i n J / kgK
a1 = sqrt ( k * R * T1 ) // Sound v e l o c i t y a t s e c t i o n 1 i n m/ s
M1 = C1 / a1 // Mach number a t s e c t i o n 1
t1 =0.9955 // S t a t i c t o S t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e r a t i o
a t e n t r y from g a s t a b l e s @M1, k =1.3
To = T1 / t1 // S t a g a n t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
p1 =0.9815 // S t a t i c t o S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e r a t i o a t
e n t r y from g a s t a b l e s @M1, k =1.3
Po = P1 / p1 // S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e i n kPa
t2 = T2 / To // S t a t i c t o S t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e r a t i o a t
exit
M2 =0.82 //Amch number a t s e c t i o n 2 from g a s t a b l e s
@t2 , k =1.3
e x i t from g a s t a b l e s @M2, k =1.3
P2 = Po * p2 // P r e s s u r e a t s e c t i o n 2 i n kPa
a2 = sqrt ( k * R * T2 ) // Sound v e l o c i t y a t s e c t i o n 2 i n m/ s
C2 = M2 * a2 // Gas V e l o c i t y a t s e c t i o n 2 i n m/ s
// Output
printf ( At t h e s e c o n d p o i n t : \ n
Mach number i s %3
. 2 f \n
Velocity is
%3 . 2 f m/ s ,M2 , P2 , C2 )
42
Scilab code Exa 1.38 To find mass flow rate and velocity at exit
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
clc
clear
A1 =10 // I n l e t a r e a i n cm2
C1 =80 // I n l e t A i r v e l o c i t y i n m/ s
T1 =28+273 // I n l e t t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
P1 =700 // I n l e t P r e s s u r e i n kPa
P2 =250 // E x i t p r e s s u r e i n kPa
a1 = sqrt ( k * R * T1 ) // Sound v e l o c i t y a t i n l e t i n m/ s
M1 = C1 / a1 // Mach number a t i n l e t
t1 =0.989 // S t a t i c t o S t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e r a t i o a t
To = T1 / t1 // S t a g a n t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
Po = P1 / p1 // S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e i n kPa
p2 = P2 / Po // S t a t i c t o S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e r a t i o
e x i t from g a s t a b l e s @M2, k =1.4
T2 = To * t2 // S t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r i n K
a2 = sqrt ( k * R * T2 ) // Sound v e l o c i t y a t e x i t i n m/ s
C2 = M2 * a2 // E x i t A i r v e l o c i t y i n m/ s
d1 =( P1 *10^3) /( R * T1 ) // D e n s i t y a t i n l e t i n kg /m3
m = d1 * A1 * C1 *10^ -4 // Mass f l o w r a t e i n kg / s
// Output
43
30
printf ( (A) Mass f l o w r a t e i s %3 . 3 f kg / s \n (B)

V e l o c i t y a t t h e e x i t i s %3 . 2 f m/ s ,m , C2 )
Scilab code Exa 1.39 To find time required for a value of pressure decrease
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
clc
clear
V =5 // Volume o f a i r i n m3
Ae =10*10^ -4 // E x i t a r e a i n cm2
To =60+273 // T e m p e r a t u r e i n s i d e i n t h e t a n k i n K
Po1 =40 // I n t i a l t o t a l p r e s s u r e i n b a r
Po2 =2 // F i n a l t o t a l p r e s s u r e i n b a r
P =1 // D i s c h a r g e p r e s s u r e i n b a r
// Here p r e s s u r e r a t i o s P/ Po1 and P/ Po2 a r e a l w a y s
l e s s than c r i t i c a l p r e s s u r e r a t i o t h e r e f o r e f l o w
i s c h o k e d i . e . M=1 a t e x i t
15 Gp =(0.0404184* Ae ) / sqrt ( To ) // Mass f l o w r a t e by
S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e i . e . m/Po
16 // D i f f e r e n t i a t i n g m=(PV) / (RTo ) w . r . t . t i m e and
i n t r g r a t i n g r e s u l t i n g e q u a t i o n we g e t f o l l o w i n g
expression .
17 t = -( V /( R * To * Gp ) ) * log ( Po2 / Po1 ) // The t i m e r e q u i r e d
f o r t a n k p r e s s u r e t o d e c r e a s e from Po1 t o Po2 i n
sec
18
19
20
// Output
printf ( The t i m e r e q u i r e d f o r t a n k p r e s s u r e t o
d e c r e a s e from %i b a r t o %i b a r i s %3 . 2 f s e c ,Po1 ,
Po2 , t )
44
45
Chapter 2
Flow through Variable Area
Ducts
Scilab code Exa 2.1 To find mass flow rate temperature and pressure at
throat
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
clc
clear
do1 =1.12 // D e n s i t y o f a i r i r e s e r v o i r i n kg /m3
ao1 =500 // V e l o c i t y o f sound i n r e s e r v o i r i n m/ s
d =0.01 // T h r o a t d i a m e t e r i n m
To1 = ao1 ^2/( k * R ) // S t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
Po1 = do1 * R * To1 // S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e i n Pa
p1 =0.528 // R a t i o o f c r i t i c a l p r e s s u r e t o S t a g n a t i o n
p r e s s u r e from g a s t a b l e s @M=1
15 Pt =( Po1 * p1 ) *10^ -5 // T h r o a t p r e s s u r e i n b a r
16 t1 =0.834 // R a t i o o f c r i t i c a l t e m p e r a t u r e t o
S t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e from g a s t a b l e s @M=1
46
17 Tt = To1 * t1 // c r i t i c a l t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
18 d_t =( Pt *10^5) /( R * Tt ) // D e n s i t y o f a i r a t t h r o a t i n
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
kg /m3
a_t = sqrt ( k * R * Tt ) // Sound v e l o c i t y a t t h r o a t i n m/ s
Ct = a_t // A i r v e l o c i t y t t h r o a t i n m/ s , S i n c e M=1
A_t = %pi * d ^2/4 // T h r o a t a r e a i n m2
m = d_t * A_t * Ct //Maximum mass f l o w r a t e i n kg / s
// Output
printf ( (A) Maximum mass f l o w r a t e i s %3 . 5 f kg / s \n (B
) P r e s s u r e and t e m p e r a r a t u r e a t t h e t h r o a t a r e %3
. 3 f b a r and %3 . 4 f K ,m , Pt , Tt )
Scilab code Exa 2.2 To find properties at throat and exit in Convergent
Divergent nozzle
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
clc
clear
P1 =2 // I n t i a l p r e s s u r e i n b a r
C1 =170 // I n i t i a l v e l o c i t y o f a i r i n m/ s
T1 =473 // I n t i a l t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
A1 =1000 // I n l e t a r e a i n mm2
P2 =0.95 // E x i t p r e s s u r e i n b a r
a_1 = sqrt ( k * R * T1 ) // V e l o c i t y o f sound a t i n l e t i n m/ s
M1 = C1 / a_1 // I n l e t mach number
t1 =0.970 // R a t i o o f i n l e t t e m p e r a t u r e t o S t a g n a t i o n
t e m p e r a t u r e from g a s t a b l e s @M=1
17 To1 = T1 / t1 // S t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
18 p1 =0.900 // R a t i o o f i n l e t p r e s s u r e t o S t a g n a t i o n
47
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
Po1 = P1 / p1 // S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e i n b a r
a1 =1.623 // R a t i o o f i n l e t a r e a t o c r i t i c a l a r e a from
i s e n t r o p i c g a s t a b l e s @M=1
At = A1 / a1 // c r i t i c a l a r e a i n mm2
p2 =0.528 // P r e s s u r e r a t i o a t c r i t i c a l s t a t e from
Pt = Po1 * p2 // T h r o a t p r e s s u r e i n b a r
t2 =0.834 // T e m p e r a t u r e r a t i o a t c r i t i c a l s t a t e from
Tt = To1 * t2 // T h r o a t t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
a_t = sqrt ( k * R * Tt ) // V e l o c i t y o f sound a t t h r o a t i n m/
s
C_t = a_t // C r i t i c a l v e l o c i t y o f a i r i n m/ s
p3 = P2 / Po1 // P r e s s u r e r a t i o a t e x i t
M2 =1.17 // Mach number a t e x i t from i s e n t r o p i c g a s
t a b l e s @p3
t3 =0.785 // T e m p e r a t u r e r a t i o a t e x i t from i s e n t r o p i c
g a s t a b l e s @M2
T2 = To1 * t3 // E x i t t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
a3 =1.022 // Area r a t i o a t e x i t from i s e n t r o p i c g a s
t a b l e s @M2
A2 = At * a3 // E x i t a r e a i n mm 2 , wrong a n s w e r i n
textbook
C2 = M2 * sqrt ( k * R * T2 ) // E x i t v e l o c i t y i n m/ s
// Output
printf ( (A) S t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e and p r e s s u r e a r e
%3 . 2 f K and %3 . 3 f b a r \n (B) S o n i c v e l o c i t y and
mach number a t e n t r y a r e %3 . 2 f m/ s and %3 . 2 f \n (C
) V e l o c i t y , Mach number and f l o w a r e a a t o u t l e t
s e c t i o n a r e %3 . 2 f m/ s , %3 . 2 f and %3 . 2 f mm2\ n (D)
P r e s s u r e , a r e a a t t h r o a t o f t h e n o z z l e a r e %3 . 5 f
b a r and %3 . 3 f mm2 ,To1 , Po1 , a_1 , M1 , C2 , M2 , A2 , Pt , At
)
48
Scilab code Exa 2.3 To find properties at throat and exit maximum possible velocity of gas and type of nozzle
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
clc
clear
Po1 =10 // S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e i n b a r
To1 =798 // S t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
Pt =7.6 // T h r o a t p r e s s u r e i n b a r
m =1.5 // Mass f l o w r a t e i n kg / s
12
14 p1 =0.528 // R a t i o o f
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
c r i t i c a l p r e s s u r e to Stagnation
p r e s s u r e from i s e n t r o p i c g a s t a b l e s @M=1 , k =1.4
Pc = p1 * Po1 // C r i t i c a l p r e s s u r e i n b a r
P2 = Pt // E x i t p r e s s u r e i n bar , S i n c e Pc<P2
p2 = P2 / Po1 // P r e s s u r e r a t i o
M2 =0.64 // E x i t mach number from i s e n t r o p i c g a s
t a b l e s @p2
t1 =0.924 // R a t i o o f e x i t t e m p e r a t u r e t o S t a g n a t i o n
t e m p e r a t u r e from i s e n t r o p i c g a s t a b l e s @M2
T2 = t1 * To1 // e x i t t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
C2 = sqrt ( k * R * T2 ) * M2 // E x i t v e l o c i t y i n m/ s
C_max = sqrt (2* Cp * To1 ) //Maximum p o s s i b l e v e l o c i t y i n
m/ s
d2 =( P2 *10^5) /( R * T2 ) // D e n s i t y a t e x i t i n kg /m3
At =( m /( d2 * C2 ) ) *10^6 // T h r o a t a r e a i n mm2
// Output
49
27
printf ( (A) At t h e n o z z l e t h r o a t / e x i t : \ n
Pressure
i s %3 . 2 f b a r \n
V e l o c i t y i s %3 . 2 f \n (B) Maximum p o s s i b l e v e l o c i t y
i s %3 . 2 f m/ s \n (C) Type o f t h e n o z z l e i s a
c o n v e r g e n t n o z z l e and i t s t h r o a t a r e a i s %3 . 3 f mm
2 ,P2 , T2 , C2 , C_max , At )
Scilab code Exa 2.4 To find properties at exit in Convergent Divergent

nozzle
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
clc
clear
Po1 =3.344 // S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e i n b a r
11
13 p1 = P2 / Po1 // P r e s s u r e r a t i o
14 M2 =1.40 // E x i t mach number from g a s t a b l e s @p1 , k =1.4
15 t1 =0.718 // R a t i o o f e x i t t e m p e r a t u r e t o S t a g n a t i o n
16
17
18
19
20
21
t e m p e r a t u r e from i s e n t r o p i c g a s t a b l e s @M2, k =1.4

T2 = To1 * t1 // e x i t t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
d2 =( P2 *10^5) /( R * T2 ) // D e n s i t y a t e x i t i n kg /m3
a1 =1.115 // R a t i o o f e x i t a r e a t o c r i t i c a l a r e a from
i s e n t r o p i c g a s t a b l e s @M2
M_2 =0.6733 // E x i t mach number when i t a c t s a s
diffuser
50
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
t e m p e r a t u r e from i s e n t r o p i c g a s t a b l e s @M2
T_2 = t2 * To1 // e x i t t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
C_2 = sqrt ( k * R * T_2 ) * M_2 // E x i t v e l o c i t y i n m/ s
p2 =0.738 // R a t i o o f e x i t p r e s s u r e t o S t a g n a t i o n
p r e s s u r e from i s e n t r o p i c g a s t a b l e s @M2
P_2 = Po1 * p2 // e x i t p r e s s u r e i n b a r
d_2 =( P_2 *10^5) /( R * T_2 ) // D e n s i t y a t e x i t i n kg /m3
// Output
printf ( (A) At e x i t : \ n
Temperaure i s %3i K\n
V e l o c i t y i s %3 . 2 f m/ s \n
D e n s i t y i s %3 . 3 f kg /m
3\ n (B) At d i f f u s e r : \ n
Temperaure i s %3 . 3 f K\n
V e l o c i t y i s %3 . 3 f m/ s \n
D e n s i t y i s %3 . 4 f
kg /m3\ n
P r e s s u r e i s %3 . 4 f b a r \n ,T2 , C2 , d2 , T_2
, C_2 , d_2 , P_2 )
Scilab code Exa 2.5 To find mass flow rate and pressure of a CD nozzle
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
clc
clear
Po1 =8 // S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e i n b a r
To1 =273+15 // S t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
At =25 // T h r o a t a r e a i n cm2
A2 =100 // E x i t a r e a i n cm2
a1 = A2 / At // Area r a t i o
M2 =2.94 // E x i t mach number from g a s t a b l e s @a1 , k =1.4
p r e s s u r e from i s e n t r o p i c g a s t a b l e s @M2, k =1.4
16 P2 = Po1 * p1 // e x i t p r e s s u r e i n b a r
51
17 M_2 =0.146 // E x i t mach number when i t
a c t s as
diffuser
18 p2 =0.9847 // R a t i o o f
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
e x i t p r e s s u r e to Stagnation
p r e s s u r e from i s e n t r o p i c g a s t a b l e s @M2
P_2 = Po1 * p2 // e x i t p r e s s u r e i n b a r
Pc =( Po1 * p3 ) // C r i t i c a l p r e s s u r e i n b a r
t1 =0.834 // R a t i o o f c r i t i c a l t e m p e r a t u r e t o
S t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e from i s e n t r o p i c g a s t a b l e s
@M=1 , k =1.4
Tt = To1 * t1 // c r i t i c a l t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
d_t =( Pc *10^5) /( R * Tt ) // D e n s i t y a t c r i t i c a l s t a t e i n
kg /m3
a_t = sqrt ( k * R * Tt ) // V e l o c i t y o f sound a t c r i t i c a l
s t a t e i n m/ s
Ct = a_t // V e l o c i t y o f a i r a t c r i t i c a l s t a t e i n m/ s
m = d_t * At * Ct *10^ -4 // Mass f l o w r a t e i n kg / s
// Output
) As n o z z l e : \ n
P r e s s u r e i s %3 . 4 f b a r \n
Mach
number i s %3 . 2 f \n As d i f f u s e r : \ n
Pressure i s
%3 . 4 f b a r \n
Mach number i s %3 . 3 f ,m , P2 , M2 , P_2 ,
M_2 )
Scilab code Exa 2.6 To find exit properties and force exerted on diffuser
walls
1 clc
2 clear
3
5 D1 =15 // Entry d i a m e t e r i n cm
6 D2 =30 // E x i t d i a m a t e r i n cm
52
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
P1 =0.96 // I n l e t p r e s s u r e i n b a r
T1 =340 // I n l e t t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
C1 =185 // I N l e t v e l o c i t y i n m/ s
A1 = %pi * D1 ^2/4 // Entry a r e a i n cm2
A2 = %pi * D2 ^2/4 // E x i t a r e a i n cm2
a_1 = sqrt ( k * R * T1 ) // Sound v e l o c i t y i n m/ s
M1 = C1 / a_1 // I n l e t mach number
p1 =0.843 // R a t i o o f i n l e t p r e s s u r e t o S t a g n a t i o n
p r e s s u r e from g a s t a b l e s @M1, k =1.4
Po1 = P1 / p1 // S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e i n b a r
t e m p e r a t u r e from g a s t a b l e s @M1, k =1.4
To1 = T1 / t1 // S t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
i s e n t r o p i c g a s t a b l e s @M1, k =1.4
At = A1 / a1 // c r i t i c a l a r e a i n cm2
a2 = A2 / At // Area r a t i o
M2 =0.1088 // E x i t mach number from g a s t a b l e s @a2 , k
=1.4
P2 = Po1 * p2 // e x i t p r e s s u r e i n b a r
T2 = To1 * t2 // e x i t t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
F1 = P1 *10^5* A1 *10^ -4*(1+( k *( M1 ^2) ) ) // F o r c e e x e r t e d
a t e n t r y i n kN
F2 = P2 *10^5* A2 *10^ -4*(1+( k *( M2 ^2) ) ) // F o r c e e x e r t e d
a t e x i t i n kN
F =( F2 - F1 ) *10^ -3 // F o r c e e x e r t e d on t h e d i f f u s e r
w a l l s i n kN , wrong a n s w e r i n t e x t b o o k
// Output
53
36
printf ( (A) E x i t p r e s s u r e i s %3 . 3 f b a r \n (B) E x i t

v e l o c i t y i s %3 . 2 f m/ s \n (C) F o r c e e x e r t e d on t h e
d i f f u s e r w a l l s i s %3 . 3 f kN ,P2 , C2 , F )
Scilab code Exa 2.7 To find properties at inlet and exit of diffuser
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
clc
clear
M1 =3.6 // I n l e t mach number
M2 =2 // E x i t mach number
p1 =11.38*10^ -3 // R a t i o o f i n l e t p r e s s u r e t o
S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e from g a s t a b l e s @M1, k =1.4
Po = P1 / p1 // S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e i n b a r
To = T1 / t1 // S t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
C1 = sqrt ( k * R * T1 ) * M1 // I n l e t v e l o c i t y i n m/ s
d1 =( P1 *10^5) /( R * T1 ) // D e n s i t y a t i n l e t i n kg / s , P1
i n Pa
A1 =( m /( d1 * C1 ) ) *10^4 // I n l e t a r e a i n cm2
P2 = Po * p2 // e x i t p r e s s u r e i n b a r
T2 = To * t2 // e x i t t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
54
25 C2 = sqrt ( k * R * T2 ) * M2 // E x i t v e l o c i t y i n m/ s
26 d2 =( P2 *10^5) /( R * T2 ) // D e n s i t y a t e x i t i n kg / s
27 A2 =( m /( d2 * C2 ) ) *10^4 // E x i t a r e a i n cm2
28
29 // Output
30 printf ( (A) At I n l e t : \ n
Area i s %3 . 1 f cm2\ n
T o t a l p r e s s u r e %3 . 2 f b a r \n
Total temperature
i s %3 . 1 f K\n (B) At E x i t : \ n
Area i s %3 . 1 f cm2\
n
T o t a l p r e s s u r e %3 . 2 f b a r \n
Total
t e m p e r a t u r e i s %3 . 2 f K\n
S t a t i c temperature i s
%3 . 2 f K\n
S t a t i c p r e s s u r e i s %3 . 2 f b a r ,A1 , Po
, To , A2 , Po , To , T2 , P2 )
Scilab code Exa 2.8 To find properties at throat and exit and maximum
possible velocity of nozzle
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
clc
clear
Po =6.91 // S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e i n b a r
P2 =0.98 // e x i t p r e s s u r e i n b a r
m =3600/3600 // Mass f l o w r a t e i n kg / s
12
14 p1 =0.528 // R a t i o o f
15 Pt = Po * p1 // c r i t i c a l p r e s s u r e i n b a r
16 t1 =0.834 // R a t i o o f c r i t i c a l t e m p e r a t u r e t o
55
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
Tt = To * t1 // c r i t i c a l t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
at = sqrt ( k * R * Tt ) // Sound v e l o c i t y a t t h r o a t i n m/ s
Ct = at // A i r v e l o c i t y t t h r o a t i n m/ s , S i n c e M=1
dt =( Pt *10^5) /( R * Tt ) // D e n s i t y o f a i r a t t h r o a t i n kg
/m 3 , Pt i n Pa
At =( m /( dt * Ct ) ) *10^4 // T h r o a t a r e a i n m2 x10 4
p2 = P2 / Po // P r e s s u r e r a t i o
M2 =1.93 // E x i t mach number from g a s t a b l e s @p2 , k =1.4
A2 = a2 * At // E x i t a r e a i n m 2 , At i n m2 x10 4
C_max = sqrt (2* Cp * To ) //Maximum p o s s i b l e v e l o c i t y i n m
/s
// Output
printf ( (A) At t h r o a t : \ n
Area i s %3 . 2 f x 1 0 4 m2\ n
V e l o c i t y i s %3 . 1 f
m/ s \n (B) At E x i t : \ n
Area i s %3 . 3 f x 1 0 4 m2\ n
Mach number i s %3 . 2 f \n (C) Maximum p o s s i b l e
v e l o c i t y i s %3 . 2 f m/ s ,At , Pt , Ct , A2 , M2 , C_max )
Scilab code Exa 2.9 To find Stagnation temperature properties at exit

and mass flow rate
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
clc
clear
T1 =26.5+273 // I n l e t t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
M2 =2.5 // E x i t mach number
56
9 k =1.3 // A d i a b a t i c C o n s t a n t
11
13 t1 =0.773 // R a t i o o f i n l e t t e m p e r a t u r e t o S t a g n a t i o n
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22

G =( P1 *10^5* a1 * M1 ) /( R * T1 ) // ) Flow r a t e p e r s q u a r e
m e t e r o f t h e i n l e t c r o s s s e c t i o n i n kg / sm2
// Output
printf ( (A) S t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e i s %3 . 2 f K\n (B) At
Exit :\ n
Velocity
i s %3 . 2 f m/ s \n (C) Flow r a t e p e r s q u a r e m e t e r o f
t h e i n l e t c r o s s s e c t i o n i s %3 . 2 f kg / sm2 ,To , T2 ,
C2 , G )
Scilab code Exa 2.10 To determine throat and exit conditions mass flow
rate through nozzle
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
clc
clear
To =800 // S t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
57
11
13 t1 =0.834 // R a t i o o f
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
c r i t i c a l temperature to
@M=1 , k =1.4
at = sqrt ( k * R * Tt ) // V e l o c i t y o f sound a t c r i t i c a l
s t a t e i n m/ s
Ct = at // V e l o c i t y o f a i r a t c r i t i c a l s t a t e i n m/ s ,
S i n c e M=1
Pt = Po * p1 // C r i t i c a l p r e s s u r e i n b a r
dt =( Pt *10^3) /( R * Tt ) // D e n s i t y a t c r i t i c a l s t a t e i n
kg /m 3 , Pt i n Pa
m = dt * At *10^ -4* Ct // Mass f l o w r a t e i n kg / s , At i n m2
P2 = Po * p2 // e x i t p r e s s u r e i n kPa
A2 = At * a2 // E x i t a r e a i n cm2
d2 = P2 *10^3/( R * T2 ) // D e n s i t y a t e x i t i n kg /m 3 , P2 i n
Pa
// Output
V e l o c i t y i s %3 . 2 f m/ s \n
P r e s s u r e i s %3i kPa
\n (B) At E x i t : \ n
T e m p e r a t u r e i s %3i K\n
P r e s s u r e i s %3i kPa \n
Area i s %3 . 2 f m2\ n
Mass f l o w r a t e i s %3 . 4 f kg / s ,Tt , Ct , Pt , T2 , P2 , A2 , m
)
58
Scilab code Exa 2.11 To find properties at throat and test section mass
flow rate and Power required in nozzle of wind tunnel
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
clc
clear
12
14 t1 =0.834 // R a t i o o f
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
@M=1 , k =1.4
s t a t e i n m/ s
S i n c e M=1
kg /m 3 , Pt i n Pa
59
24 t2 =0.555 // R a t i o o f
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
e x i t temperature to Stagnation
d2 =( P2 *10^5) /( R * T2 ) // D e n s i t y a t e x i t i n kg /m 3 , P2
i n Pa
A2 =( m /( d2 * C2 ) ) *10^4 // E x i t a r e a i n cm2
P = m * Cp *( To - T2 ) // Power r e q u i r e d t o d r i v e t h e
c o m p r e s s o r i n kW
// Output
V e l o c i t y i s %3 . 2 f m/ s \n
P r e s s u r e i s %3 . 3 f
b a r \n
At T e s t s e c t i o n : \ n
. 2 f K\n
V e l o c i t y i s %3 . 3 f m/ s \n
Pressure i s
%3 . 3 f b a r \n (B) Area o f c r o s s s e c t i o n a t t e s t
s e c t i o n i s %3i cm2\ n (C) Mass f l o w r a t e i s %3 . 3 f
kg / s \n (D) Power r e q u i r e d t o d r i v e t h e c o m p r e s s o r
i s %3 . 2 f kW ,Tt , Ct , Pt , T2 , C2 , P2 , A2 ,m , P )
Scilab code Exa 2.12 To find cross section at throat and exit
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
clc
clear
Po =10 // S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e i n b a r
m =15 // mass f l o w r a t e i n kg / s
P2s =1 // Back p r e s s u r e i n i s e n t r o p i c s t a t e i n b a r
eff =0.95 // e f f i c i e n c y o f d i v e r g i n g n o z z l e
60
13
15 // c a s e I : i s e n t r o p i c
16 t1 =0.834 // R a t i o o f c r i t i c a l
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
temperature to
@M=1 , k =1.4
s t a t e i n m/ s
S i n c e M=1
kg /m 3 , Pt i n Pa
At =( m /( dt * Ct ) ) *10^4 // T h r o a t a r e a i n cm2
p2 = P2s / Po // P r e s s u r e r a t i o
M2s =2.15 // E x i t mach number from g a s t a b l e s (
i s e n t r o p i c s t a t e ) @p2 , k =1.4
t e m p e r a t u r e from i s e n t r o p i c g a s t a b l e s @M2s , k =1.4
T2s = t2 * To // e x i t t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
a2s = sqrt ( k * R * T2s ) // V e l o c i t y o f sound a t e x i t i n m/ s
C2s = M2s * a2s // E x i t a i r v e l o c i t y i n m/ s
d2s =( P2s *10^5) /( R * T2s ) // D e n s i t y a t e x i t i n kg /m 3 ,
P2 i n Pa
A2s =( m /( d2s * C2s ) ) *10^4 // E x i t a r e a i n cm2
// c a s e I I : i s e n t r o p i c u p t o t h r o a t
T2 = To -( eff *( To - T2s ) ) // E x i t t e m p a r e t u r e i n K
C2 = sqrt (2* Cp *( To - T2 ) ) // E x i t a i r v e l o c i t y i n m/ s
P2 = P2s // E x i t p r e s s u r e i n bar , S i n c e i t i s d i f f u s e r
i n Pa
// Output
printf ( (A) The n o z z l e c r o s s s e c t i o n a t t h r o a t i n
61
b o t h c a s e s i s %3 . 2 f cm2\ n (B) The n o z z l e c r o s s

s e c t i o n a t e x i t i n c a s e I i s %3 . 3 f cm2 and i n
c a s e I I i s %3 . 2 f cm2 ,At , A2s , A2 )
Scilab code Exa 2.13 To find ratio of areas velocity and back pressure in
CD nozzle
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
clc
clear
P2 =100 // e x i t p r e s s u r e i n kPa
p1 = P2 / Po // p r e s s u r e r a t i o
M2 =1.82 // E x i t mach number from g a s t a b l e s @p2 , k =1.4
ar =1.461 // R a t i o o f n o z z l e e x i t a r e a t o n o z z l e
t h r o a t a r e a from g a s t a b l e s @M2
C2 = sqrt ( k * R * T2 ) * M2 // E x i t a i r v e l o c i t y i n m/ s
p2 =3.698 // R a t i o o f s t a t i c p r e s s u r e s a f t e r s h o c k t o
b e f o r e s h o c k from n o r m a l s h o c k g a s t a b l e s @M2
Py = p2 * P2 // The back p r e s s u r e a t which n o r m a l s h o c k
a c t s a t t h e e x i t p l a n e o f t h e n o z z l e i n kPa
// Output
printf ( (A) R a t i o o f n o z z l e e x i t a r e a t o n o z z l e
t h r o a t a r e a i s %3 . 3 f \n (B) The d i s c h a r g e v e l o c i t y
from n o z z l e i s %3 . 2 f m/ s \n (C) The back p r e s s u r e
62
a t which n o r m a l s h o c k a c t s a t t h e e x i t p l a n e o f
t h e n o z z l e i s %3 . 1 f kPa ,ar , C2 , Py )
Scilab code Exa 2.14 To find how duct acts

1 clc
2 clear
3
5 ar =2 // R a t i o o f
nozzle e x i t area to nozzle throat
area
6 Po =700 // S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e i n kPa
7 P2 =400 // e x i t p r e s s u r e i n kPa
8
10 p1 =0.528 // R a t i o o f
p r e s s u r e from g a s
t a b l e s @M=1
p r e s s u r e in bar
ratio
number from g a s t a b l e s @p2 , k =1.4
11 Pt = Po * p1 // c r i t i c a l
12 p2 = P2 / Po // P r e s s u r e
13 M2 =0.93 // E x i t mach
14
15 // Output
16 printf ( S i n c e p r e s s u r e
d e c r e a s e s from %3i kPa t o %3

. 1 f kPa from i n l e t t o t h r o a t , i t a c t s a s n o z z l e \n
S i n c e e x i t p r e s s u r e %3i kPa i s a b o v e c r i t i c a l
p r e s s u r e %3 . 1 f kPa , i t a c t s a s d i f f u s e r w i t h M=%3
. 2 f \n Hence t h e d u c t a c t s a s V e n t u r i ,Po , Pt , P2 , Pt
, M2 )
Scilab code Exa 2.15 To find mass flow rate static and stagnation conditions and entropy change of subsonic diffuser
1 clc
63
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
clear
A1 =0.15 // I n l e t a r e a i n m2
C2 =120 // E x i t v e l o c i t y i n m/ s
13
15 a1 = sqrt ( k * R * T1 ) // V e l o c i t y o f sound a t i n l e t i n m/ s
16 M1 = C1 / a1 // I n l e t mach number
17 d1 =( P1 *10^5) /( R * T1 ) // D e n s i t y a t i n l e t i n kg / s , P1
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
i n Pa
m = d1 * A1 * C1 // Mass f l o w r a t e i n kg / s
p r e s s u r e from g a s t a b l e s @M1, k =1.4
T2 = To -( C2 ^2/(2* Cp ) ) // E x i t t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
t2 = T2 / To // T e m p e r a t u r e r a t i o
M2 =0.33 // E x i t mach number from g a s t a b l e s @t2 , k =1.4
d2 =( P2 *10^5) /( R * T2 ) // D e n s i t y a t e x i t i n kg / s , P2 i n
Pa
A2 =( m /( d2 * C2 ) ) // E x i t a r e a i n m2
ds =0 // Entropy c h a n g e i n kJ / kgK, s i n c e p r o c e s s i s
isentropic
// Output
64
33
printf ( (A) Mass f l o w r a t e i s %3 . 3 f kg / s \n (B)

S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e a t e x i t i s %3 . 4 f b a r \n (C)
S t a g n a t i o n T e m p e r a t u r e a t e x i t i s %3 . 3 f K\n (D)
S t a t i c e x i t p r e s s u r e i s %3 . 3 f b a r \n (E) Entropy
c h a n g e i s %3i kJ / kgK\n ( F ) E x i t a r e a i s %3 . 3 f m2
,m , Po , To , P2 , ds , A2 )
Scilab code Exa 2.16 To find throat area reservoir conditions and mass
flow rate
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
clc
clear
A2 =645 // E x i t a r e a i n mm2
P2 =1 // e x i t p r e s s u r e i n b a r
T2 =185 // E x i t t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
At = A2 / a1 // C r i t i c a l a r e a i n mm2
Pa
C2 = sqrt ( k * R * T2 ) * M2 // E x i t a i r v e l o c i t y i n m/ s
m = d2 * A2 * C2 *10^ -6 // Mass f l o w r a t e i n kg / s , A2 i n m2
65
22
23
24
// Output
printf ( (A) T h r o a t a r e a i s %3 . 2 f mm2\ n (B) R e s e r v o i r
p r e s s u r e i s %3 . 4 f b a r \n (C) R e s e r v o i r t e m p e r a t u r e
i s %3 . 2 f K\n (D) Mass f l o w r a t e i s %3 . 4 f kg / s ,At ,
Po , To , m )
Scilab code Exa 2.17 To find throat conditions ratio of velocities and mass
flow rate
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
clc
clear
P2 =3 // e x i t p r e s s u r e i n b a r
A2 =100 // E x i t a r e a i n cm2
12
14 p1 = P2 / Po // P r e s s u r e r a t i o
15 M2 =1.9 // E x i t mach number from g a s t a b l e s @p1 , k =1.4
16 t1 =0.581 // R a t i o o f e x i t t e m p e r a t u r e t o S t a g n a t i o n
17
18
19
20
21

C2 = M2 * sqrt ( k * R * T2 ) // E x i t v e l o c i t y i n m/ s
At = A2 / a1 // c r i t i c a l a r e a i n cm2
66
22 Pt = Po * p1 // c r i t i c a l
23 t1 =0.834 // R a t i o o f
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
p r e s s u r e in bar
/m 3 , Pt i n Pa
C_max = sqrt (2* Cp * To ) //Maximum p o s s i b l e v e l o c i t y i n m
/s
cr = C2 / C_max // R a t i o o f v e l o c i t i e s
// Output
printf ( (A) At T h r o a t : \ n
Area i s %3 . 2 f cm2\ n
(B) E x i t v e l o c i t y i s %3 . 4 f t i m e s C max i n m/ s \n (
C) Mass f l o w r a t e i s %3 . 2 f kg / s ,At , Pt , Tt , cr , m )
Scilab code Exa 2.18 To find mass flow rate and exit conditions
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
clc
clear
Po =7 // S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e i n b a r
At =12 // C r i t i c a l a r e a i n cm2
A2 =25.166 // E x i t a r e a i n cm2
a1 = A2 / At // R a t i o o f a r e a s
// s u b s o n i c
67
15 M2 =0.29 // E x i t mach number from g a s t a b l e s @a1 , k =1.4

16 p1 =0.943 // R a t i o o f e x i t p r e s s u r e t o S t a g n a t i o n
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31
32

T2 = To * t1 // E x i t t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
C2 = M2 * sqrt ( k * R * T2 ) // E x i t a i r v e l o c i t y i n m/ s
// s u p e r s o n i c
M_2 =2.25 // E x i t mach number from g a s t a b l e s @a1 , k
=1.4
P_2 = Po * p2 // e x i t p r e s s u r e i n b a r
T_2 = To * t2 // E x i t t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
C_2 = M_2 * sqrt ( k * R * T_2 ) // E x i t a i r v e l o c i t y i n m/ s
Pa
m = d2 * A2 *10^ -4* C2 // Mass f l o w r a t e i n kg / s , A2 i n m2
// Output
) Subsonic e x i t condition :\ n
. 3 f K\n
V e l o c i t y i s %3 . 2 f m/ s \n
Pressure i s
%3 . 3 f b a r \n
Supersonic exit condition :\ n
. 3 f K\n
V e l o c i t y i s %3 . 2 f m/ s \n
Pressure i s
%3 . 4 f b a r \n
Mach number i s %3 . 2 f \n ,m , T2 , C2 ,
P2 , M2 , T_2 , C_2 , P_2 , M_2 )
Scilab code Exa 2.19 To find mach number change in stagnation pressure
entropy change and static temperature and efficiency of nozzle
68
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30
31
clc
clear
P1 =655 // I n l e t p r e s s u r e i n kPa
Mol =32 // Molar mass o f o x y g e n i n kg / mol
Ri =8314 // I d e a l g a s c o n s t a n t i n J / kgk
Cp =915 // S p e c i f i c h e a t c a p a c i t y a t c o n s t a n t p r e s s u r e
i n J / kgK
M1 = C1 / a1 // I n l e t mach number
To1 = T1 / t1 // S t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e a t i n l e t i n K
p r e s s u r e a t e n t r y from g a s t a b l e s @M1, k =1.4
Po1 = P1 / p1 // S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e a t e n t r y i n kPa
Tt = To1 * t2 // c r i t i c a l t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
C2 = sqrt ( C1 ^2+(2* Cp *( T1 - T2 ) ) ) // E x i t v e l o c i t y i n m/ s ,
M2 = C2 / a2 // E x i t mach number
p r e s s u r e a t e x i t from i s e n t r o p i c g a s t a b l e s @M2, k
=1.4
Po2 = P2 / p2 // S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e a t e x i t i n kPa
SPC =( Po1 - Po2 ) // Change i n t h e s t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e
b e t w e e n i n l e t and e x i t i n kPa
69
32 ds = R * log ( Po1 / Po2 ) // Change i n e n t r o p y i n J / kgK

33 T2s = T1 *(( P2 / P1 ) ^(( k -1) / k ) ) // E x i t t e m p e r a t u r e a t
i s e n t r o p i c state in K
34 eff =(( T1 - T2 ) /( T1 - T2s ) ) *100 // N o z z l e e f f i c i e n c y i n
percent
35
36
37
// Output
printf ( (A) E x i t mach number i s %3 . 2 f \n (B) Change i n
t h e s t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e b e t w e e n i n l e t and e x i t i s
%3 . 2 f kPa \n (C) Change i n e n t r o p y i s %3 . 3 f J / kgK
\n (D) S t a t i c t e m p e r a t u r e a t t h r o a t i s %3 . 1 f K\n (
E) N o z z l e e f f i c i e n c y i s %3 . 2 f p e r c e n t ,M2 , SPC , ds ,
Tt , eff )
Scilab code Exa 2.20 To find pressure rise coefficient and ratio of area
1
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6
7
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10
11
clc
clear
Po1 =400 // S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e a t e n t r y i n kPa
To1 =500 // S t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e a t i n l e t i n K
C2 =100 // E x i t v e l o c i t y i n m/ s
eff =0.9 // N o z z l e e f f i c i e n c y
12
14 T1 = To1 -( C1 ^2/(2* Cp ) ) // I n l e t t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
15 t1 = T1 / To1 // T e m p e r a t u r e r a t i o
16 P1 = Po1 * t1 ^( k /( k -1) ) // I n l e t p r e s s u r e i n kPa
17 To2s =( eff *( To1 - T1 ) ) + T1 // E x i t S t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e
at i s e n t r o p i c s t a t e in K
70
18 To2 = To2s // E x i t S t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e i n K,
Since
adiabatic
19 T2 = To2 -( C2 ^2/(2* Cp ) ) // E x i t t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
20 t2 = To2s / T1 // T e m p e r a t u r e r a t i o
21 Po2 = P1 * t2 ^( k /( k -1) ) // S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e a t e x i t
22
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in
kPa
t3 = T2 / To2 // T e m p e r a t u r e r a t i o
P2 = Po2 * t3 ^( k /( k -1) ) // E x i t p r e s s u r e i n kPa
Cpr =( P2 - P1 ) /( Po1 - P1 ) // P r e s s u r e r a i s e c o e f f i c i e n t
ar =( P1 * T2 * C1 ) /( P2 * T1 * C2 ) // R a t i o o f e x i t t o i n l e t
area
// Output
printf ( (A) P r e s s u r e r a i s e c o e f f i c i e n t i s %3 . 3 f \n (B)
R a t i o o f e x i t t o i n l e t a r e a i s %3 . 3 f ,Cpr , ar )
Scilab code Exa 2.21 To find area at throat and exit Mach number total
pressure loss and entropy change
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3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
clc
clear
Po1 =4.9 // S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e a t e n t r y i n b a r
13
15 t1 =0.834 // R a t i o o f
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at = sqrt ( k * R * Tt ) // Sound v e l o c i t y a t c r i t i c a l s t a t e
i n m/ s
Pt = Po1 * p1 // c r i t i c a l p r e s s u r e i n b a r
/m 3 , Pt i n Pa
At =( m /( dt * Ct ) ) *10^4 // T h r o a t a r e a i n cm2
p2 = P2 / Po1 // P r e s s u r e r a t i o
T2s = To * p2 ^(( k -1) / k ) // E x i t t e m p e r a t u r e i n K ( a t
isentropic state )
T2 = To -( eff *( To - T2s ) ) // E x i t t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
i n Pa
p3 =0.332 // S t a t i c t o s t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e r a t i o a t
e x i t from i s e n t r o p i c g a s t a b l e s @M2, k =1.4
Po2 = P2 / p3 // s t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e i n b a r
TPL = Po1 - Po2 // L o s s i n t o t a l p r e s s u r e i s %3 . 3 f b a r
ds = R * log ( Po1 / Po2 ) // I n c r e a s e i n e n t r o p y i n kJ / kgK
// Output
printf ( (A) T h r o a t and e x i t a r e a a r e %3 . 2 f cm2 and
%3 . 3 f cm2\ n (B) E x i t mach number i s %3 . 2 f \n (C)
L o s s i n t o t a l p r e s s u r e i s %3 . 3 f b a r \n (D) I n c r e a s e
i n e n t r o p y i s %3 . 2 f kJ / kgK ,At , A2 , M2 , TPL , ds )
Scilab code Exa 2.22 To find required throat and exit area of nozzle
72
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31
clc
clear
Kd =0.99 // C o e f f i c i e n t o f d i s c h a r g e
Pt = Po *(2/( k +1) ) ^( k /( k -1) ) // c r i t i c a l p r e s s u r e i n b a r
Tt = To *(2/( k +1) ) // c r i t i c a l t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
R = Cp /( k /( k -1) ) // S p e c i f i c g a s c o n s t a n t i n J / kgK
m_s = m / Kd // I s e n t r o p i c mass
/m 3 , Pt i n Pa
At =( m_s /( dt * Ct ) ) *10^4 // T h r o a t a r e a i n cm2
T2s = To * p2 ^(1/( k /( k -1) ) ) // E x i t t e m p e r a t u r e i n K ( a t
isentropic state )
T2 = To -( eff *( To - T2s ) ) // E x i t t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
i n Pa
A2 =( m_s /( d2 * C2 ) ) *10^4 // E x i t a r e a i n cm2
// Output
printf ( T h r o a t a r e a and E x i t a r e a o f n o z z l e a r e %3 . 1
f cm2 and %3 . 1 f cm2 ,At , A2 )
73
Chapter 3
Flow Through Constant Area
Duct Adiabatic Flow
Scilab code Exa 3.1 To find length of pipe

1
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4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
clc
clear
// i n p u t d a t a
M1 =0.25 // Mach number a t e n t r a n c e
M2 =1 // Mach number a t e x i t
D =0.04 // i n n e r t u d e d i a m e t e r i n m
f =0.002 // f r i c t i o n a l f a c t o r
// c a l c u l a t i o n
X1 =8.537 // f r i c t i o n a l c o n s t a n t f a n n o p a r a m e t e r a t
e n t r y from g a s t a b l e s @M1=0.25
12 X2 =0 // f r i c t i o n a l c o n s t a n t f a n n o p a r a m e t e r a t e x i t
from g a s t a b l e s @M2=1
13 X = X1 - X2 // o v e r a l l f r i c t i o n a l c o n s t a n t f a n n o
p a r a m e t e r i . e . ( 4 f L ) /D
14 L =( X * D ) /(4* f ) // Length o f t h e p i p e i n m
15
16
// o u t p u t
74
17
printf ( (A) Length o f t h e p i p e i s %3 . 3 f m ,L )
Scilab code Exa 3.2 To find length of required duct and length required
to obtain critical condition
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clc
clear
M2 =0.5 // Mach number a t a s e c t i o n
M3 =1 // Mach number a t c r i t i c a l c o n d i t i o n
D =0.02 // D i a m e t e r o f d u c t i n m
f =0.004 // F r i c t i o n a l f a c t o r
X1 =66.922 // f r i c t i o n a l c o n s t a n t f a n n o p a r a m e t e r from
g a s t a b l e s @M1=0.1
g a s t a b l e s @M2=0.5
X3 =0 // f r i c t i o n a l c o n s t a n t f a n n o p a r a m e t e r from g a s
t a b l e s @M3=1
X4 = X1 - X3 // // f r i c t i o n a l c o n s t a n t f a n n o p a r a m e t e r
from M2=0.1 t o M3=1
L1 =( X4 * D ) /(4* f ) // Length o f t h e p i p e i n m
X5 = X2 - X3 // f r i c t i o n a l c o n s t a n t f a n n o p a r a m e t e r from
M2=0.5 t o M3=1
L2 =( X5 * D ) /(4* f ) // A d d i t i o n l e n g t h o f t h e p i p e
r e q u i r e d to a c c e l e r a t e into c r i t i c a l c o nd it i on in
m
L = L1 - L2 // Length o f t h e p i p e r e q u i r e d t o a c c e l e r a t e
t h e f l o w from M1=0.1 t o M2=0.5 i n m
// o u t p u t
printf ( (A) Length o f t h e p i p e r e q u i r e d t o a c c e l e r a t e
75
t h e f l o w from M1=%3 . 1 f t o M2=%3 . 1 f i s %3 . 3 f m\n

(B) A d d i t i o n a l l e n g t h r e q u i r e d t o a c c e l e r a t e i n t o
c r i t i c a l c o n d i t i o n i s %3 . 5 f m ,M1 , M2 ,L , L2 )
Scilab code Exa 3.3 To find length of pipe and mass flow rate
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23
clc
clear
D =0.05 // i n n e r p i p e d i a m e t e r i n m
Po =10 // S t a g n a t i o n P r e s s u r e a t r e s e r v o i r i n b a r
To =400 // S t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e a t r e s e r v o i r i n K
M1 =3 // Mach number a t e n t r a n c e
M2 =1 // Mach number a t end o f p i p e
R =287 // Gas c o n s t a n t i n J / kgK
g a s t a b l e s @M1=3
t a b l e s @M2=1
X = X1 - X2 // o v e r a l l f r i c t i o n a l c o n s t a n t f a n n o
parameter
L =( X * D ) /(4* f ) // Length o f t h e p i p e i n m
p1 =0.0272 // P r e s s u r e r a t i o from g a s t a b l e s (M=3 , k
=1.4 , i s e n t r o p i c )
P1 = p1 * Po // S t a t i c p r e s s u r e a t e n t r a n c e i n b a r
t1 =0.3571 // T e m p e r a t u r e r a t i o from g a s t a b l e s (M=3 , k
=1.4 , i s e n t r o p i c )
T1 = t1 * To // S t a t i c t e m p e r a t u r e a t e n t r a n c e i n K
d1 =( P1 *10^5) /( R * T1 ) // D e n s i t y o f a i r i n kg /m 3 , P1
i n Pa
76
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
a1 = sqrt ( k * R * T1 ) // Sound v e l o c i t y i n m/ s
C1 = a1 * M1 // a i r v e l o c i t y i n m/ s
A1 =( %pi * D ^2) /4 // C r o s s s e c t i o n a l a r e a o f p i p e i n m2
// o u t p u t
printf ( (A) Length o f t h e p i p e i s %3 . 2 f m\n (B) Mass
f l o w r a t e i s %3 . 4 f kg / s ,L , m )
Scilab code Exa 3.4 To find temperature velocity at a section and distance
between two sections
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
clc
clear
C1 =235 // V e l o c i t y a t e n t r a n c e i n m/ s
P1 =13 // S t a t i c P r e s s u r e a t e n t r y i n b a r
P2 =10 // S t a t i c P r e s s u r e a t a p o i n t i n d u c t i n b a r
T1 =543 // S t a t i c t e m p e r a t u r e a t e n t r y i n K e l v i n
D =0.15 // i n n e r d u c t d i a m e t e r i n m
M1 = C1 / a1 // Mach number a t e n t r y
p1 =2.138 // S t a t i c P r e s s u r e r a t i o from g a s t a b l e s (
f a n n o f l o w t a b l e s , k = 1 . 4 ,M= 0 . 5 )
Pt = P1 / p1 // S t a t i c c r i t i c a l p r e s s u r e i n b a r
t1 =1.143 // S t a t i c t e m p e r a t u r e r a t i o from g a s t a b l e s
( f a n n o f l o w t a b l e s , k = 1 . 4 ,M= 0 . 5 )
Tt = T1 / t1 // S t a t i c c r i t i c a l t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
c1 =0.534 // V e l o c i t y r a t i o from g a s t a b l e s ( f a n n o
77
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31
32
33
34
35
f l o w t a b l e s , k = 1 . 4 ,M= 0 . 5 )
Ct = C1 / c1 // C r i t i c a l v e l o c i t y i n m/ s
p2 =1.644 // P r e s s u r e r a t i o from g a s t a b l e s ( f a n n o
flow ta b le s , k =1.4)
M2 =0.64 // Mach number from g a s t a b l e s ( f a n n o f l o w
t a b l e s , k = 1 . 4 , p2 )
f l o w t a b l e s , k = 1 . 4 , p2 )
C2 = Ct * c2 // A i r v e l o c i t y a t P2 i n m/ s
t2 =1.109 // T e m p e r a t u r e r a t i o from g a s t a b l e s ( f a n n o
f l o w t a b l e s , k = 1 . 4 , p2 )
T2 = t2 * Tt // S a t i c t e m p e r a t u r e a t P2 i s K
X1 =1.06922 // f r i c t i o n a l c o n s t a n t f a n n o p a r a m e t e r
from g a s t a b l e s @M1
g a s t a b l e s @M2
X = X1 - X2 // o v e r a l l f r i c t i o n a l c o n s t a n t f a n n o
parameter
L =( X * D ) /(4* f ) // Length o f t h e p i p e i n m
// o u t p u t
printf ( (A) T e m p e r a t u r e and v e l o c i t y a t s e c t i o n o f
t h e d u c t where t h e p r e s s u r e h a s d r o p p e d t o %3i
b a r due t o f r i c t i o n a r e %3 . 1 f K and %3 . 2 f m/ s \n (
B) The d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n two s e c t i o n i s %3 . 3 f m ,P2
, T2 , C2 , L )
Scilab code Exa 3.5 To find length of pipe and properties of air at exit
1 clc
2 clear
3
4 // i n p u t d a t a
5 P1 =120 // S t a t i c
6 T1 =313 // S t a t i c
p r e s s u r e at e n t r a n c e in bar
temperature at entry in Kelvin
78
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34

f =0.01/4 // f r i c t i o n a l f a c t o r
Pt = P1 / p1 // S t a t i c c r i t i c a l p r e s s u r e i n kPa
f l o w t a b l e s , k = 1 . 4 ,M= 2 . 5 )
g a s t a b l e s , f a n n o f l o w t a b l e s @M1=3
t a b l e s @M2=1
X3 = X1 - X2 // o v e r a l l f r i c t i o n a l c o n s t a n t f a n n o
parameter
L1 =( X3 * D ) /(4* f ) //Maximum l e n g t h o f t h e p i p e i n m
P2 = Pt * p2 // S t a t i c p r e s s u r e i n kPa
t2 =0.728 // s t a t i c t e m p e r a t u r e r a t i o from g a s t a b l e s
T2 = Tt * t2 // S t a t i c t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
f l o w t a b l e s , k = 1 . 4 ,M= 1 . 8 )
C2 = c2 * Ct // C r i t i c a l v e l o c i t y i n m/ s
g a s t a b l e s , f a n n o f l o w t a b l e s @M=1.8
79
parameter
35 L2 =( X5 * D ) /(4* f ) // Length b e t w e e n s o n i c and o u l e t
section
36 L = L1 - L2 // Length o f t h e p i p e i n m
37
38
39
// o u t p u t
printf ( (A) Maximum l e n g t h o f t h e p i p e i s %3 . 2 f m\n (
B) P r o p e r t i e s o f a i r a t s o n i c c o n d i t i o n : \ n
V e l o c i t y i s %3 . 1 f m/ s \n (C) Length o f t h e p i p e
i s %3 . 1 f m\n (D) P r o p e r t i e s o f a i r a t M2=%3 . 1 f : \ n
T e m p e r a t u r e i s %3 . 2 f
K\n
V e l o c i t y i s %3 . 2 f m/ s \n ,L1 , Pt , Tt , Ct ,L , M2
, P2 , T2 , C2 )
Scilab code Exa 3.6 To find mach number properties at a section and critical section and length of the duct
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
clc
clear
ds =0.124 // Change i n e n t r o p y i n kJ / kgK
P1 =700 // S t a t i c p r e s s u r e a t e n t r a n c e i n b a r
R =0.287 // Gas c o n s t a n t i n kJ / kgK
p1 = exp ( ds / R ) // R a t i o o f S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e a t i n l e t
to o u t l e t
16 t1 =0.987 // R a t i o o f S t a t i c T e m p e r a t u r e t o S t a g n a t i o n
80
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41
t e m p e r a t u r e a t e n t r y from g a s t a b l e s @M1
To1 = T1 / t1 // S t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e a t e n t r y i n K
p2 =0.957 // R a t i o o f S t a t i c p r e s s u r e t o S t a g n a t i o n
p r e s s u r e a t e n t r y from g a s t a b l e s @M1
Po2 = Po1 / p1 // S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e a t e x i t i n kPa
a1 = sqrt ( k * R *10^3* T1 ) // Sound v e l o c i t y i n m/ s , R i n J
/ kg
f a n n o f l o w t a b l e s , k = 1 . 4 ,M= 0 . 2 5 )
( f a n n o f l o w t a b l e s , k = 1 . 4 ,M= 0 . 2 5 )
f l o w t a b l e s , k = 1 . 4 ,M= 0 . 2 5 )
p4 =2.4065 // P r e s s u r e r a t i o a t e n t r y from g a s t a b l e s
@M1, k
Pot = Po1 / p4 // S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e a t c r i t i c a l s t a t e
i n kPa
g a s t a b l e s , f a n n o f l o w t a b l e s @M1, k
p5 = Po2 / Pot // P r e s s u r e r a t i o
M2 =0.41 // Mach number a t e x i t from g a s t a b l e s @p5
p6 =2.629 // P r e s s u r e r a t i o a t e x i t from g a s t a b l e s
@p5
P2 = Pt * p6 // E x i t p r e s s u r e i n kPa
t2 =1.161 // T e m p e r a t u r e r a t i o a t e x i t from g a s t a b l e s
@p5
T2 = Tt * t2 // E x i t t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
c2 =0.4415 // V e l o c i t y r a t i o a t e x i t from g a s t a b l e s
@p5
C2 = Ct * c2 // E x i t v e l o c i t y i n m/ s
81
parameter
42 L =( X3 * D ) /(4* f ) // Length o f t h e p i p e i n m
43
44
45
// o u t p u t
printf ( (A) Mach number a t e x i t ( s e c t i o n 2 ) i s %3 . 2 f \
n (B) P r o p e r t i e s a t e x i t ( s e c t i o n 2 ) : \ n
Pressure
i s %3 . 2 f kPa \n
V e l o c i t y i s %3 . 3 f m/ s \n (C) Length o f t h e d u c t i s
%3 . 3 f m ,M2 , P2 , T2 , C2 , L )
Scilab code Exa 3.7 TO find final pressure and velocity of duct
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
clc
clear
M1 =0.25 // I n i t i a l Mach number
M2 =0.75 // F i n a l mach number
/ kg
p1 =4.3615 // P r e s s u r e r a t i o a t e n t r y from g a s t a b l e s
@M1, k
f l o w t a b l e s , k = 1 . 4 ,M1)
p2 =1.385 // P r e s s u r e r a t i o a t e x i t from g a s t a b l e s
@M2, k
82
20 P2 = Pt * p2 // E x i t p r e s s u r e i n b a r
21 c2 =0.779 // V e l o c i t y r a t i o a t e x i t from g a s t a b l e s
@M2, k
22 C2 = Ct * c2 // E x i t v e l o c i t y i n m/ s
23
24
25
// o u t p u t
printf ( F i n a l p r e s s u r e and v e l o c i t y a r e %3 . 4 f b a r
and %3 . 2 f m/ s ,P2 , C2 )
Scilab code Exa 3.8 To find inlet mach number mass flow rate and exit
temperature
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
clc
clear
L =5 // Length o f t h e p i p e i n m
Pt =101 // E x i t p r e s s u r e i n kPa , Pt=P2 S i n c e f l o w i s
choked
10 M2 =1 // Mach number a t e x i t s i n c e p i p e i s c h o k e d
12 R =0.287 // Gas c o n s t a n t i n kJ / kgK
13
14 // c a l c u l a t i o n
15 X =(4* f * L ) / D // f r i c t i o n a l c o n s t a n t f a n n o p a r a m e t e r
16 M1 =0.6 // I n l e t mach number
17 t1 =1.119 // T e m p e r a t u r e r a t i o a t e n t r y from f a n n o
f l o w g a s t a b l e s @M1, k
18 Tt = T1 / t1 // S t a t i c c r i t i c a l t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
19 at = sqrt ( k * R *10^3* Tt ) // Sound v e l o c i t y i n m/ s , R i n J
/ kg
20 Ct = at // a i r
v e l o c i t y i n m/ s
83
21 d_t = Pt /( R * Tt ) // D e n s i t y a t e x i t i n kg /m3
22 At = %pi * D ^2/4 // C r i t i c a l a r e a i n m2
23 m = d_t * At * Ct // Mass f l o w r a t e i n kg / s
24
25 // o u t p u t
26 printf ( (A) Mach number a t i n l e t i s %3 . 1 f \n (B) Mass
f l o w r a t e i s %3 . 5 f kg / s \n (C) E x i t t e m p e r a t u r e i s
%3 . 3 f K ,M1 ,m , Tt )
Scilab code Exa 3.9 To find length diameter of the duct pressure at exit
Stagnation pressure lose and to verify exit mach number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
clc
clear
P1 =345 // S t a t i c p r e s s u r e a t e n t r a n c e i n kPa
T1 =38+273 // S t a t i c t e m p e r a t u r e a t e n t r y i n K e l v i n
// c a l c u ; a t i o n
d1 =( P1 *10^3) /( R *10^3* T1 ) // D e n s i t y o f a i r i n kg /m 3 ,
P1 i n Pa
/ kg
A1 = m /( d1 * C1 ) // I n l e t a r e a i n m2
D =( sqrt ((4* A1 ) /( %pi ) ) ) *10^3 // i n n e r d u c t d i a m e t e r i n
mm
84
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
( f a n n o f l o w t a b l e s , k = 1 . 4 ,M= 0 . 1 5 )
f l o w t a b l e s , k = 1 . 4 ,M= 0 . 1 5 )
p2 =0.984 // P r e s s u r e r a t i o a t e n t r y from g a s t a b l e s (
p3 =3.928 // S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e r a t i o a t e n t r y from
g a s t a b l e s ( f a n n o f l o w t a b l e s , k = 1 . 4 ,M= 0 . 1 5 )
i n kPa
p5 =2.138 // P r e s s u r e r a t i o a t e x i t from g a s t a b l e s (
f a n n o f l o w t a b l e s , k = 1 . 4 ,M2)
( f a n n o f l o w t a b l e s , k = 1 . 4 ,M2)
c2 =0.534 // V e l o c i t y r a t i o a t e x i t from g a s t a b l e s (
f a n n o f l o w t a b l e s , k = 1 . 4 ,M2)
p6 =1.34 // S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e r a t i o a t e x i t from g a s
t a b l e s ( f a n n o f l o w t a b l e s , k = 1 . 4 ,M2)
Po2 = Pot * p6 // S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e a t e x i t i n kPa
SPL = Po1 - Po2 // S t a g n a t i o n P r e s s u r e l o s e i n kPa
parameter
L =( X3 * D *10^ -3) /(4* f ) // Length o f t h e d u c t i n m
42
43
44 // v e r i f i c a t i o n
45 a2 = sqrt ( k * R *10^3* T2 ) // Sound v e l o c i t y
85
i n m/ s , R i n J
/ kg
46 M2_v = C2 / a2 // a i r v e l o c i t y i n m/ s
47
48
49
// o u t p u t
printf ( (A) Length o f t h e d u c t i s %3 . 2 f m\n (B)
D i a m e t e r o f t h e d u c t i s %3i mm\n (C) P r e s s u r e and
d i a m e t e r a t e x i t a r e %3 . 2 f kPa , and %3i mm
r e s p e c t i v e l y \n (D) S t a g n a t i o n P r e s s u r e l o s e i s %3i
kPa \n (E) U s i n g e x i t v e l o c i t y %3 . 2 f m/ s ,
t e m p e r a t u r e %3 . 2 f K Mach number i s f o u n d t o be %3
. 2 f ,L ,D , P2 ,D , SPL , C2 , T2 , M2_v )
Scilab code Exa 3.10 To find length of the pipe Mach number percent of
stagnation pressure loss and length required to reach choking condition
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
clc
clear
p1 =0.8 // S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e r a t i o a t e x i t t o e n t r y
when l o s s i n s t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e i s 20%
9 M3 =0.8 // Mach number a t a s e c t i o n
10
12 p2 =2.4065 // R a t i o o f S t a g n a t i o n
p r e s s u r e at entry
from g a s t a b l e s @M1, k =1.4

c o n s t a n t f a n n o p a r a m e t e r from
g a s t a b l e s , f a n n o f l o w t a b l e s @M1
14 p3 = p1 * p2 // R a t i o o f S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e a t e x i t
15 M2 =0.32 // E x i t mach number a t p1 =0.8
16 X2 =4.447 // f r i c t i o n a l c o n s t a n t f a n n o p a r a m e t e r from
g a s t a b l e s , f a n n o f l o w t a b l e s @M2
13 X1 =8.537 // f r i c t i o n a l
86
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
L = L1 - L2 // O v e r a l l l e n g t h o f t h e d u c t i n m
p4 =1.038 // S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e r a t i o from M=1 t o M3
PL =(1 -( p4 / p2 ) ) *100 // P e r c e n t a g e o f s t a g n a t i o n
p r e s s u r e from i n l e t t o s e c t i o n a t which M3 i n
percent
// o u t p u t
printf ( (A) Length o f t h e p i p e i s %3 . 2 f m\n (B) Mach
number a t t h i s e x i t i s %3 . 2 f \n (C) P e r c e n t a g e o f
s t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e from i n l e t t o s e c t i o n a t
which M=%3 . 1 f i s %3 . 2 f p e r c e n t \n (D) Maximum
l e n g t h t o r e a c h c h o k i n g c o n d i t i o n i s %3 . 3 f m ,L ,
M2 , M3 , PL , L1 )
Scilab code Exa 3.11 To find length of the pipe and mass flow rate
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
clc
clear
P1 =10 // S t a t i c p r e s s u r e a t e n t r a n c e i n b a r
M1 =3 // Mach number a t e n t r a n c e
M2 =1 // Mach number a t e x i t
R =287 // S p e c i f i c Gas c o n s t a n t i n J / kgK, wrong
printing in question
12 f =0.002 // f r i c t i o n a l f a c t o r
13
15 p1 =0.233 // P r e s s u r e
r a t i o from g a s t a b l e s (M=3 , k
=1.4 , i s e n t r o p i c )
87
16 Pt = P1 / p1 // S t a t i c p r e s s u r e a t e n t r a n c e i n b a r
17 t1 =0.489 // T e m p e r a t u r e r a t i o from g a s t a b l e s (M=3 , k
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
=1.4 , i s e n t r o p i c )
Tt = T1 / t1 // S t a t i c t e m p e r a t u r e a t e n t r a n c e i n K
g a s t a b l e s , f a n n o f l o w t a b l e s @M1, k =1.3
d_t =( Pt *10^5) /( R * Tt ) // D e n s i t y a t c r i t i c a l s t a t e i n
kg /m 3 , Pt i n Pa
at = sqrt ( k * R * Tt ) // Sound v e l o c i t y i n m/ s , R i n J / kg
Ct = at // a i r v e l o c i t y i n m/ s
At =( %pi * D ^2) /4 // C r i t i c a l a r e a i n m2
m = d_t * At * Ct // Mass f l o w r a t e i n kg / s
// o u t p u t
printf ( (A) Length o f t h e p i p e i s %3 . 2 f m\n (B) Mass
f l o w r a t e i s %3 . 3 f kg / s ,L1 , m )
Scilab code Exa 3.12 To find length and Mach number of given pipe and
at required section
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
clc
clear
9 ds =190 // / Change i n e n t r o p y i n J / kgK
11 R =287 // S p e c i f i c Gas c o n s t a n t i n J / kgK, wrong
printing in question
12
88
14 p2 =2.4064 // R a t i o o f
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
stagnation p r e s s u r e s at i n l e t
t o c r i t i c a l s t a t e from g a s t a b l e s f a n n o f l o w
t a b l e s @M1, k =1.3
p3 = p1 * p2 // R a t i o o f s t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e s a t e x i t t o
c r i t i c a l s t a t e from g a s t a b l e s f a n n o f l o w t a b l e s
@M1, k =1.3
M2 =0.28 // Mach number a t p1 =0.9 from g a s t a b l e s @p3
parameter
p4 = exp ( ds / R ) // R a t i o o f S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e a t e n t r y
t o S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e where d s =190
p5 = p1 / p4 // R a t i o o f S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e s where d s
=190 t o c r i t i c a l s t a t e
M3 =0.56 // Mach number where d s =190
parameter
// o u t p u t
printf ( (A) Length o f t h e p i p e i s %3 . 3 f m\n (B) Length
o f t h e p i p e would r e q u i r e t o r i s e e n t r o p y by %3i
J / kgK i s %3 . 5 f m\n (C) Mach number i s %3 . 2 f ,L1 ,
ds , L2 , M3 )
Scilab code Exa 3.13 To find length of the pipe percent of stagnation pressure change and entropy change
89
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
clc
clear
Po1 =200 // S t a g a n t i o n p r e s s u r e a t i n l e t i n kPa
M1 =0.2 // I n l e t Mach number from d i a g r a m
D =0.025 // i n n e r t u d e d i a m e t e r i n m( m i s s i n g d a t a )
M2 =0.8 // O u t l e t Mach number
e n t r y from g a s t a b l e s (M1, k = 1 . 4 , i s e n t r o p i c )
T1 = To1 * t1 // S t a t i c t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
P1 = Po1 * p1 // S t a t i c p r e s s u r e i n kPa
p2 =2.964 // S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e r a t i o a t i n l e t t o
c r i t i c a l s t a t e from g a s t a b l e s (M1, k = 1 . 4 , f a n n o
flow )
i n kPa
p3 =1.038 // S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e r a t i o a t o u t l e t t o
flow )
Po2 = Pot * p3 // S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e a t e x i t i n kPa
parameter
SPL =(1 -( p3 / p2 ) ) *100 // P e r c e n t a g e d e c r e a s e i n
stagnation pressure in percent
ds = R * log ( Po1 / Po2 ) // Change o f e n t r o p y i n kJ / kgK
90
28
29
30
// o u t p u t
printf ( (A) Length o f t h e p i p e i s %3 . 1 f m\n (B)
P e r c e n t a g e d e c r e a s e i n s t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e i s %3
. 2 f p e r c e n t \n (C) Change o f e n t r o p y i s %3 . 3 f kJ / kg
K ,L1 , SPL , ds )
Scilab code Exa 3.14 To find maximum length of pipe and conditions of
air at exit
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
clc
clear
D1 =0.03 // I n l e t d u c t d i a m e t e r i n m
D2 =0.015 // T h r o a t d i a m e t e r o f d u c t i n m
Po1 =750 // S t a g a n t i o n p r e s s u r e a t i n l e t i n kPa
L =0.25 // Length o f t h e d u c t i n m
ar =( D1 / D2 ) ^2 // R a t i o o f a r e a s
M1 =2.94 // Mach number a t i n l e t from g a s t a b l e s ( ar , k
=1.4 , i s e n t r o p i c )
P1 = Po1 * p1 // S t a t i c p r e s s u r e a t i n l e t i n kPa
T1 = To1 * t1 // S t a t i c t e m p e r a t u r e a t i n l e t i n K
C1 = a1 * M1 // A i r v e l o c i t y a t i n l e t i n m/ s
91
23 X1 =0.513 // f r i c t i o n a l
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
p2 =0.226 // S t a t i c t o C r i t i c a l p r e s s u r e r a t i o a t
i n l e t from g a s t a b l e s , f a n n o f l o w t a b l e s @M1, k =1.4
Pt = P1 / p2 // C r i t i c a l p r e s s u r e i n kPa
c1 =1.949 // S t a t i c t o C r i t i c a l v e l o c i t y r a t i o a t
t2 =0.439 // S t a t i c t o C r i t i c a l t e m p e r a t u r e r a t i o a t
Tt = T1 / t2 // C r i t i c a l t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
L1 =( X1 * D1 ) /(4* f ) // Length o f t h e p i p e from i n l e t t o
c r i t i c a l state in m
L2 = L1 - L // Length o f t h e p i p e from r e q u i r e d p o i n t t o
X2 =(4* f * L2 ) / D2 // f r i c t i o n a l c o n s t a n t f a n n o p a r a m e t e r
M2 =2.14 // Mach number a t i n l e t from g a s t a b l e s ( X2 , k
=1.4 , fanno flow )
o u t l e t from g a s t a b l e s , f a n n o f l o w t a b l e s @M2, k
=1.4
=1.4
=1.4
T2 = t3 * Tt // E x i t t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
// o u t p u t
printf ( (A) Maximum l e n g t h o f t h e p i p e i s %3 . 4 f m\n (
B) C o n d i t i o n o f a i r a t e x i t : \ n
P r e s s u r e i s %3 . 2
f kPa \n
V e l o c i t y i s %3 . 2 f m/ s \n
Temperature
i s %3 . 2 f K\n ,L1 , P2 , C2 , T2 )
92
Scilab code Exa 3.15 To find Maximum and required length of the pipe
and properties of air at a section
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
clc
clear
C1 =130 // A i r v e l o c i t y a t i n l e t i n m/ s
T1 =400 // I n l e t t e m p e r a t u r e a t i n l e t i n K
P1 =250 // I n l e t p r e s s u r e a t i n l e t i n kPa
D =0.16 // I n l e t d u c t d i a m e t e r i n m
11 L1 =35 // Length o f d u c t from i n l e t t o r e q u i r e d
section
13 R =287 // Gas c o n s t a n t i n J / kgK
14
16 a1 = sqrt ( k * R * T1 ) // Sound v e l o c i t y i n m/ s
17 M1 = C1 / a1 // Mach number a t i n l e t
18 p2 =0.9295 // S t a t i c t o S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e
19
20
21
22
23
24
r a t i o at
Po1 = P1 / p2 // S t a g a n t i o n p r e s s u r e a t i n l e t i n kPa
Po2 =0.8* Po1 // S t a g a n t i o n p r e s s u r e a t o u t l e t i n kPa
flow )
i n kPa
93
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
f l o w t a b l e s , k = 1 . 4 ,M= 0 . 5 )
p5 = Po2 / Pot // P r e s s u r e r a t i o
M2 =0.43 // Mach number a t p1 =0.8
parameter
L2 =( X3 * D ) /(4* f ) // Length o f t h e p i p e i n m, ( from
r e q u i r e d s e c t i o n to c r i t i c a l s t a t e )
L3 =( X1 * D ) /(4* f ) // Length o f t h e p i p e i n m, ( from
r e q u i r e d i n l e t to c r i t i c a l s t a t e )
L4 = L3 - L1 // Length o f t h e p i p e i n m
X4 =(4* f * L3 ) / D // f r i c t i o n a l c o n s t a n t f a n n o p a r a m e t e r
M3 =0.39 // Mach number a t L1=35m
=1.4
=1.4
=1.4
// o u t p u t
printf ( (A) Length o f p i p e r e q u i r e d f o r p=%3 . 1 f m i s
%3 . 3 f m\n (B) P r o p e r t i e s o f a i r a t s e c t i o n %3i
from i n l e t : \ n
94
V e l o c i t y i s %3 . 1 f m/ s \
n (C) Maximum l e n g t h o f t h e p i p e i s %3 . 2 f m ,p1 , L2
, L1 , T2 , P2 , C2 , L3 )
Scilab code Exa 3.16 To find exit mach number and inlet temperature
and pressure
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
clc
clear
Q =1000 // D i s c h a r g e i n m3/ min
L1 =50 // Length o f t h e p i p e i n m
A = %pi * D ^2/4 // Area o f d u c t i n m2
C2 = Q /( A *60) // E x i t a i r v e l o c i t y i n m/ s
p1 =1.54 // // S t a t i c t o C r i t i c a l p r e s s u r e r a t i o a t
=1.4
=1.4
95
24 L2 =( X1 * D ) /(4* f ) // Length o f t h e p i p e i n m
25 L2 = L1 + L2 // O v e r a l l l e n g t h o f p i p e from i n l e t
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
to
X2 =(4* f * L2 ) / D // f r i c t i o n a l c o n s t a n t f a n n o p a r a m e t e r
f o r M1
M1 =0.345 // I n l e t Mach number from g a s t a b l e s f a n n o
f l o w t a b l e s @X2 , k =1.4
p2 =3.14 // S t a t i c t o C r i t i c a l p r e s s u r e r a t i o a t i n l e t
from g a s t a b l e s , f a n n o f l o w t a b l e s @M1, k =1.4
P1 = Pt * p2 // S t a t i c p r e s s u r e a t i n l e t i n kPa
T1 = Tt * t2 // S t a t i c t e m p e r a t u r e a t i n l e t i n K
// o u t p u t
printf ( (A) Mach number a t t h e e x i t i s %3 . 3 f \n (B)
I n l e t p r e s s u r e and t e m p e r a t u r e a r e %3 . 3 f kPa and
%3 . 2 f K ,M2 , P1 , T1 )
Scilab code Exa 3.17 To find Static and Stagnation conditions velocity
length and mass flow rate of air in pipe
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
clc
clear
M1 =2.5 // I n l e t Mach number
P1 =0.507 // S t a t i c p r e s s u r e a t i n l e t i n kPa
96
15 t1 =0.4444 // S t a t i c t o S t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
ratio
a t e n t r y from g a s t a b l e s (M1, k = 1 . 4 , i s e n t r o p i c )
T1 = To1 * t1 // S t a t i c t e m p e r a t u r e a t i n l e t i n K
Po1 = P1 / p1 // S t a g a n t i o n p r e s s u r e a t i n l e t i n kPa
a1 = sqrt ( k * R * T1 ) // Sound v e l o c i t y a t i n l e t i n m/ s , R
i n J / kg
C1 = a1 * M1 // a i r v e l o c i t y a t i n l e t i n m/ s
i n l e t from g a s t a b l e s , i s o t h e r m a l t a b l e s @M1, k =1.4
Ctt = C1 / c1 // C r i t i c a l v e l o c i t y a t i s o t h e r m a l s t a t e i n
m/ s
i n l e t from g a s t a b l e s , i s o t h e r m a l @M1, k =1.4
Ptt = P1 / p2 // C r i t i c a l p r e s s u r e a t i s o t h e r m a l s t a t e i n
bar
i s o t h e r m a l s t a t e from g a s t a b l e s , i s o t h e r m a l
t a b l e s @M1, k =1.4
Pott = Po1 / p3 // C r i t i c a l p r e s s u r e a t i s o t h e r m a l s t a t e
in K
t2 =1.968748 // S t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e r a t i o a t i n l e t
t o i s o t h e r m a l s t a t e from g a s t a b l e s , i s o t h e r m a l
t a b l e s @M1, k =1.4
Tott = To1 / t2 // C r i t i c a l t e m p e r a t u r e a t i s o t h e r m a l
state in K
e x i t from g a s t a b l e s , i s o t h e r m a l t a b l e s @M2, k =1.4
C2 = Ctt * c2 // E x i t v e l o c i t y i n m/ s
i n l e t from g a s t a b l e s , i s o t h e r m a l @M2, k =1.4
P2 = Ptt * p4 // E x i t p r e s s u r e i n b a r
97
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
t a b l e s @M2, k =1.4
Po2 = Pott * p5 // S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e a t e x i t i n b a r
t3 =1.127 // S t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e r a t i o a t i n l e t t o
t a b l e s @M2, k =1.4
To2 = Tott * t3 // S t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e a t e x i t i n b a r
T2 = T1 // E x i t t e m p e r a t u r e i n K, S i n c e i s o t h e r m a l f l o w
X3 = X1 - X2 // O v e r a l l f r i c t i o n a l c o n s t a n t f a n n o
parameter
d1 =( P1 *10^5) /( R * T1 ) // D e n s i t y o f a i r i n kg /m 3 , P1
i n Pa
A1 =( %pi * D ^2) /4 // C r o s s s e c t i o n a l a r e a o f p i p e i n m2
// o u t p u t
printf ( At M=%3 . 1 f : \ n (A) S t a t i c p r e s s u r e and s t a t i c
t e m p e r a t u r e a r e %3 . 5 f b a r and %3 . 3 f K
r e s p e c t i v e l y \n (B) S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e and
t e m p e r a t u r e a r e %3 . 4 f b a r and %3 . 3 f K
r e s p e c t i v e l y \n (C) V e l o c i t y o f a i r i s %3 . 3 f m/ s \n
(D) D i s t a n c e o f t h e s e c t i o n from i n n l e t i s %3 . 3 f m
\n (E) Mass f l o w r a t e i s %3 . 5 f kg / s ,M2 , P2 , T2 , Po2 ,
To2 , C2 , L1 , m )
Scilab code Exa 3.18 To find length of pipe and properties of air at a
section and limiting mach number
1 clc
2 clear
3
5 D =0.12 // i n n e r d u c t d i a m e t e r i n m
98
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
M1 =0.4 // I n l e t Mach number
P1 =300 // S t a t i c p r e s s u r e a t i n l e t i n kPa
T1 =310 // S t a t i c t e m p e r a t u r e a t i n l e t i n K
=1.4
X3 = X1 - X2 // O v e r a l l f r i c t i o n a l c o n s t a n t f a n n o
parameter
T2 = T1 // E x i t t e m p e r a t u r e i n K, S i n c e i s o t h e r m a l f l o w
Ttt = T1 // C r i t i c a l t e m p e r a t u r e a t c r i t i c a l s t a t e ,
Since isothermal flow
Mtt =1/ sqrt ( k ) // L i m i t i n g Mach number
L2 =( X1 * D ) /(4* f ) // Length o f t h e d u c t r e q u i r e d t o
a t t a i n l i m i t i n g mach number i n m
// o u t p u t
printf ( (A) Length o f t h e d u c t r e q u i r e d t o c h n a g e t h e
mach number t o %3 . 1 f i s %3 . 4 f m\n (B) P r e s s u r e
and t e m p e r a t u r e a t M=%3 . 1 f i s %3i kPa and %3i K
r e s p e c t i v e l y \n (C) Length o f t h e d u c t r e q u i r e d t o
a t t a i n l i m i t i n g mach number i s %3 . 3 f m\n (D) S t a t e
o f a i r a t l i m i t i n g mach number %3 . 3 f i s s u b s o n i c
,M2 , L1 , M2 , P2 , T2 , L2 , Mtt )
99
Scilab code Exa 3.19 To find diameter of pipe

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
clc
clear
L =140 // Length o f t h e p i p e i n m
P1 =800 // I n l e t p r e s s u r e i n N/m 2 , wrong u n i t s i n
textbook
P2 =600 // O u t l e t p r e s s u r e i n N/m 2 , wrong u n i t s i n
textbook
// U s i n g A d i a b a t i c E q u a t i o n d = 1 / ( ( ( ( ( ( %pi ( d / 2 ) 2 ) 2 )
/ ( 2 m2RT) ) ( P12P2 2 ) ) ( l o g ( P1/P2 ) ) ) / ( 2 f L ) )
and c o n v e r t i n g i n t o 5 t h d e g r e e p o l y n o m i a l o f d
a =( %pi ^2*( P1 ^2 - P2 ^2) ) /(32* m ^2* R * T1 ) // C o e f f i c i e n t o f
power 5
b = log ( P1 / P2 ) // C o e f f i c i e n t o f power 1
c =2* f * L // C o e f f i c i e n t o f c o n s t a n t
p5 = poly ([ - c -b 0 0 0 a ] , d , c o e f f ) // S o l v i n g
polynomial of degree 5
d = roots ( p5 , e ) //Command t o f i n d r o o t s
// o u t p u t
disp ( P o s s i b l e v a l u e s f o r d i a m e t e r o f p i p e a r e : \ n )
// D i s p l a y s w h a t e v e r w i t h i n p a r a n t h e s i s
23 disp ([ d ]) //To d i s p l a y r o o t s
24 printf ( \ n T h e r e f o r e D i a m e t e r o f t h e p i p e i s 0 . 7 m )
100
Scilab code Exa 3.20 To determine required inlet conditions

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
clc
clear
Q =225/60 // D i s c h a r g e i n m3/ s
L1 =30 // Length o f t h e p i p e i n m
D =0.15 // Duct d i a m e t e r i n m
A = %pi * D ^2/4 // a r e a i n m2
C2 = Q / A // E x i t a i r v e l o c i t y i n m/ s
a2 = sqrt ( k * R * T2 ) // E x i t sound v e l o c i t y i n m/ s
=1.4
Pt = P2 / p1 // C r i t i c a l p r e s s u r e i n b a r
=1.4
=1.4
101
26 X2 =(4* f * L1 ) / D // f r i c t i o n a l c o n s t a n t f a n n o p a r a m e t e r
27 X3 = X1 + X2 // o v e r a l l f r i c t i o n a l c o n s t a n t f a n n o
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
parameter
P1 = Pt * p2 // S t a t i c p r e s s u r e a t i n l e t i n b a r
C1 = Ct * c2 // A i r v e l o c i t y a t i n l e t i n m/ s
T1 = Tt * t2 // S t a t i c t e m p e r a t u r e a t i n l e t i n K
// o u t p u t
printf ( R e q u i r e d I n l e t C o n d i t i o n : \ n
Pressure i s
%3 . 4 f b a r \n
V e l o c i t y i s %3 . 3 f m/ s \n
T e m p e r a t u r e i s %3 . 1 f K ,P1 , C1 , T1 )
Scilab code Exa 3.21 To find mach number at sections and mean value of
friction
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
clc
clear
D1 =0.134 // I n l e t d u c t d i a m e t e r i n m
Po1 =7 // S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e a t i n l e t i n b a r
P1 =0.245 // S t a t i c p r e s s u r e a t 5D1 i . e . L1 i n b a r
P2 =0.5 // S t a t i c p r e s s u r e a t 33D1 i . e . L2 i n b a r
D2 =0.0646 // t h r o a t d i a m e t e r i n m
L1 =5* D1 // Length o f n o z z l e t i l l s e c t i o n 1 i n m
L2 =33* D1 // Length o f n o z z l e t i l l s e c t i o n 2 i n m
102
14 ar =( D1 / D2 ) ^2 // R a t i o o f a r e a s
15 p1 = P1 / Po1 // P r e s s u r e r a t i o
16 APR1 = p1 * ar // Area P r e s s u r e r a t i o
i . e . ( A1P1 ) / ( At
Po1 )
17 M1 =2.54 // Mach number a t
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
i n l e t from i s e n t r o p i c g a s
t a b l e s @APR1
APR2 =0.3073 // Area P r e s s u r e r a t i o i . e . ( A2P2 ) / ( At
Po1 )
parameter
L3 = L2 - L1 // Length o f t h e n o z z l e ( S e c t i o n 1 t o
S e c t i o n 2) i n m
f =( X3 * D1 ) /(4* L3 ) // f r i c t i o n a l f a c t o r
// o u t p u t
printf ( (A) Mach number a t %3 . 3 f m and %3 . 3 f m a r e %3
. 2 f and %3 . 2 f r e s p e c t i v e l y \n (B) Mean v a l u e o f
f r i c t i o n b e t w e e n two s e c t i o n s i s %3 . 5 f ,L1 , L2 , M1 ,
M2 , f )
103
Chapter 4
Flow Through Constant Area
Ducts Rayleigh Flow
Scilab code Exa 4.1 To find heat transferred per unit mass flow and temperature change
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
clc
clear
Pa =1*10^5 // P r e s s u r e o f d r y a i r i n Pa
To1 =288 // T o t a l s t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e a t i n l e t i n K
M1 =1 // Mach number a t i n l e t o f p i p e
M2 =0.8 // Mach number a t e x i t o p i p e
Cp =1.005 // S p e c i f i c h e a t o f d r y a i r i n kJ / kgK
t1 =0.834 // T e m p e r a t u r e r a t i o a t e n t r y , i . e . e n t r y
s t a t i c t e m p e r a t u r e t o t o t a l t e m p e r a t u r e from g a s
t a b l e s a t i s e n t r o p i c , M1=1 & a d i a b a t i c c o n s t a n t
=1.4
13 T1 = t1 * To1 // S t a t i c t e m p e r a t u r e a t e n t r y i n K e l v i n
14 t2 =0.964 // T e m p e r a t u r e r a t i o a t c r i t i c a l s t a t e , i . e .
e x i t stagnation temperature to c r i t i c a l s t a t e
104
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
t e m p e r a t u r e from g a s t a b l e s a t R a y l e i g h , M2=0.8 &

a d i a b a t i c c o n s t a n t =1.4
To2 = t2 * To1 // T o t a l s t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e a t e x i t i n
K
t3 =1.025 // T e m p e r a t u r e r a t i o a t e x i t , i . e . e x i t
s t a t i c t e m p e r a t u r e t o t o t a l t e m p e r a t u r e from g a s
t a b l e s a t i s e n t r o p i c , M1=1 & a d i a b a t i c c o n s t a n t
=1.4
T2 = t3 * T1 // S t a t i c t e m p e r a t u r e a t e x i t i n K e l v i n
q = Cp *( To1 - To2 ) // The h e a t t r a n s f e r r e d p e r u n i t mass
f l o w i n kJ / kg
dT = To1 - T2 // Change i n t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
// o u t p u t
printf ( (A) The h e a t t r a n s f e r r e d p e r u n i t mass f l o w
i s %3 . 3 f kJ / kg ( r e j e c t e d ) \n (B) Change i n
t e m p e r a t u r e i s %3 . 3 f K ,q , dT )
Scilab code Exa 4.2 To calculate flow properties at the exit

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
clc
clear
M1 =3 // Mach number a t e n t r y
P1 =1 // S t a t i c P r e s s u r e a t e n t r y i n atm
T1 =300 // S t a t i c T e m p e r a t u r e a t e n t r y i n K
q =300 // The h e a t t r a n s f e r r e d p e r u n i t mass f l o w i n
kJ / kg
10 Cp =1.005 // S p e c i f i c h e a t o f d r y a i r i n kJ / kgK
11
13 t1 =2.8 // T e m p e r a t u r e r a t i o
a t e n t r y from g a s t a b l e s
(M=3 , k = 1 . 4 , i s e n t r o p i c )
105
14 To1 = t1 * T1 // T o t a l s t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e a t
i n l e t in
K
15 p1 =0.0272 // P r e s s u r e
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
ratio
(M=3 , k = 1 . 4 , i s e n t r o p i c )
Po1 = P1 / p1 // S t a g n a t i o n P r e s s u r e a t e n t r y i n atm
p2 =0.176 // S t a t i c P r e s s u r e r a t i o
at c r i t i c a l s t a t e
from g a s t a b l e s ( R a y l e i g h , k = 1 . 4 ,M=3)
Pt = P1 / p2 // S t a t i c c r i t i c a l p r e s s u r e i n atm
p3 =3.424 // S t a g n a t i o n P r e s s u r e r a t i o a t c r i t i c a l
s t a t e from g a s t a b l e s ( R a y l e i g h , k = 1 . 4 ,M=3)
Pot = Po1 / p3 // S t a g n a t i o n c r i t i c a l p r e s s u r e i n atm
t2 =0.281 // S t a t i c t e m p e r a t u r e r a t i o a t c r i t i c a l
t3 =0.654 // S t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e r a t i o a t c r i t i c a l
Tot = To1 / t3 // S t a g n a t i o n c r i t i c a l t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
To2 =( q / Cp ) + To1 // S t a g n a t i o n e x i t t e m p e r a t i o n i n K
t4 =( To2 / Tot ) // S t a g n a t i o n T e m p e r a t u r e r a t i o a t e x i t
M2 =1.6 // Mack number a t e x i t from g a s t a b l e s (
Rayleigh , t4 )
a t e x i t from g a s
t a b l e s ( R a y l e i g h , t 4 = 0 . 8 6 6 ,M= 1 . 6 )
P2 = p4 * Pt // S t a t i c P r e s s u r e a t e x i t i n atm
p5 =1.176 // S t a g n a t i o n P r e s s u r e r a t i o a t e x i t from
g a s t a b l e s ( R a y l e i g h , t 4 = 0 . 8 6 6 ,M= 1 . 6 )
Po2 = p5 * Pot // S t a g n a t i o n P r e s s u r e a t e x i t i n atm
t5 =0.702 // S t a t i c t e m p e r a t u r e r a t i o a t e x i t from g a s
t a b l e s ( R a y l e i g h , t 4 = 0 . 8 6 6 ,M= 1 . 6 )
T2 = t5 * Tt // S t a t i c e x i t t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
d2 = P2 *101325/( R * T2 ) // d e n s i t y o f a i r a t e x i t i n kg /m
3 , P2 i n N/m2
// o u t p u r
printf ( (A) The Mach numer a t e x i t i s %3 . 1 f \n (B)
S t a t i c P r e s s u r e a t e x i t i s %3 . 3 f atm\n (C) S t a t i c
e x i t t e m p e r a t u r e i s %3 . 2 f K\n (D) d e n s i t y o f a i r
a t e x i t i s %3 . 4 f kg /m3\ n (E) S t a g n a t i o n e x i t
106
t e m p e r a t i o n i s %3 . 2 f K\n ( F ) S t a g n a t i o n P r e s s u r e
a t e x i t i s %3 . 2 f atm ,M2 , P2 , T2 , d2 , To2 , Po2 )
Scilab code Exa 4.3 To find mass flow rate per unit area Final temperature and heat added per kg of air flow
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
clc
clear
P1 =1.4 // S t a t i c P r e s s u r e a t e n t r y i n b a r
t1 =0.555 // T e m p e r a t u r e r a t i o a t e n t r y from g a s
t a b l e s (M=2 , k = 1 . 4 , i s e n t r o p i c )
To1 = T1 / t1 // T o t a l s t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e a t i n l e t i n
K
p1 =0.364 // P r e s s u r e r a t i o
(M=2 , k = 1 . 4 , i s e n t r o p i c )
Po1 = P1 / p1 // S t a g n a t i o n P r e s s u r e a t e n t r y i n b a r
To2 = Tot // S t a g n a t i o n e x i t t e m p e r a t i o n i n K
f l o w i n kJ / kg
107
24 C1 = M1 * a1 // A i r v e l o c i t y i n m/ s
25 d1 =( P1 *10^5) /( R * T1 ) // d e n s i t y o f a i r i n kg /m3
26 ma = d1 * C1 // Mass f l o w r a t e p e r u n i t a r e a i n kg / sm3
27
28 // o u t p u t
29 printf ( (A) Mass f l o w r a t e p e r u n i t a r e a i s %3 . 2 f kg /
sm2\ n (B) F i n a l t e m p e r a r u r e i s %3 . 3 f K\n (C) Heat

added i s %3 . 2 f kJ / kg ,ma , Tt , q )
Scilab code Exa 4.4 To calculate pressure and Mach number after combustion in combustion chamber
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
clc
clear
C1 =100 // A i r v e l o c i t y i n t o c o m b u s t i o n chamber i n m/ s
P1 =3 // S t a t i c P r e s s u r e a t e n t r y i n b a r
kJ / kg
12
15 M1 = C1 / a1 // Mach number a t e n t r y
16 t1 =0.985 // T e m p e r a t u r e r a t i o a t e n t r y from g a s
t a b l e s (M1, k = 1 . 4 , i s e n t r o p i c )
17 To1 = T1 / t1 // T o t a l s t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e a t i n l e t i n
K
18 p1 =0.947 // P r e s s u r e r a t i o
(M1, k = 1 . 4 , i s e n t r o p i c )
19 Po1 = P1 / p1 // S t a g n a t i o n P r e s s u r e a t e n t r y i n b a r
108
20 To2 =( q / Cp ) + To1 // S t a g n a t i o n e x i t
21 p2 =2.163 // S t a t i c P r e s s u r e r a t i o
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
temperation in K
from g a s t a b l e s ( R a y l e i g h , k = 1 . 4 ,M= 0 . 2 8 )
s t a t e from g a s t a b l e s ( R a y l e i g h , k = 1 . 4 ,M= 0 . 2 8 )
Pot = Po1 / p3 // S t a g n a t i o n c r i t i c a l p r e s s u r e i n b a r
Rayleigh , t3 )
t a b l e s ( R a y l e i g h , t3 , M2)
P2 = p4 * Pt // S t a t i c P r e s s u r e a t e x i t i n b a r
// o u t p u t
printf ( (A) P r e s s u r e a f t e r c o m b u s t i o n i s %3 . 3 f b a r \n
(B) Mach number a f t e r c o m b u s t i o n i s %3 . 1 f ,P2 , M2 )
Scilab code Exa 4.5 To find total temperature static pressure at exit Stagnation pressure and exponent of polytropic equation
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
clc
clear
M2 =1.5 // Mack number a t e x i t
109
13 p1 =0.0272 // P r e s s u r e
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
ratio
(M=3 , k = 1 . 4 , i s e n t r o p i c )
T1 = t1 * To1 // S t a t i c t e m p e r a t u r e a t e n t r y i n K e l v i n
p4 =0.578 // // S t a t i c P r e s s u r e r a t i o
t a b l e s ( R a y l e i g h ,M= 1 . 5 )
g a s t a b l e s ( R a y l e i g h ,M= 1 . 5 )
Po2 = p5 * Pot // S t a g n a t i o n P r e s s u r e a t e x i t i n b a r
t4 =0.753 // // S t a t i c t e m p e r a t u r e r a t i o a t e x i t from
t5 =0.909 // S t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e r a t i o a t e x i t from
To2 = t5 * Tot // T o t a l s t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e a t e x i t i n
K
f l o w i n kJ / kg
SPC = Po1 - Po2 // Change i n s t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e i n b a r
n = log ( Po1 / Po2 ) /( log ( Po1 / Po2 ) - log ( To1 / To2 ) ) //
Exponent o f p o l y t r o p i c e q u a t i o n
qmax = Cp *( Tot - To1 ) //Maximum p o s s i b l e h e a t t r a n s f e r
110
i n kJ / kg
37 ds = Cp * log ( T2 / T1 ) -( R * log ( P2 / P1 ) ) // Change i n e n t r o p y
i n kJ / kgK
38
39
40
// o u t p u t
printf ( (A) T o t a l t e m p e r a t u r e a t e x i t i s %3 . 2 f K\n (B
) S t a t i c p r e s s u r e a t e x i t i s %3 . 3 f b a r \n (C)
Change i n s t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e i s %3 . 2 f b a r \n (D)
Exponent o f p o l y t r o p i c e q u a t i o n i s %3 . 2 f ,To2 , P2 ,
SPC , n )
Scilab code Exa 4.6 To determine Mach number pressure temperature of

gas at entry and amount of heat added and maximum heat can be added
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
clc
clear
M2 =0.9 // Mack number a t e x i t
P2 =2.5 // S t a t i c P r e s s u r e a t e x i t i n b a r
T2 =1273 // S t a t i c e x i t t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
t1 =3.74 // r a t i o o f s t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e s a t and
exit entry
11
13 t2 =0.892 // T e m p e r a u t u r e r a t i o
t a b l e s ( i s e n t r o p i c , k = 1 . 3 ,M= 0 . 9 )
14 To2 = T2 / t2 // T o t a l s t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e a t e x i t i n
K
15 To1 = To2 / t1 // T o t a l s t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e a t i n l e t
in K
16 p1 =1.12 // S t a t i c p r e s s u r e r a t i o a t c r i t i c a l s t a t e
from g a s t a b l e s ( R a y l e i g h , k = 1 . 3 ,M= 1 . 5 )
111
17 Pt = P2 / p1 // S t a t i c
18 t3 =1.017 // S t a t i c
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
c r i t i c a l p r e s s u r e in bar
temperature r a t i o at c r i t i c a l
s t a t e from g a s t a b l e s ( R a y l e i g h , k = 1 . 3 ,M= 1 . 5 )
s t a t e from g a s t a b l e s ( R a y l e i g h , k = 1 . 3 ,M= 1 . 5 )
t5 = To1 / Tot // R a t i o o f s t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e a t
e n t r y and c r i t i c a l s t a t e
M1 =0.26 // Mach number a t e n t r y from g a s t a b l e s (
R a y l e i g h , t5 , k = 1 . 3 )
a t e n t r y from g a s
t a b l e s ( R a y l e i g h , t5 , k = 1 . 3 )
P1 = Pt * p2 // S t a t i c P r e s s u r e a t e n t r y i n b a r
t6 =0.302 // S t a t i c t e m p e r a t u r e r a t i o
a t e n t r y from
g a s t a b l e s ( R a y l e i g h , t5 , k = 1 . 3 )
T1 = Tt * t6 // S t a t i c t e m p e r a t u r e a t e n t r y i n K e l v i n
f l o w i n kJ / kg
i n kJ / kg
// o u t p u t
printf ( (A) Mach number a t e n t r y i s %3 . 2 f \n (B)
P r e s s u r e a t e n t r y i s %3 . 3 f b a r \n (C) T e m p e r a t u r e
o f g a s i s %3i K\n (D) Amount o f h e a t added i s %3 . 2
f kJ / kg \n (E) Maximum h e a t t h a t can be h e a t e d i s
%3 . 3 f kJ / kg ,M1 , P1 , T1 ,q , qmax )
Scilab code Exa 4.7 To determine Mach number pressure temperature and
velocity of gas at exit
1 clc
2 clear
3
112
// i n p u t
C1 =60 // V e l o c i t y a t e n t r a n c e i n m/ s
q =1172.5 // The h e a t t r a n s f e r r e d p e r u n i t mass f l o w
i n kJ / kg
4
5
6
7
8
12
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
t a b l e s (M= 0 . 1 7 , k = 1 . 4 , i s e n t r o p i c )
K
p1 =2.306 // S t a t i c P r e s s u r e r a t i o a t c r i t i c a l s t a t e
from g a s t a b l e s ( R a y l e i g h , k = 1 . 4 ,M= 0 . 1 7 )
c1 =0.0665 // V e l o c i t y r a t i o a t c r i t i c a l s t a t e from
g a s t a b l e s ( R a y l e i g h , k = 1 . 4 ,M= 0 . 1 7 )
t4 = To2 / Tot // R a t i o o f s t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e a t e x i t
and c r i t i c a l s t a t e
M2 =0.45 // Mach number a t e x i t from g a s t a b l e s (
R a y l e i g h , t4 , k = 1 . 4 )
a t e x i t from
113
32 T2 = t5 * Tt // S t a t i c e x i t t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
33 c2 =0.378 // V e l o c i t y r a t i o a t c r i t i c a l s t a t e from g a s
t a b l e s ( Rayleigh , k =1.4 , t4 )
34 C2 = Ct * c2 // e x i t v e l o c i t y i n m/ s
35
36
37
// o u t p u t
printf ( At e x i t c o n d i t i o n s : \ n (A) Mach number i s %3
. 2 f \n (B) P r e s s u r e i s %3 . 3 f b a r \n (C) T e m p e r a t u r e
i s %3 . 2 f K\n (D) E x i t v e l o c i t y i s %3 . 2 f m/ s ,M2 , P2
, T2 , C2 )
Scilab code Exa 4.8 To find Mach number pressure and temperature after
cooling
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
clc
clear
Po1 =6 // S t a g n a t i o n P r e s s u r e a t e n t r y i n b a r
To2 =423 // S t a g n a t i o n e x i t t e m p e r a t i o n i n K
T1 = t1 * To1 // S t a t i c t e m p e r a t u r e a t e n t r y i n K e l v i n
p1 =0.128 // P r e s s u r e r a t i o
(M=2 , k = 1 . 4 , i s e n t r o p i c )
P1 = Po1 * p1 // S t a t i c P r e s s u r e a t e n t r y i n b a r
p2 =0.364 // S t a t i c p r e s s u r e r a t i o a t c r i t i c a l s t a t e
p3 =1.503 // // S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e r a t i o a t c r i t i c a l
s t a t e from g a s t a b l e s ( R a y l e i g h , k = 1 . 4 ,M=2) ,
114
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
p r i n t i n g mistake in textbook
t2 =0.529 // S t a t i c T e m p e r a t u r e r a t i o a t c r i t i c a l
t4 =( To2 / To1 ) * t3 // R a t i o o f s t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e a t
e x i t and c r i t i c a l s t a t e
R a y l e i g h , t4 , k = 1 . 4 )
t a b l e s ( R a y l e i g h , t4 , k = 1 . 4 ) , p r i n t i n g m i s t a k e i n
textbook
a t e x i t from
P2 =( p4 / p2 ) * P1 // S t a t i c P r e s s u r e a t e x i t i n b a r
T2 =( t5 / t2 ) * T1 // S t a t i c e x i t t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
// o u t p u t
printf ( A f t e r C o o l i n g : \ n (A) Mach number i s %3 . 2 f \n
(B) P r e s s u r e i s %3 . 4 f b a r \n (C) T e m p e r a t u r e i s %3 . 2
f K ,M2 , P2 , T2 )
Scilab code Exa 4.9 To determine heat added per kg of air flow maximum
possible heat transfer and heat transfer required to get maximum static temperature
1 clc
2 clear
3
5 M2 =0.8 // Mack number a t e x i t
6 t1 =4 // R a t i o o f s t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e a t e x i t and
entry
7 T1 =288 // A t m o s p h e r i c t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
8 P1 =1 // A t m o s p h e r i c P r e s s u r e i n atm
115
10
12 t2 =0.964 // R a t i o o f s t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e a t e x i t
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
and c r i t i c a l s t a t e from g a s t a b l e s
t3 = t2 / t1 // R a t i o o f s t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e a t e n t r y
and c r i t i c a l s t a t e
M1 =0.24 // // Mach number a t e n t r y from g a s t a b l e s (
R a y l e i g h , t3 , k = 1 . 4 )
K
To2 = t1 * To1 // S t a g n a t i o n e x i t t e m p e r a t i o n i n K
f l o w i n kJ / kg
i n kJ / kg
t6 =0.9775 // R a t i o o f s t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e f o r
maximum s t a t i c t e m p e r a t u r e (M=1/ s q r t ( k ) , R a y l e i g h )
To3 = Tot * t6 //maximum s t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
q_req = Cp *( To3 - To1 ) // Heat t r a n s f e r r e q u i r e d t o g e t
maximum s t a t i c t e m p e r a t u r e i n kJ / kg
// o u t p u t
printf ( (A) Heat added p e r kg o f a i r f l o w i s %3 . 2 f kJ
/ kg \n (B) Maximum p o s s i b l e h e a t t r a n s f e r i s %3 . 2 f
kJ / kg \n (C) Heat t r a n s f e r r e q u i r e d t o g e t maximum
s t a t i c t e m p e r a t u r e i s %3 . 1 f kJ / kg ,q , qmax , q_req )
Scilab code Exa 4.10 To find exit properties Maximum stagnation temperature percentage of pressure loss and initial mach number
1 clc
116
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
clear
C1 =75 // A i r v e l o c i t y i n t o c o m b u s t i o n chamber i n m/ s
mp =30 // a i r f u e l r a t i o
CV =92000 // C a l o r i f i c v a l u e o f f u e l i n kJ / kg
M1 = C1 / a1 // Mach number a t e n t r y
K
p1 =0.982 // P r e s s u r e r a t i o
(M1, k = 1 . 4 , i s e n t r o p i c )
q = CV /( mp +1) // The h e a t t r a n s f e r r e d p e r u n i t mass
f l o w i n kJ / kg o f gas , mp+1= t o t a l amount o f f u e l =
mf+ma
from g a s t a b l e s ( R a y l e i g h , k = 1 . 4 ,M1)
s t a t e from g a s t a b l e s ( R a y l e i g h , k = 1 . 4 ,M1)
117
31 t4 = To2 / Tot // R a t i o o f
and c r i t i c a l
stagnation temperature at e x i t
state
32 M2 =0.33 // Mach number a t e x i t from g a s t a b l e s (
R a y l e i g h , t4 , k = 1 . 4 )
Pressure ratio
P2 = p4 * Pt // S t a t i c P r e s s u r e a t e x i t i n bar ,
miscalculation in textbook
Po2 = Pot * p5 // S t a g n a t i o n P r e s s u r e a t e x i t i n b a r
a t e x i t from
C2 = M2 * sqrt ( k * R * T2 ) // e x i t v e l o c i t y i n m/ s
SPL =(( Po1 - Po2 ) / Po1 ) *100 // P e r c e n t a g e o f p r e s s u r e
l o s s i n c o m b u s t i o n chamber i n %
33 p4 =2.0825 // S t a t i c
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
// o u t p u t
printf ( (A) At e x i t : \ n
T e m p e r a t u r e i s %3i K \n
V e l o c i t y i s %3 . 2 f m
/ s \n
Mach number i s %3 . 2 f \n (B) Maximum
s t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e a v a i l a b l e i s %3 . 2 f K\n (C)
P e r c e n t a g e o f p r e s s u r e l o s s i n c o m b u s t i o n chamber
i s %3 . 1 f p e r c e n t \n (D) I n t i a l Mach number i s %3 . 2
f \n ,P2 , T2 , C2 , M2 , Tot , SPL , M1 )
Scilab code Exa 4.11 To find Mach number and percentage drop in pressure
1 clc
2 clear
3
5 To1 =473 // T o t a l s t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e a t
118
i n l e t in K
6 To2 =673 // S t a g n a t i o n e x i t t e m p e r a t i o n i n K
7 M1 =0.5 // Mach number a t e n t r y
8
10 t1 =0.6914 // S t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e r a t i o a t
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
critical
t2 =( To2 / To1 ) * t1 // S t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e r a t i o a t
exit
R a y l e i g h , t2 , k = 1 . 4 )
p2 =1.16 // S t a t i c p r e s s u r e r a t i o a t e x i t from g a s
t a b l e s ( R a y l e i g h , k = 1 . 4 ,M2)
p = p2 / p1 // r a t i o o f s t a t i c p r e s s u r e s a t o u l e t and
inlet
PL =(1 - p ) *100 // p r e s s u r e l o s s i n %
// o u t p u t
printf ( (A) Mach number i s %3 . 3 f \n (B) P e r c e n t a g e d r o p
i n p r e s s u r e i s %3 . 1 f p e r c e n t ,M2 , PL )
Scilab code Exa 4.12 To find inlet mach number and percentage loss in
static pressure
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
clc
clear
t1 =3 // S t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e r a t i o
t2 =0.964 // R a t i o o f s t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e a t e x i t
and c r i t i c a l s t a t e ( R a y l e i g h , M2, k = 1 . 4 )
119
10 p1 =1.266 // S t a t i c
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Pressure ratio
t a b l e s ( R a y l e i g h , M2, k = 1 . 4 )
t3 = t2 / t1 // S t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e r a t i o a t c r i t i c a l
state
M1 =0.29 // Mach number a t e n t r y from g a s t a b l e s (
R a y l e i g h , t3 , k = 1 . 4 )
p = p1 / p2 // r a t i o o f s t a t i c p r e s s u r e s a t e x i t and
entry
PL =(1 - p ) *100 // P e r c e n t a g e l o s s i n s t a t i c p r e s s u r e i n
%
// o u t p u t
printf ( (A) Mach number a t e n t r y i s %3 . 2 f \n (B)
P e r c e n t a g e l o s s i n s t a t i c p r e s s u r e i s %3i p e r c e n t
,M1 , PL )
Scilab code Exa 4.13 To find inlet and exit mach number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
clc
clear
To2 =310 // S t a g n a t i o n e x i t t e m p e r a t i o n i n K
G =1300 // Mass v e l o c i t y i n kg /m2 s
P1 =105*10^3 // S t a t i c P r e s s u r e a t e n t r y i n Pa
T1 =((( -2* P1 ^2* Cp ) + sqrt ((( -2* P1 ^2* Cp ) ^2) +(8* G ^2* R ^2*
P1 ^2* Cp * To1 ) ) ) /(2* G ^2* R ^2) ) // S t a t i c t e m p e r a t u r e
in K
120
14 t1 = T1 / To1 // T e m p e r a t u r e r a t i o a t e n t r y
15 M1 =1.4 // Mach number a t e n t r y from g a s t a b l e s (
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
i s e n t r o p i c , t1 , k = 1 . 4 )
t3 = To2 / Tot // S t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e r a t i o a t e x i t
R a y l e i g h , t3 , k = 1 . 4 )
// o u t p u t
printf ( (A) The i n l e t mach number i s %3 . 2 f \n (B) The
e x i t mach number i s %3 . 2 f ,M1 , M2 )
Scilab code Exa 4.14 To find properties at exit and sonic condition and
heat required to accelerate gas from inlet to sonic condition
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
clc
clear
P1 =0.345 // S t a t i c P r e s s u r e a t e n t r y i n Pa
C1 =65.5 // Entry v e l o c i t y i n m/ s
kJ / kg
11
121
16 To1 = T1 / t1 // T o t a l s t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e a t
i n l e t in
K
17 p1 =2.235 // S t a t i c
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
Pressure ratio
c1 =0.051 // V e l o c i t y r a t i o a t c r i t i c a l s t a t e from g a s
t a b l e s ( R a y l e i g h , k = 1 . 3 ,M1)
Cp =( k * R ) /( k -1) // S p e c i f i c h e a t o f d r y a i r i n kJ / kgK
Rayleigh , t4 )
a t e x i t from
c2 =0.564 // V e l o c i t y r a t i o a t c r i t i c a l s t a t e from g a s
t a b l e s ( Rayleigh , k =1.4 , t4 )
C2 = Ct * c2 // e x i t v e l o c i t y i n m/ s
qmax = Cp *( Tot - To1 ) /10^3 //Maximum p o s s i b l e h e a t
t r a n s f e r i n kJ / kg
// o u t p u t
printf ( (A) Heat r e q u i r e d t o a c c e l e r a t e t h e g a s from
t h e i n l e t c o n d i t i o n t o s o n i c c o n d i t i o n i s %3 . 2 f
kJ / kg \n (B) The p r e s s u r e and t e m p e r a t u r e a t s o n i c
c o n d i t i o n a r e %3 . 3 f b a r and %3 . 2 f K r e s p e c t i v e l y \
n (C) The p r o p e r t i e s a t e x i t a r e : \ n
Pressure i s
%3 . 3 f b a r \n
122
V e l o c i t y i s %3i m/ s , qmax , Pt , Tt , P2 , T2 , C2 )
123
Chapter 5
Normal and Oblique Shock
Scilab code Exa 5.1 To find Mach number before shock properties after
shock density increase loss of stagnation pressure and entropy change of air
in pipe
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
clc
clear
Px =150 // P r e s s u r e b e f o r e t h e s h o c k i n kPa
Tx =25+273 // T e m p e r a t u r e b e f o r e t h e s h o c k i n K
Py =350 // P r e s s u r e j u s t a f t e r t h e s h o c k i n kPa
p1 = Py / Px // P r e s s u r e r a t i o
Mx =1.4638 // Mach number b e f o r e t h e s h o c k
My =0.716 // Mach number a f t e r t h e s h o c k from g a s
t a b l e s @Mx
15 t1 =1.294 // T e m p e r a t u r e r a t i o a f t e r and b e f o r e t h e
s h o c k from g a s t a b l e s @p1
16 Ty = t1 * Tx // T e m p e r a t u r e r a t i o a f t e r t h e s h o c k i n K
17 ax = sqrt ( k * R * Tx ) // V e l o c i t y o f sound b e f o r e t h e s h o c k
124
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
i n m/ s
Cx = ax * Mx // V e l o c i t y o f g a s b e f o r e t h e s h o c k i n m/ s
ay = sqrt ( k * R * Ty ) // V e l o c i t y o f sound a f t e r t h e s h o c k
i n m/ s
Cy = ay * My // V e l o c i t y o f g a s a f t e r t h e s h o c k i n m/ s
p2 =0.942 // S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e r a t i o a f t e r and
b e f o r e t h e s h o c k from g a s t a b l e s @p1
ds = R * log (1/ p2 ) // Change i n e n t r o p y i n J / kgK
p3 =3.265 // S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e a f t e r s h o c k t o S t a t i c
p r e s s u r e b e f o r e s h o c k from g a s t a b l e s @p1
Poy = p3 * Px // S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e a f t e r s h o c k i n kPa
Pox = Poy / p2 // S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e b e f o r e s h o c k i n kPa
pr_loss = Pox - Poy // L o s s o f s t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e o f a i r
i n kPa
dd =(1000/ R ) *(( Py / Ty ) -( Px / Tx ) ) // I n c r e a s e i n d e n s i t y
o f a i r i n kg /m3
// Output
printf ( (A) Mach number b e f o r e s h o c k i s %3 . 4 f \n (B)
After shock :\ n
S t a t i c t e m p e r a t u r e i s %3 . 3 f K\n
V e l o c i t y i s %3
. 2 f m/ s \n (C) I n c r e a s e i n d e n s i t y o f a i r i s %3 . 2 f
kg /m3\ n (D) L o s s o f s t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e o f a i r i s
%3 . 2 f kPa \n (E) Change i n e n t r o p y i s %3 . 3 f J / kgK
,Mx , My , Ty , Cy , dd , pr_loss , ds )
Scilab code Exa 5.2 To find properties across normal shock and entropy
change
1 clc
2 clear
3
5 Tx =350 // T e m p e r a t u r e b e f o r e t h e s h o c k i n K
6 Px =137.8 // P r e s s u r e b e f o r e t h e s h o c k i n kPa
125
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
Cx =750 // V e l o c i t y b e f o r e t h e s h o c k i n m/ s
ax = sqrt ( k * R * Tx ) // V e l o c i t y o f sound b e f o r e t h e s h o c k
i n m/ s
Mx = Cx / ax // Mach number b e f o r e t h e s h o c k
t a b l e s @Mx
p1 =4.5 // S t a t i c p r e s s u r e r a t i o a f t e r and b e f o r e t h e
s h o c k from g a s t a b l e s @My
Py = Px * p1 // S t a t i c p r e s s u r e a f t e r s h o c k i n kPa
t1 =1.687 // T e m p e r a t u r e r a t i o a f t e r and b e f o r e t h e
Ty = Tx * t1 // T e m p e r a t u r e r a t i o a f t e r t h e s h o c k i n K
p r e s s u r e b e f o r e s h o c k from g a s t a b l e s @My
Poy = Px * p2 // S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e a f t e r s h o c k i n kPa
b e f o r e t h e s h o c k from g a s t a b l e s @My
b e f o r e s h o c k from i s e n t r o p i c g a s t a b l e s @Mx, k =1.4
Tox = Tx / t2 // S t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e b e f o r e s h o c k i n
K
p4 =0.128 // S t a t i c t o S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e r a t i o from
i s e n t r o p i c g a s t a b l e s @Mx, k =1.4
Pox = Px / p4 // S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e i n kPa
b e f o r e s h o c k from n o r m a l s h o c k g a s t a b l e s @Mx, k
=1.4 ( Tox=Toy Checked )
Toy = Ty / t4 // S t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e a f t e r s h o c k i n K
i n m/ s
Cy =( My * ay ) // V e l o c i t y o f g a s a f t e r t h e s h o c k i n m/ s
126
33
34
// Output
printf ( (A) At i n l e t t o s h o c k : \ n
Stagnation
p r e s s u r e i s %3 . 1 f kPa \n
Stagnation temperature
i s %3 . 2 f K\n
Mach number i s %3 . 0 f \n (B) A f t e r
shock :\ n
S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e i s %3 . 2 f kPa \n
S t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e i s %3 . 2 f K\n
Static
p r e s s u r e i s %3 . 1 f kPa \n
S t a t i c temperature i s
%3 . 2 f K\n
Velocity
i s %3 . 2 f m/ s \n (C) Change i n e n t r o p y a c r o s s t h e
s h o c k i s %3 . 2 f J / kgK ,Pox , Tox , Mx , Poy , Toy , Py , Ty ,
My , Cy , ds )
Scilab code Exa 5.3 To find properties downstream of shock

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
clc
clear
Cx =497 // A i r V e l o c i t y b e f o r e t h e s h o c k i n m/ s
i n m/ s
t a b l e s @Mx
p1 =2.45833 // S t a t i c p r e s s u r e r a t i o a f t e r and b e f o r e
t h e s h o c k from g a s t a b l e s @My
Py = p1 * Px // S t a t i c p r e s s u r e a f t e r s h o c k i n kPa
127
18 Ty = Tx * t1 // T e m p e r a t u r e r a t i o a f t e r t h e s h o c k i n K
19 p2 =3.41327 // S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e a f t e r s h o c k t o
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
S t a t i c p r e s s u r e b e f o r e s h o c k from g a s t a b l e s @My
i n m/ s
Cy = ay * My // V e l o c i t y o f a i r a f t e r t h e s h o c k i n m/ s
// Output
printf ( A f t e r s h o c k : \ n
(A) Mach number i s %3 . 5 f \n
(B) V e l o c i t y i s %3 . 3 f m/ s \n
(C) S t a g n a t i o n
p r e s s u r e i s %3 . 3 f kPa \n ,My , Cy , Poy )
Scilab code Exa 5.4 To find velocities across shock and stagnation pressure change
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
clc
clear
Tx = -30+273 // T e m p e r a t u r e b e f o r e t h e s h o c k i n K
pr =2.6 // P r e s s u r e r a t i o a c r o s s t h e s h o c k wave
Mx =1.54 // Mach number b e f o r e t h e s h o c k from g a s
t a b l e s @pr
13 My =0.687 // Mach number a f t e r t h e s h o c k from g a s
t a b l e s @Mx
128
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
Ty = t1 * Tx // T e m p e r a t u r e r a t i o a f t e r t h e s h o c k i n K
dP = Pox - Poy // Change i n s t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e i n kPa
i n m/ s
Cx =( Mx * ax ) // A i r V e l o c i t y b e f o r e t h e s h o c k i n m/ s
i n m/ s
Cy =( My * ay ) // V e l o c i t y o f a i r a f t e r t h e s h o c k i n m/ s
// Output
printf ( (A) V e l o c i t i e s u p s t r e a m and downstream o f
s h o c k wave a r e %3 . 2 f m/ s and %3 . 2 f m/ s
r e s p e c t i v e l y \n (B) Change i n s t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e
i s %3 . 3 f kPa ,Cx , Cy , dP )
Scilab code Exa 5.5 To find properties downstream of shock

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
clc
clear
Mol =39.9 // Molar mass o f a g a s i n kg / mol
k =1.67 // S p e c i f i c h e a t r a t i o
Tx = -20+273 // T e m p e r a t u r e b e f o r e t h e s h o c k i n K
129
12 My =0.554 // Mach number a f t e r
t h e s h o c k from g a s
t a b l e s @Mx
13 p1 =7.567 // S t a t i c
pressure ratio after

14 Py = p1 * Px // S t a t i c p r e s s u r e a f t e r s h o c k
15 t1 =2.805 // T e m p e r a t u r e r a t i o a f t e r and
16 Ty = Tx * t1 // T e m p e r a t u r e r a t i o a f t e r t h e
17
18
19
and b e f o r e
i n kPa
b e f o r e the
shock in K
// Output
printf ( Downstream t h e n o r m a l s h o c k : \ n
Mach
number i s %3 . 3 f \n
T e m p e r a t u r e i s %3 . 3 f K ,My , Py , Ty )
Scilab code Exa 5.6 To find pressure acting on front of the body
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
clc
clear
Mx =2 // Mach number b e f o r e t h e s h o c k
p r e s s u r e b e f o r e s h o c k from g a s t a b l e s @Mx
10 Poy = p1 * Px // S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e a f t e r s h o c k i n kPa
11
12
13
// Output
printf ( P r e s s u r e a c t i n g on t h e f r o n t o f t h e body i s
%3 . 2 f kPa , Poy )
130
Scilab code Exa 5.7 To find mass flow rate and properties at exit of CD
nozzle
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
clc
clear
Po =800 // P r e s s u r e i n r e s e r v o i r i n kPa
To =40+273 // T e m p e r a t u r e i n r e s e r v o i r i n K
M2a =2.5 // Mach number a t e x i t from d i a g r a m
At =25 // T h r o a t Area i n cm2
Ax =40 // Area j u s t b e f o r e t h e s h o c k i n cm2
Ay =40 // Area j u s t a f t e r t h e s h o c k i n cm2
t1 =0.834 // R a t i o o f c r i t i c a l t e m p e r a t u r e and
s t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e from g a s t a b l e s @M=1
Tt = To * t1 // C r i t i c a l t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
p1 =0.528 // R a t i o o f c r i t i c a l p r e s s u r e and s t a g n a t i o n
Pt = Po * p1 // C r i t i c a l p r e s s u r e i n kPa
dt = Pt *10^3/( R * Tt ) // D e n s i t y i n kg /m 3 , Pt i n Pa
at = sqrt ( k * R * Tt ) // V e l o c i t y o f sound a t t h r o a t i n m/ s
Ct = at // A i r V e l o c i t y o f sound a t t h r o a t i n m/ s
m = dt * At *10^ -4* Ct // Mass f l o w r a t e i n kg / s
p2 =0.0585 // R a t i o o f e x i t t o s t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e
from i s e n t r o p i c g a s t a b l e s @M2=2.5
a1 =2.637 // R a t i o o f e x i t t o c r i t i c a l a r e a from
i s e n t r o p i c g a s t a b l e s @M2=2.5
A2 = a1 * At // E x i t a r e a i n cm2
a2 = Ax / At // Area r a t i o
M =1.94 // Mach number u p s t r e a m o f s h o c k from g a s
t a b l e s @a2
p3 =0.140 // R a t i o o f upstram o f s h o c k t o s t a g n a t i o n
p r e s s u r e s from i s e n t r o p i c g a s t a b l e s @M
Px = p3 * Po // P r e s s u r e upstram o f s h o c k i n kPa
131
30 t2 =0.570 // R a t i o o f upstram o f s h o c k t o s t a g n a t i o n
t e m p e r a t u r e from i s e n t r o p i c g a s t a b l e s @M
31 Tx = t2 * To // T e m p e r a t u r e upstram o f s h o c k i n K
32 My =0.588 // Mach number downstream o f s h o c k from
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
n o r m a l s h o c k g a s t a b l e s @M
// Here At2=Aty , Po2=Poy , Toy=To2=To1=To
p7 =0.79 // S t a t i c t o s t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e r a t i o a f t e r
s h o c k from i s e n t r o p i c g a s t a b l e s @My
Po2 = Py / p7 // S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e a t e x i t i n kPa
t4 =0.935 // S t a t i c t o s t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e r a t i o
a f t e r s h o c k from i s e n t r o p i c g a s t a b l e s @My
To2 = Ty / t4 // S t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e i n K ( c h e c k e d )
a3 =1.2 // R a t i o o f a r e a s a f t e r s h o c k i . e . ( Ay/ At2 )
At2 = Ay / a3 // C r i t i c a l a r e a a f t e r s h o c k i n cm2
a4 = A2 / At2 // R a t i o o f a r e a s
M2b =0.31 // Mach number a t e x i t from g a s t a b l e s @a4 (
a s p e r s e c t i o n b )
e x i t from i s e n t r o p i c g a s t a b l e s @M2b
P2 = Po2 * p8 // E x i t p r e s s u r e i n kPa
a f t e r s h o c k from i s e n t r o p i c g a s t a b l e s @M2b
T2 = To2 * t5 // E x i t t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
// Output
printf ( CASEI : \ n
(A) Mass f l o w r a t e i s %3 . 2 f kg / s
132
\n
(B) E x i t a r e a i s %3 . 1 f cm2\ n CASEI I : \ n
(A) T e m p e r a t u r e i s %3 . 3 f K\n
(B) P r e s s u r e i s %3
. 1 f kPa ,m , A2 , T2 , P2 )
Scilab code Exa 5.8 To find properties upstream of wave front

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
clc
clear
Px =1 // P r e s s u r e b e f o r e t h e s h o c k i n b a r
Cx =500 // A i r V e l o c i t y b e f o r e t h e s h o c k i n m/ s
i n m/ s
t a b l e s @Mx
Py = p1 * Px // S t a t i c p r e s s u r e a f t e r s h o c k i n b a r
i n m/ s
C_y = Cx - Cy // V e l o c i t y o f a i r i n m/ s
M_y = C_y / ay // Mach number i m p a r e d u p s t r e a m o f t h e
wave f r o n t
133
a f t e r s h o c k from i s e n t r o p i c g a s t a b l e s @M y
24 T_oy = Ty / t2 // S t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e o f a i r i n K
25
26
27
// Output
printf ( (A) P r e s s u r e i s %3 . 3 f b a r \n (B) T e m p e r a t u r e i s
%3 . 2 f K\n (C) V e l o c i t y o f a i r i s %3 . 2 f m/ s \n (D)
S t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e i s %3 . 2 f K\n (E) Mach
number i s %3 . 3 f ,Py , Ty , C_y , T_oy , M_y )
Scilab code Exa 5.9 To find properties downstream of shock total head
pressure ratio entropy change strength of shock
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
clc
clear
Mx =3 // Mach number b e f o r e t h e s h o c k
Px =1 // P r e s s u r e b e f o r e t h e s h o c k i n b a r
t a b l e s @Mx
Py = p1 * Px // S t a t i c p r e s s u r e a f t e r s h o c k i n b a r
p2 =12.061 // S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e a f t e r s h o c k t o
S t a t i c p r e s s u r e b e f o r e s h o c k from g a s t a b l e s @My
Poy = p2 * Px // S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e a f t e r s h o c k i n b a r
134
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
i n m/ s
e =( Py - Px ) / Px // S t r e n g t h o f s h o c k
// Output
printf ( ( I ) Downstream o f t h e s h o c k : \ n
(A) P r e s s u r e
i s %3 . 3 f b a r \n
(B) T e m p e r a t u r e i s %3 . 1 f K\n
(C) Gas v e l o c i t y i s %3 . 2 f m/ s \n
(D) Mach
number i s %3 . 3 f \n ( I I ) T o t a l head p r e s s u r e r a t i o
i s %3 . 3 f \n ( I I I ) Entropy c h a n g e a c r o s s t h e s h o c k
i s %3 . 3 f J / kgK\n ( IV ) S t r e n g t h o f t h e s h o c k i s %3
. 3 f ,Py , Ty , Cy , My , p3 , ds , e )
Scilab code Exa 5.10 To determine Mach number across shock and area
at shock
1 clc
2 clear
3
5 a1 =0.4 // R a t i o o f
6 p1 =0.8 // R a t i o o f
throat area to e x i t area

s t a t i c p r e s s u r e to Stagnation
p r e s s u r e at i n l e t
7 At =1 // T h r o a t a r e a i n m2
8
10 a2 =1/ a1 // r e c i p r o c a l o f a1 t o f i n d i n g a s t a b l e s
11 // Pox=Po1=Po , Poy=Po2
12 a2p2 = a2 * p1 // Area p r e s s u r e r a t i o i . e . ( A2P2 ) / ( At2
Po2 )
13 M2 =0.28 // E x i t mach number from g a s t a b l e s @a2p2
135
14 a3 =2.166 // R a t i o o f
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
e x i t area to throat area a f t e r

s h o c k from g a s t a b l e s @a2p2
e x i t from g a s t a b l e s @a2p2
p3 = a2 / a3 // S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e r a t i o a f t e r and
b e f o r e shock
Mx =1.675 // Mach number b e f o r e t h e s h o c k @p3
t a b l e s @Mx
a4 =1.14 // R a t i o o f a r e a a f t e r s h o c k t o t h r o a t a r e a
a5 =1.315 // R a t i o o f a r e a b e f o r e s h o c k t o t h r o a t a r e a
b e f o r e s h o c k from i s e n t r o p i c g a s t a b l e s @My
Ax = a5 * At // Area a t s h o c k i n m2
// Output
printf ( (A) Mach number a c r o s s t h e s h o c k : Mx=%3 . 3 f (
My=%3 . 3 f ) \n (B) Area a t s h o c k i s %3 . 3 f m2 ,Mx , My ,
Ax )
Scilab code Exa 5.11 To find Mach number across shock Static pressure
and area at shock
1 clc
2 clear
3
5 a1 =1/3 // R a t i o o f
6 p1 =0.4 // R a t i o o f
throat area to e x i t area

s t a t i c p r e s s u r e to Stagnation
p r e s s u r e at i n l e t
7
9 a2 =1/ a1 // r e c i p r o c a l o f a1 t o f i n d i n g a s t a b l e s
10 // we know Pox=Po1=Po , Poy=Po2 , At=Atx and Aty=At2
11 a2p2 = a2 * p1 // Area p r e s s u r e r a t i o i . e . ( A2P2 ) / ( At2
136
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
Po2 )
M2 =0.472 // E x i t mach number from g a s t a b l e s @a2p2
a3 =1.397 // R a t i o o f e x i t a r e a t o t h r o a t a r e a a f t e r
s h o c k from g a s t a b l e s @a2p2
e x i t from g a s t a b l e s @a2p2
p3 = a3 / a2 // S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e r a t i o a f t e r and
b e f o r e shock
Mx =2.58 // Mach number b e f o r e t h e s h o c k @p3
t a b l e s @Mx
a4 =2.842 // R a t i o o f a r e a b e f o r e s h o c k t o t h r o a t a r e a
p5 =0.051 // R a t i o o f P r e s s u r e b e f o r e s h o c k t o
Stagnation p r e s s u r e at entry
// Output
printf ( At s e c t i o n where s h o c k o c c u r s : \ n
(A) Mach
number Mx=%3 . 2 f and My=%3 . 3 f \n
(B) S t a t i c
P r e s s u r e i s %3 . 3 f Po1 ( u n i t s depend on Po1 ) \n
(C) Area o f c r o s s s e c t i o n i s %3 . 3 f At ( u n i t s
depend on At ) ,Mx , My , p5 , a4 )
Scilab code Exa 5.12 To find properties at various sections

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
clc
clear
Po =300 // P r e s s u r e i n r e s e r v o i r i n kPa
To =500 // T e m p e r a t u r e i n r e s e r v o i r i n K
At =1 // T h r o a t a r e a i n m2
Ax =2 // Area j u s t b e f o r e t h e s h o c k i n m2
Ay =2 // Area j u s t a f t e r t h e s h o c k i n m2
137
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
A2 =3 // E x i t a r e a i n m2
a1 = Ax / At // Area r a t i o
Mx =2.2 // Mach number u p s t r e a m o f s h o c k
p1 =0.0935 // R a t i o o f p r e s s u r e b e f o r e s h o c k t o
s t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e b e f o r e s h o c k from g a s t a b l e s
@Mx
Px = p1 * Po // p r e s s u r e b e f o r e s h o c k i n kPa
t1 =0.50 // R a t i o o f t e m p e r a t u r e b e f o r e s h o c k t o
s t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e b e f o r e s h o c k from g a s t a b l e s
@Mx
Tx = t1 * To // t e m p e r a t u r e b e f o r e s h o c k i n K
My =0.547 // Mach number downstream o f s h o c k
Ty = t2 * Tx // T e m p e r a t u r e r a t i o a f t e r t h e s h o c k i n K
Poy = Px * p3 // S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e a f t e r s h o c k i n kPa
Po2 = Poy // E x i t s t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e i n kPa , S i n c e
t o t a l p r e s s u r e r e m a i n s same a f t e r s h o c k
t3 =0.943 // S t a t i c t o s t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e a f t e r s h o c k
from i s e n t r o p i c g a s t a b l e s @My
Toy = Ty / t3 // S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e a f t e r s h o c k i n K
To2 = Toy // E x i t s t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e i n K, S i n c e
temperature remains a f t e r shock
Aty = Ay / a2 // T h r o a t a r e a a f t e r s h o c k i n m2
At2 = Aty // T h r o a t a r e a a t e x i t i n m2
a3 = A2 / At2 // A r e a s r a t i o
M2 =0.33 // E x i t mach number from g a s t a b l e s @a3
p4 =0.927 // S t a t i c t o S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e a t e x i t
from g a s i s e n t r o p i c g a s t a b l e s @a3
138
36 P2 = Po2 * p4 // E x i t p r e s s u r e i n kPa
37 t4 =0.978 // S t a t i c t o S t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e a t e x i t
from g a s i s e n t r o p i c g a s t a b l e s @a3
38 T2 = To2 * t4 // E x i t t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
39
40
41
// Output
printf ( (A) P r e s s u r e a t s e c t i o n ( x ) Px=%3 . 2 f kPa \n (B
) P r e s s u r e a t s e c t i o n ( y ) Px=%3 . 3 f kPa \n (C)
S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e a t s e c t i o n ( y ) Poy=%3 . 2 f kPa \
n (D) T h r o a t a r e a o f c r o s s s e c t i o n a t s e c t i o n ( y )
Aty=%3 . 4 f m2\ n (E) S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e a t e x i t
Po2=%3 . 2 f kPa \n ( F ) T h r o a t a r e a o f c r o s s s e c t i o n
a t e x i t At2=%3 . 4 f m2\ n (G) S t a t i c P r e s s u r e a t
e x i t P2=%3 . 2 f kPa \n (H) S t a g a n t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e a t
e x i t To2=%3i K\n ( I ) T e m p e r a t u r e a t e x i t T2=%3i k
,Px , Py , Poy , Aty , Po2 , At2 , P2 , To2 , T2 )
Scilab code Exa 5.13 To find mass flow rate and properties at throat and
exit at various sections of CD nozzle
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
clc
clear
Po1 =500 // S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e i n kPa
C1 =100 // i n l e t v e l o c i t y i n m/ s
A1 =0.01 // I n l e t Area i n m2
A2 =0.01 // E x i t Area i n m2
Ax =37.6 // Area j u s t b e f o r e t h e s h o c k i n cm2
Ay =37.6 // Area j u s t a f t e r t h e s h o c k i n cm2
Px =109.9 // P r e s s u r e b e f o r e t h e s h o c k i n kPa
Poy =350 // S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e a f t e r s h o c k i n kPa
139
17 Cp =1005 // S p e c i f i c h e a t c a p a c i t y a t c o n s t a n t volume
i n J / kgK
18
20 T1 = To1 +( C1 ^2/(2* Cp ) ) // I n l e t
21 ai_1 = sqrt ( k * R * T1 ) // V e l o c i t y
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
s t a t i c temperature in K
o f sound a t i n l e t i n m/
s
M1 = C1 / ai_1 // I n l e t Mach number
e n t r y from g a s t a b l e s @M1
P1 = Po1 * p1 // I n l e t s t a t i c p r e s s u r e i n kPa
d1 = P1 *10^3/( R * T1 ) // D e n s i t y a t i n l e t i n kg /m 3 , P1
i n Pa
m = d1 * A1 * C1 // Mass f l o w r a t e a t i n l e t i n kg / s
p2 =0.528 // R a t i o o f c r i t i c a l p r e s s u r e t o s t a g n a t i o n
Pt = Po1 * p2 // C r i t i c a l p r e s s u r e i n kPa
s t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e from g a s t a b l e s @M=1
Tt = t1 * To1 // c r i t i c a l t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
ai_t = sqrt ( k * R * Tt ) // V e l o c i t y o f sound a t c r i t i c a l
s t a t e i n m/ s
Ct = ai_t // V e l o c i t y o f a i r a t c r i t i c a l s t a t e i n m/ s
g a s t a b l e s @M=1
At = A1 / a1 // c r i t i c a l a r e a i n m2
dt = Pt /( R * Tt ) // D e n s i t y a t c r i t i c a l s t a t e i n kg /m3
mt = dt * At * Ct // Mass f l o w r a t e a t c r i t i c a l s a t a t e i n
kg / s
// Sub d i v i s i o n ( a )
a2 =1.030 // R a t i o o f a r e a a f t e r s h o c k t o c r i t i c a l
a r e a from g a s t a b l e s @Mx
Ay_a = At * a2 // Area a f t e r s h o c k i n cm2
p r e s s u r e s from i s e n t r o p i c g a s t a b l e s @Mx
Px_a = Po1 * p3 // P r e s s u r e upstram o f s h o c k i n kPa
t2 =0.776 // R a t i o o f upstram o f s h o c k t o s t a g n a t i o n
140
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
t e m p e r a t u r e from i s e n t r o p i c g a s t a b l e s @Mx
Tx_a = To1 * t2 // T e m p e r a t u r e upstram o f s h o c k i n K
My_a =0.84 // Mach number downstream o f s h o c k from
n o r m a l s h o c k g a s t a b l e s @Mx
Py_a = Px_a * p4 // S t a t i c p r e s s u r e a f t e r s h o c k i n kPa
Ty_a = Tx_a * t3 // T e m p e r a t u r e r a t i o a f t e r t h e s h o c k i n
K
Poy_a = Px_a * p5 // S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e a f t e r s h o c k i n
kPa
At2_a =( Ay_a / a3 ) *10^4 // T h r o a t a r e a a t e x i t i n m 2 ,
c a l c u l a t i o n mistake in textbook
a4 = A2 / At2_a // R a t i o o f a r e a s t o f i n d g a s t a b l e s
M2_a =0.2 // E x i t mach number a t s e c t i o n A from g a s
t a b l e s @a4
p5 =0.973 // r a t i o o f e x i t p r e s s u r e t o s t a g n a t i o n
p r e s s u r e a f t e r s h o c k from g a s t a b l e s
P2_a = p5 * Poy_a // e x i t p r e s s u r e i n kPa
// Sub d i v i s i o n ( b )
a5 = Ax / At // R a t i o o f a r e a b e f o r e s h o c k t o c r i t i c a l
area
Mx_b =1.4 // Mach number a t s e c t i o n B from g a s t a b l e s
@a5
p r e s s u r e s from i s e n t r o p i c g a s t a b l e s @Mx b
Px_b = Po1 * p6 // P r e s s u r e upstram o f s h o c k i n kPa
t e m p e r a t u r e from i s e n t r o p i c g a s t a b l e s @Mx b
Tx_b = To1 * t4 // T e m p e r a t u r e upstram o f s h o c k i n K
p20 =3.049 // S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e r a t i o a f t e r s h o c k t o
S t a t i c p r e s s u r e b e f o r e s h o c k from g a s t a b l e s
141
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
Poy_b = Px_b * p20 // S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e a f t e r s h o c k i n

kPa
My_b =0.735 // Mach number downstream o f s h o c k from
n o r m a l s h o c k g a s t a b l e s @Mx b
t h e s h o c k from g a s t a b l e s @My b
Py_b = Px_b * p7 // S t a t i c p r e s s u r e a f t e r s h o c k i n kPa
s h o c k from g a s t a b l e s @My b
Ty_b = Tx_b * t5 // T e m p e r a t u r e a f t e r t h e s h o c k i n K
a f t e r s h o c k from i s e n t r o p i c g a s t a b l e s My b = 0 . 7 3 5
At2_b = Ay / a6 // T h r o a t a r e a a t e x i t i n m2
a7 = A2 / At2_b // R a t i o o f a r e a s
M2_b =0.21 // E x i t mach number a t s e c t i o n B from g a s
t a b l e s @a7
P2_b = p8 * Poy_b // e x i t p r e s s u r e i n kPa
// Sub d i v i s i o n ( c )
p9 = Px / Po1 // R a t i o o f upstram o f s h o c k t o s t a g n a t i o n
pressures
Mx_c =1.65 // Mach number a t s e c t i o n B from g a s t a b l e s
@p9
a8 =1.292 // R a t i o o f a r e a b e f o r e s h o c k t o c r i t i c a l
a r e a from g a s t a b l e s @p9
Ax_c = At * a8 *10^4 // Area b e f o r e s h o c k i n cm2
t e m p e r a t u r e from i s e n t r o p i c g a s t a b l e s @p9
Tx_c = To1 * t6 // T e m p e r a t u r e upstram o f s h o c k i n K
My_c =0.654 // Mach number downstream o f s h o c k from
n o r m a l s h o c k g a s t a b l e s @Mx c
t h e s h o c k from g a s t a b l e s @My c
Py_c = Px * p10 // P r e s s u r e downstram o f s h o c k i n kPa
s h o c k from g a s t a b l e s @My c
Ty_c = Tx_c * t7 // T e m p e r a t u r e a f t e r t h e s h o c k i n K
142
89 p12 =4 // S t a g n a t i o n
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
p r e s s u r e a f t e r shock to S t a t i c
p r e s s u r e b e f o r e s h o c k from g a s t a b l e s @Mx c
Poy_c = Px * p12 // S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e a f t e r s h o c k i n
kPa
a f t e r s h o c k from g a s t a b l e s My c = 0 . 6 5 4
At2_c = Ax_c / a9 // T h r o a t a r e a a t e x i t i n m2
a8 = A2 / At2_c // R a t i o o f a r e a s
M2_c =0.23 // E x i t mach number a t s e c t i o n B from g a s
t a b l e s @a8
P2_c = p11 * Poy_c // e x i t p r e s s u r e i n kPa
// Sub d i v i s i o n (D)
p13 = Poy / Po1 // P r e s s u r e r a t i o , S i n c e Pox=Po1
Mx_d =2.04 // Mach number u p s t r e a m o f s h o c k from g a s
t a b l e s @p13
My_d =0.571 // Mach number downstream o f s h o c k from
g a s t a b l e s @p13
t h e s h o c k from g a s t a b l e s @My d
s h o c k from g a s t a b l e s @My d
p15 =5.847 // S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e a f t e r s h o c k t o
S t a t i c p r e s s u r e b e f o r e s h o c k from g a s t a b l e s
@Mx d
p r e s s u r e s from i s e n t r o p i c t a b l e s @Mx d
Px_d = Po1 * p16 // P r e s s u r e upstram o f s h o c k i n kPa
t e m p e r a t u r e from i s e n t r o p i c g a s t a b l e s @Mx d
Tx_d = To1 * t9 // T e m p e r a t u r e upstram o f s h o c k i n K
t h e s h o c k from g a s t a b l e s
Py_d = Px_d * p21 // P r e s s u r e downstram o f s h o c k i n kPa
t e m p e r a t u r e from i s e n t r o p i c g a s t a b l e s
Ty_d = Tx_d * t12 // T e m p e r a t u r e a f t e r t h e s h o c k i n K
143
112 a9 =1.745 // R a t i o o f a r e a b e f o r e s h o c k t o t h r o a t a r e a
from i s e n t r o p i c g a s t a b l e s
113 Ax_d = At * a9 *10^4 // Area b e f o r e s h o c k i n cm2
114 a10 =1.226 // R a t i o o f a r e a a f t e r s h o c k t o t h r o a t a r e a
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
a f t e r s h o c k from i s e n t r o p i c t a b l e s @My d
At2_d =( Ax_d / a10 ) // T h r o a t a r e a a t e x i t i n cm2
a11 = A2 / At2_d // R a t i o o f a r e a s
M2_d =0.29 // E x i t mach number a t s e c t i o n B from g a s
t a b l e s @a11
P2_d = p17 * Poy // e x i t p r e s s u r e i n kPa
// Sub d i v i s i o n ( e )
a12 = Ax / At // R a t i o o f a r e a s
Mx_e =2.62 // Mach number u p s t r e a m o f s h o c k from g a s
t a b l e s @a12
t e m p e r a t u r e from i s e n t r o p i c g a s t a b l e s
Tx_e = To1 * t10 // T e m p e r a t u r e upstram o f s h o c k i n K
p r e s s u r e s from i s e n t r o p i c t a b l e s @Mx e
Px_e = p18 * Po1 // P r e s s u r e upstram o f s h o c k i n kPa
My_e =0.502 // Mach number downstream o f s h o c k from
g a s t a b l e s @Mx e
t h e s h o c k from g a s t a b l e s @My e
Py_e = Px_e * p19 // P r e s s u r e downstram o f s h o c k i n kPa
P2_e = Py_e // E x i t p r e s s u r e i n kPa
s h o c k from g a s t a b l e s @My d
Ty_e = Tx_e * t11 // Temperaure downstram o f s h o c k i n K
T2_e = Ty_e // E x i t t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
// Output
printf ( At t h r o a t : \ n
Mass f l o w r a t e i s %3 . 2 f kg / s
\n
Area a t t h r o a t i s %3 . 5 f m2\ n
Pressure
i s %3i kPa \n
V e l o c i t y i s %3 . 1 f m/ s \n ( a ) At s e c t i o n (A) : \ n
144
P r e s s u r e u p s t r e a m i s %3i kPa \n
Temperature
u p s t r e a m i s %3 . 1 f K\n
Mack number downstream
i s %3 . 2 f \n
P r e s s u r e downstream i s %3 . 3 f kPa \n
T e m p e r a t u r e downstream i s %3 . 3 f K\n
S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e downstream i s %3 . 1 f kPa \n
Area i s %3 . 3 f cm2\ n At e x i t : \ n
Mach number
i s %3 . 1 f \n
P r e s s u r e i s %3 . 1 f kPa \n ( b ) At
s e c t i o n (B) : \ n
P r e s s u r e u p s t r e a m i s %3i kPa \n
T e m p e r a t u r e u p s t r e a m i s %3 . 1 f K\n
Mack
number u p s t r e a m i s %3 . 1 f \n
Mack number
downstream i s %3 . 3 f \n
P r e s s u r e downstream i s
%3 . 2 f kPa \n
T e m p e r a t u r e downstream i s %3 . 2 f K\
n
S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e downstream i s %3 . 1 f kPa \
n
Mach
P r e s s u r e i s %3 . 1 f kPa \n ( c )
At s e c t i o n (C) : \ n
Area u p s t r e a m i s %3 . 2 f cm2\
n
Mack
number u p s t r e a m i s %3 . 2 f \n
Mack number
downstream i s %3 . 3 f \n
P r e s s u r e downstream i s
%3 . 2 f kPa \n
T e m p e r a t u r e downstream i s %3 . 2 f K\
n
S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e downstream i s %3i kPa \n
Mach
P r e s s u r e i s %3 . 1 f kPa \n ( d )
At s e c t i o n (D) : \ n
P r e s s u r e u p s t r e a m i s %3i kPa
\n
Area
u p s t r e a m i s %3 . 3 f cm2\ n
Mack number u p s t r e a m
i s %3 . 2 f \n
Mack number downstream i s %3 . 2 f \n
T e m p e r a t u r e downstream i s %3 . 2 f K\n
Area i s %3
. 3 f cm2\ n At e x i t : \ n
P r e s s u r e i s %3 . 2 f kPa \n ( e ) At s e c t i o n (E) : \ n
P r e s s u r e u p s t r e a m i s %3 . 1 f kPa \n
Mack number
u p s t r e a m i s %3 . 2 f \n
Mack number downstream i s
%3 . 3 f \n
T e m p e r a t u r e downstream i s %3 . 2 f K\n At e x i t : \ n
P r e s s u r e i s %3 . 1 f
kPa \n ,m , At , Pt , Tt , Ct , Px_a , Tx_a , My_a , Py_a , Ty_a ,
145
Poy_a , At2_a , M2_a , P2_a , Px_b , Tx_b , Mx_b , My_b , Py_b ,

Ty_b , Poy_b , At2_b , M2_b , P2_b , Ax_c , Tx_c , Mx_c , My_c ,
Py_c , Ty_c , Poy_c , At2_c , M2_c , P2_c , Px_d , Tx_d , Ax_d ,
Mx_d , My_d , Py_d , Ty_d , At2_d , M2_d , P2_d , Px_e , Tx_e ,
Mx_e , My_e , Py_e , Ty_e , T2_e , P2_e )
Scilab code Exa 5.14 To estimate the difference in mercury in limbs of U

tube manometer at various velocities
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
clc
clear
P =1.01325*10^5 // A b s o l u t e p r e s s u r e i n Pa
C_1 =60 // V e l o c i t y o f a i r i n m/ s
d_hg =13600 // D e n s i t y o f m e r c u r y i n kg /m3
g =9.81 // A c c e l e r a t i o n due t o g r a v i t y i n m/ s 2
M_1 = C_1 / a // Mach number
dP1 =( P * C_1 ^2) /(2* R * T ) // D i f f e r e n c e i n m e r c u r y l e v e l s
i n Pa
dP1_hg =( dP1 /( d_hg * g ) ) *1000 // D i f f e r e n c e i n m e r c u r y
l e v e l s i n mm o f Hg
M_2 = C_2 / a // Mach number
p1 =(1+(( k -1) /2) * M_2 ^2) ^( k /( k -1) ) // S t a g n a t i o n t o
static pressure ratio
Po = p1 * P // S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e i n Pa
dP2 = abs ( Po - P ) // D i f f e r e n c e i n m e r c u r y l e v e l s i n Pa
146
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35

M_3 = C_3 / a // Mach number & M 3=Mach number j u s t
b e f o r e shock
My =0.723 // Mach number j u s t a f t e r s h o c k
p1 =2.2530 // R a t i o o f p r e s s u r e a f t e r s h o c k t o b e f o r e
Py = p1 * P // P r e s s u r e a f t e r s h o c k i n Pa
p2 =0.706 // R a t i o o f p r e s s u r e a f t e r s h o c k t o
S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e from g a s t a b l e s @My
Po = Py / p2 // S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e i n Pa
dP3 = Po - Py // D i f f e r e n c e i n m e r c u r y l e v e l s i n Pa
// Output
printf ( D i f f e r e n c e i n m e r c u r y l e v e l s a t v e l o c i t y
equal to :\ n
(A) %2i m/ s i s %3 . 3 f mm o f Hg\n
(B) %3i m/ s i s %3 . 1 f mm o f Hg\n
(C) %3i m/ s i s
%3i mm o f Hg ,C_1 , dP1_hg , C_2 , dP2_hg , C_3 , dP3_hg )
Scilab code Exa 5.15 To estimate Mach number and properties across the
normal shock of tube
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
clc
clear
Poy =70 // S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e a f t e r s h o c k i n kPa
p1 = Poy / Px // P r e s s u r e r a t i o
147
12 Mx =1.735 // Mach number u p s t r e a m o f s h o c k

13 My =0.631 // Mach number downstream o f s h o c k
14 p2 =0.84 // R a t i o o f s t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e s a f t e r and
b e f o r e s h o c k from g a s t a b l e s
a f t e r and b e f o r e s h o c k
from g a s t a b l e s
16 Tx = To /(1+(( k -1) /2) * Mx ^2) // T e m p e r a t u r e u p s t r e a m o f
shock in K
17 Ty = Tx * t1 // T e m p e r a t u r e downstream o f s h o c k i n K
18 Pox = Poy / p2 // S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e b e f o r e s h o c k i n kPa
19
20
21
// Output
printf ( (A) Mach number o f t h e t u n n a l i s Mx=%3 . 3 f (My
=%3 . 3 f ) \n (B) Upstream o f t h e t u b e : \ n
Static
t e m p e r a t u r e i s %3i K\n
T o t a l p r e s s u r e i s %3 . 1 f
kPa \n (C) Downstream o f t h e t u b e : \ n
Static
t e m p e r a t u r e i s %3i K\n
T o t a l p r e s s u r e i s %3i
kPa ,Mx , My , Tx , Pox , Ty , Poy )
Scilab code Exa 5.16 To find Mach number and velocity in pitot tube
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
clc
clear
Py =455 // P r e s s u r e downstream o f s h o c k i n kPa
Ty =65+273 // T e m p e r a t u r e downstream o f s h o c k i n K
dP =65 // D i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n dynamic and s t a t i c
p r e s s u r e i n kPa
10
12 Poy = dP + Py // S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e
13 p1 = Py / Poy // P r e s s u r e r a t i o
148
a f t e r s h o c k i n kPa
i s e n t r o p i c g a s t a b l e s @p1
15 Mx =3.8 // Mach number u p s t r e a m o f s h o c k from n o r m a l
s h o c k g a s t a b l e s @My
a f t e r and b e f o r e t h e
17 Tx = Ty / t1 // T e m p e r a t u r e b e f o r e t h e s h o c k i n K
18 ax = sqrt ( k * R * Tx ) // V e l o c i t y o f sound b e f o r e t h e s h o c k
i n m/ s
19 Cx = Mx * ax // A i r V e l o c i t y b e f o r e t h e s h o c k i n m/ s
20
21
22
// Output
printf ( (A) Mach number i s Mx=%3 . 1 f (My=%3 . 2 f ) \n (B)
V e l o c i t y i s %3 . 2 f m/ s ,Mx , My , Cx )
Scilab code Exa 5.17 To find shock speed and air velocity inside the shock
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
clc
clear
Px =1.01325 // P r e s s u r e b e f o r e t h e s h o c k i n b a r
Py =13.789 // P r e s s u r e j u s t a f t e r t h e s h o c k i n b a r
p1 = Py / Px // P r e s s u r e r a t i o
Mx =3.47 // Mach number u p s t r e a m o f s h o c k from n o r m a l
s h o c k g a s t a b l e s @p1
i s e n t r o p i c g a s t a b l e s @p1
s h o c k from g a s t a b l e s @Mx
149
16 Ty = Tx * t1 // T e m p e r a t u r e downstream o f s h o c k i n K
17 p2 =15.574 // S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e a f t e r s h o c k t o
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
S t a t i c p r e s s u r e b e f o r e s h o c k from g a s t a b l e s @Mx
Poy = Px * p2 // S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e a f t e r s h o c k i n b a r
i n m/ s
Cx = Mx * ax // V e l o c i t y o f a i r b e f o r e t h e s h o c k i n m/ s
Csh = Cx // S i n c e Csh=Cx , s e e d i g .
i n m/ s
Cy = My * ay // V e l o c i t y o f a i r a f t e r t h e s h o c k i n m/ s
C_y = Cx - Cy // A i r v e l o c i t y j u s t i n s i d e t h e s h o c k i n m/
s
P_y = Py // P r e s s u r e o f a i r i n bar , S i n c e a p o w e r f u l
e x p l o s i o n c r e a t e s a b r i e f but i n t e n s e b l a s t wind
as i t passes
a_y = sqrt ( k * R * Ty ) // // V e l o c i t y o f sound a f t e r t h e
s h o c k i n m/ s
M_y = C_y / a_y // Mach number
// Output
printf ( (A) Shock s p e e d i s %3 . 2 f m/ s \n (B) A i r
v e l o c i t y j u s t i n s i d e t h e s h o c k i s %3 . 2 f m/ s ,Cx ,
C_y )
Scilab code Exa 5.18 To compute speed of wave pressure and temperature
of air at rest
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
clc
clear
P =1.5 // P r e s s u r e i n b a r
C_y =150 // A i r v e l o c i t y j u s t i n s i d e t h e s h o c k i n m/ s
150
10
12 ax = sqrt ( k * R * T ) // V e l o c i t y o f sound b e f o r e t h e s h o c k
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
i n m/ s
Mx = sqrt ((( C_y *( k +1) ) /(2* ax ) ) +1) // Mach number b e f o r e
the shock
My =0.79 // // Mach number a f t e r t h e s h o c k from n o r m a l
shock gas t a b l e s
Cx = Mx * ax // V e l o c i t y o f g a s b e f o r e t h e s h o c k i n m/ s
Py = P * p1 // P r e s s u r e j u s t a f t e r t h e s h o c k i n b a r
Ty = T * t1 // T e m p e r a t u r e r a t i o a f t e r t h e s h o c k i n K
i n m/ s
Csh = My * ay // Speed o f t h e wave i n m/ s
// Output
printf ( (A) Speed o f t h e wave i s %3 . 1 f m/ s \n (B) At
rest condition :\n
T e m p e r a t u r e i s %3 . 2 f K ,Csh , Py , Ty )
Scilab code Exa 5.19 To find Mach number pressure temperature at exit
and diffuser efficiency
1 clc
2 clear
3
5 Mx =2 // Mach number b e f o r e t h e s h o c k
6 a1 =3 // D i f f u s e r a r e a r a t i o
151
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
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25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
Pox =0.1 // S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e b e f o r e s h o c k i n b a r
Tx =300 // T e m p e r a t u r e b e f o r e t h e s h o c k i n K
Tox = Tx / t1 // S t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e b e f o r e s h o c k i n K
p1 =0.128 // S t a t i c t o s t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e r a t i o
Px = Pox * p1 // P r e s s u r e b e f o r e t h e s h o c k i n b a r
My =0.577 // Mach number a f t e r t h e s h o c k
p2 =4.5 // P r e s s u r e r a t i o a f t e r and b e f o r e t h e s h o c k
from g a s t a b l e s @Mx
Py = Px * p2 // P r e s s u r e j u s t a f t e r t h e s h o c k i n b a r
b e f o r e s h o c k from g a s t a b l e s @Mx
Poy = Pox * p3 // S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e a f t e r s h o c k i n kPa
a f t e r s h o c k from g a s t a b l e s @My
a3 = a2 * a1 // R a t i o o f e x i t a r e a t o t h r o a t a r e a a t e x i t
M2 =0.16 // E x i t mach number from g a s t a b l e s @a3
a t e x i t from i s e n t r o p i c g a s t a b l e s @Mx
T2 = Tox * t3 // E x i t T e m p e r a t u r e i n K, S i n c e Tox=Toy=T02
in case of d i f f u s e r
e x i t from i s e n t r o p i c g a s t a b l e s @Mx
P2 = Poy * p4 // E x i t p r e s s u r e i n bar , C a l c u l a t i o n
mistake in textbook
eff =(((( Tox / Tx ) *( Poy / Pox ) ^(( k -1) / k ) ) -1) /((( k -1) /2) *
Mx ^2) ) *100 // D i f f u s e r e f f i c i e n c y i n c l u d i n g s h o c k
in percent
// Output
152
33
printf ( (A) At t h e d i f f u s e r e x i t : \ n
Mach number i s
%3 . 2 f \n
T e m p e r a t u r e i s %3 . 2 f K\n (B) D i f f u s e r e f f i c i e n c y
i n c l u d i n g s h o c k i s %3 . 3 f p e r c e n t ,M2 , P2 , T2 , eff )
Scilab code Exa 5.20 To find length of duct across shock mass flow rate
entropy change across and downstream of shock
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
clc
clear
P1 =1 // I n l e t p r e s s u r e i n b a r
M2 =1 // Mach number a t o u t l e t
f =0.003 // F r i c t i o n f a c t o r
d1 = P1 *10^5/( R * T1 ) // D e n s i t y a t i n l e t i n kg /m3
a1 = sqrt ( k * R * T1 ) // V e l o c i t y o f sound a t i n l e t i n m/ s
C1 = M1 * a1 // Gas v e l o c i t y a t i n l e t i n m/ s
A1 = %pi * D ^2/4 // I n l e t Area o f t h e d u c t i n m2
m = d1 * C1 * A1 // Mass f l o w r a t e i n kg / s
Po1 = P1 / p1 // S t a g a n t i o n p r e s s u r e a t i n l e t i n b a r
To1 = T1 / t1 // S t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e a t i n l e t i n K
153
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45

Pt1 = P1 / p2 // C r i t i c a l p r e s s u r e i n b a r
p3 =1.773 // S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e r a t i o a t e n t r y t o
c r i t i c a l s t a t e from g a s t a b l e s , f a n n o f l o w t a b l e s
@M1, k =1.4
Pto1 = Po1 / p3 // S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e a t c r i t i c a l s t a t e
in bar
Tt1 = T1 / t2 // C r i t i c a l t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
p4 =0.618 // R a t i o o f S t a t i c p r e s s u r e b e f o r e s h o c k t o
c r i t i c a l p r e s s u r e a t e n t r y from g a s t a b l e s ( f a n n o
f l o w , Mx, k = 1 . 4 )
Px = Pt1 * p4 // p r e s s u r e b e f o r e s h o c k i n b a r
t3 =0.860 // R a t i o o f S t a t i c t e m p e r a t u r e b e f o r e s h o c k
t o c r i t i c a l t e m p e r a t u r e a t e n t r y from g a s t a b l e s
( f a n n o f l o w , Mx, k = 1 . 4 )
Tx = Tt1 * t3 // T e m p e r a t u r e b e f o r e s h o c k i n K
p5 =1.189 // R a t i o o f S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e b e f o r e s h o c k
to Stagnation p r e s s u r e at c r i t i c a l s t a t e at
e n t r y from g a s t a b l e s ( f a n n o f l o w , Mx, k = 1 . 4 )
Pox = Pto1 * p5 // S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e a t c r i t i c a l s t a t e
in bar
Xx =0.156 // f r i c t i o n a l c o n s t a n t f a n n o p a r a m e t e r from
g a s t a b l e s , f a n n o f l o w t a b l e s @Mx, k =1.4
X3 = X1 - Xx // O v e r a l l f r i c t i o n a l c o n s t a n t f a n n o
parameter upstream o f duct
L1 =( X3 * D ) /(4* f ) // Length u p s t r e a m o f d u c t i n m
My =0.7 // Mach number downstream o f s h o c k from g a s
t a b l e s @Mx
Py = Px * p6 // P r e s s u r e a f t e r s h o c k i n b a r
Ty = Tx * t4 // t e m p e r a t u r e a f t e r s h o c k i n K
154
46 p7 =0.926 // S t a g n a t i o n
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
p r e s s u r e r a t i o a f t e r and
Poy = Pox * p7 // S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e a f t e r s h o c k i n b a r
p8 =1.479 // R a t i o o f p r e s s u r e a f t e r s h o c k t o p r e s s u r e
a t c r i t i c a l s t a t e from g a s t a b l e s @My
Pt = Py / p8 // C r i t i c a l p r e s s u r e i n b a r
p9 =1.097 // R a t i o o f S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e a f t e r s h o c k
t o S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e a t c r i t i c a l s t a t e from g a s
t a b l e s @My
Pot = Poy / p9 // S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e a t c r i t i c a l s t a t e
in bar
t5 =1.071 // R a t i o o f t e m p e r a t u r e a f t e r s h o c k t o
t e m p e r a t u r e a t c r i t i c a l s t a t e from g a s t a b l e s @My
Tt = Ty / t5 // C r i t i c a l t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
Xy =0.231 // f r i c t i o n a l c o n s t a n t f a n n o p a r a m e t e r from
g a s t a b l e s , f a n n o f l o w t a b l e s @My, k =1.4
t a b l e s , f a n n o f l o w t a b l e s @M=1 , k =1.4
X4 = Xy - X2 // O v e r a l l f r i c t i o n a l c o n s t a n t f a n n o
p a r a m e t e r downstream o f d u c t
L2 =( X4 * D ) /(4* f ) // Length downstream o f d u c t i n m
ds1 = R * log ( Po1 / Pox ) // Change o f e n t r o p y u p s t r e a m o f
t h e s h o c k i n J / kgK
ds2 = R * log ( Pox / Poy ) // Change o f e n t r o p y a c r o s s t h e
s h o c k i n J / kgK
ds3 = R * log ( Poy / Pot ) // Change o f e n t r o p y downstream o f
t h e s h o c k i n J / kgK
// Output
printf ( (A) Length o f t h e d u c t u p s t r e a m and
downstream o f t h e d u c t i s %3 . 3 f m and %3 . 3 f m
r e s p e c t i v e l y \n (B) Mass f l o w r a t e o f t h e g a s i s %3
. 3 f kg / s \n (C) Change o f e n t r o p y : \ n
Upstream o f
t h e s h o c k i s %3 . 2 f J / kgK\n
Across the shock
i s %3 . 3 f J / kgK\n
Downstream o f t h e s h o c k i s
%3 . 4 f J / kgK ,L1 , L2 ,m , ds1 , ds2 , ds3 )
155
Scilab code Exa 5.21 To find length across the shock properties of air at
exit and mass flow rate through the duct
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
clc
clear
M2 =0.8 // Mach number a t o u t l e t
d1 = P1 *10^5/( R * T1 ) // D e n s i t y a t i n l e t i n kg /m3
a1 = sqrt ( k * R * T1 ) // V e l o c i t y o f sound a t i n l e t i n m/ s
C1 = M1 * a1 // A i r v e l o c i t y a t i n l e t i n m/ s
A1 = %pi * D ^2/4 // I n l e t Area o f t h e d u c t i n m2
m = d1 * C1 * A1 // Mass f l o w r a t e i n kg / s
Pt1 = P1 / p1 // C r i t i c a l p r e s s u r e i n b a r
Tt1 = T1 / t1 // C r i t i c a l t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
f l o w , Mx, k = 1 . 4 )
156
27 Px = Pt1 * p2 // p r e s s u r e b e f o r e s h o c k i n b a r
28 t2 =0.533 // R a t i o o f S t a t i c t e m p e r a t u r e b e f o r e s h o c k
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
( f a n n o f l o w , Mx, k = 1 . 4 )
Tx = Tt1 * t2 // T e m p e r a t u r e b e f o r e s h o c k i n K
Xx =0.432 // f r i c t i o n a l c o n s t a n t f a n n o p a r a m e t e r from
t a b l e s @Mx
p5 =1.289 // R a t i o o f p r e s s u r e a t e x i t t o p r e s s u r e a t
c r i t i c a l s t a t e from g a s t a b l e s @M2
P2 = Pt * p5 // E x i t p r e s s u r e i n b a r
t5 =1.064 // R a t i o o f t e m p e r a t u r e a t e x i t t o
t e m p e r a t u r e a t c r i t i c a l s t a t e from g a s t a b l e s @M2
157
51
52
// Output
printf ( (A) Length L1 and L2 a r e %3 . 1 f m and %3 . 2 f m
r e s p e c t i v e l y \n (B) S t a t e o f a i r a t e x i t : \ n
T e m p e r a t u r e i s %3 . 1 f K
\n (C) Mass f l o w r a t e t h r o u g h t h e d u c t i s %3 . 2 f kg
/ s ,L1 , L2 , P2 , T2 , m )
Scilab code Exa 5.22 To find properties after shock and exit and exit
Mach number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
clc
clear
A2 =50 // E x i t a r e a i n cm2
Ax =34 // Area b e f o r e t h e s h o c k i n cm2
Ay =34 // Area a f t e r t h e s h o c k i n cm2
a1 = Ax / At // R a t i o o f a r e a s
Mx =1.78 // Mach number u p s t r e a m o f s h o c k from g a s
t a b l e s @a1
t1 =0.61212 // R a t i o o f t e m p e r a t u r e b e f o r e s h o c k t o
c r i t i c a l s t a t e from i s e n t r o p i c g a s t a b l e s @Mx
Tx = To * t1 // t e m p e r a t u r e b e f o r e s h o c k i n K
p1 =0.179 // R a t i o o f p r e s s u r e b e f o r e s h o c k t o
c r i t i c a l s t a t e from i s e n t r o p i c g a s t a b l e s @Mx
Px = Po * p1 // p r e s s u r e b e f o r e s h o c k i n kPa
t a b l e s @Mx
158
21 Py = Px * p2 // P r e s s u r e a f t e r s h o c k i n kPa
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
p3 =4.578 // R a t i o o f S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e a f t e r t h e
s h o c k t o s t a t i c p r e s s u r e b e f o r e s h o c k from g a s
t a b l e s @My
Po2 = Px * p3 // S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e a t e x i t i n b a r
a2 =1.16565 // R a t i o o f a r e a a f t e r s h o c k t o c r i t i c a l
a r e a a c r o s s s h o c k from i s e n t r o p i c g a s t a b l e s @My
At2 = Ay / a2 // c r i t i c a l a r e a a t e x i t i n cm2
a3 = A2 / At2 // R a t i o o f a r e a s
M2 =0.36 // E x i t mach number from g a s t a b l e s ( a3 , k
=1.4 , i s e n t r o p i c )
e x i t from g a s t a b l e s ( a3 , k = 1 . 4 , i s e n t r o p i c )
P2 = Po2 * p4 // S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e r a t i o a t e x i t i n kPa
e x i t from g a s t a b l e s ( a3 , k = 1 . 4 , i s e n t r o p i c )
T2 = To * t3 // S t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e a t e x i t i n K
// Output
printf ( (A) P r o p e r t i e s o f f l u i d j u s t a f t e r s h o c k : \ n
Mach number My=%3 . 3 f \n
T e m p e r a t u r e i s %3 . 2 f
K\n
P r e s s u r e i s %3 . 2 f kPa \n (B) E x i t mach
number i s %3 . 2 f \n (C) P r o p e r t i e s o f f l u i d a t e x i t
:\n
. 3 f K ,My , Ty , Py , M2 , P2 , T2 )
Scilab code Exa 5.23 To find length diameter of pipe and properties at
pipe exit
1 clc
2 clear
3
159
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
M1 =1.8 // Mach number a t e n t r y
M2 =1 // Mach number a t o u t l e t
A2 = %pi * D ^2/4 // E x i t a r e a i n cm2
P1 = Po * p1 // I n l e t p r e s s u r e i n b a r
T1 = To * t1 // I n l e t t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
a1 =1.094 // R a t i o o f a r e a a t e x i t t o c r i t i c a l a r e a
a c r o s s s h o c k from i s e n t r o p i c g a s t a b l e s @M1, k =1.4
Ax = A2 / a1 // Area b e f o r e t h e s h o c k i n cm2
Dt = sqrt (( Ax *4) /( %pi ) ) *10^2 // Duct d i a m e t e r a t t h r o a t
i n cm
Pt = P1 / p2 // C r i t i c a l p r e s s u r e i n b a r
f l o w , Mx, k = 1 . 4 )
Px = Pt * p3 // p r e s s u r e b e f o r e s h o c k i n b a r
( f a n n o f l o w , Mx, k = 1 . 4 )
Tx = Tt * t3 // T e m p e r a t u r e b e f o r e s h o c k i n K
160
31 Xx =0.039 // f r i c t i o n a l
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
t a b l e s @Mx
p5 =1.2375 // R a t i o o f p r e s s u r e a f t e r s h o c k t o
p r e s s u r e a t c r i t i c a l s t a t e from g a s t a b l e s @My
t a b l e s , f a n n o f l o w t a b l e s @M=1 , k =1.4
L = L1 + L2 // Length o f d u c t i n m
// Output
printf ( (A) Length o f t h e p i p e i s %3 . 2 f m\n (B)
D i a m e t e r o f t h e n o z z l e t h r o a t i s %3 . 3 f cm\n (C) At
the pipe e x i t :\ n
T e m p e r a t u r e i s %3 . 2 f K ,L , Dt , Pt , Tt )
161
Scilab code Exa 5.24 To estimate amount of heat added in two pipe section and properties
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
clc
clear
a1 =3.5 // R a t i o o f e x i t a r e a t o t h r o a t a r e a
11
13 My =1/ sqrt ( k ) // Mach number downstream o f s h o c k
14 M2 =2.8 // Mach number a t o u t l e t from g a s t a b l e s @a1
15 t1 =0.389 // S t a t i c t o S t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e r a t i o a t
e x i t from g a s t a b l e s (M1, k = 1 . 4 , i s e n t r o p i c )
16 T2 = To * t1 // E x i t t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
17 p1 =0.0369 // S t a t i c t o S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
r a t i o at
e x i t from g a s t a b l e s (M1, k = 1 . 4 , i s e n t r o p i c )
P2 = Po * p1 // e x i t p r e s s u r e i n kPa
p2 =0.2 // R a t i o o f p r e s s u r e a t e x i t t o p r e s s u r e a t
c r i t i c a l s t a t e a t e x i t from R a y l e i g h f l o w g a s
t a b l e s @M2
Pt2 = P2 / p2 // E x i t p r e s s u r e a t c r i t i c a l s t a t e i n kPa
t2 =0.315 // R a t i o o f t e m p e r a t u r e a t e x i t t o
t e m p e r a t u r e a t c r i t i c a l s t a t e a t e x i t from
R a y l e i g h f l o w g a s t a b l e s @M2
Tt2 = T2 / t2 // E x i t t e m p e r a t u r e a t c r i t i c a l s t a t e i n K
t3 =0.674 // R a t i o o f S t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e a t e x i t
to stagnation temperature at c r i t i c a l s t a t e at
e x i t from R a y l e i g h f l o w g a s t a b l e s @M2
Tto2 = To / t3 // E x i t s t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e a t c r i t i c a l
state in K
Mx =1.2 // Mach number u p s t r e a m o f s h o c k from g a s
162
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
t a b l e s @My
c r i t i c a l p r e s s u r e a t e x i t from g a s t a b l e s (
R a y l e i g h f l o w , Mx, k = 1 . 4 )
Px = Pt2 * p3 // S t a t i c p r e s s u r e b e f o r e s h o c k i n kPa
t o c r i t i c a l t e m p e r a t u r e a t e x i t from g a s t a b l e s (
R a y l e i g h f l o w , Mx, k = 1 . 4 )
Tx = Tt2 * t4 // S t a t i c t e m p e r a t u r e b e f o r e s h o c k i n K
t5 =0.978 // R a t i o o f S t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e b e f o r e
shock to c r i t i c a l Stagnation temperature at e x i t
from g a s t a b l e s ( R a y l e i g h f l o w , Mx, k = 1 . 4 )
Tox = Tto2 * t5 // S t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e b e f o r e s h o c k i n
K
t h e s h o c k from g a s t a b l e s @Mx
Py = Px * p4 // P r e s s u r e a f t e r s h o c k i n kPa
t7 =0.875 // R a t i o o f T e m p e r a t u r e a f t e r t h e s h o c k t o
S t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e a f t e r s h o c k from g a s
t a b l e s @Mx
Toy = Ty / t7 // S t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e a f t e r s h o c k i n K,
Pt = Py / p5 // C r i t i c a l p r e s s u r e i n kPa
t9 =0.978 // R a t i o o f S t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e a f t e r
shock to Stagnation temperature at c r i t i c a l s t a t e
from g a s t a b l e s @My
Tot = Toy / t9 // S t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e a t c r i t i c a l
s t a t e i n K, c a l c u l a t i o n m i s t a k e i n t e x t b b o k
q1 = Cp *( Tox - To ) // Amount o f h e a t added i n u p s t r e a m o f
s h o c k i n kJ / s
q2 = Cp *( Tot - Toy ) // Amount o f h e a t added i n downstream
163
o f s h o c k i n kJ / s
46 Q = m *( q1 + q2 ) // Amount o f h e a t added i n two p i p e
s e c t i o n i n kJ / s
47
48
49
// Output
printf ( (A) Amount o f h e a t added i n two p i p e s e c t i o n
i s %3 . 2 f kJ / s \n (B) P r o p e r t i e s : \ n Upstream o f
shock :\ n
Stagnation
Mach number i s %3 . 1 f \
n Downstream o f s h o c k : \ n
P r e s s u r e i s %3 . 3 f kPa
\n
Stagnation
Mach number i s %3 . 3 f \
n At t h e t h r o a t : \ n
Stagnation
t e m p e r a t u r e i s %3 . 2 f K\n At t h e e x i t : \ n
T e m p e r a t u r e i s %3 . 2 f K
\n
Mach number i s %3 . 2 f ,Q , Px , Tx , Tox , Mx , Py , Ty ,
Toy , My , Pt , Tt , Tot , P2 , T2 , M2 )
Scilab code Exa 5.25 To find deflection angle Downstream Mach number
Static pressure and total pressure loss through the shock
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
clc
clear
sig =42 // Shock wave a n g l e i n d e g r e e
Px =1 // P r e s s u r e u p s t r e a m o f s h o c k i n b a r ( Assuming )
Mx = M1 * sind ( sig ) // Mach number b e f o r e t h e s h o c k
164
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
t a b l e s @Mx
p r e s s u r e b e f o r e s h o c k from g a s t a b l e s @Mx
Poy = Px * p2 // S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e a f t e r s h o c k i n b a r
b e f o r e t h e s h o c k from g a s t a b l e s @Mx
dPl = Pox - Poy // T o t a l p r e s s u r e l o s s i n b a r
def = atand ((( M1 ^2* sind (2* sig ) ) -(2/ tand ( sig ) ) ) /(2+( M1
^2*( k + cosd (2* sig ) ) ) ) ) // D e f l e c t i o n a n g l e i n
degree
M2 = My /( sind ( sig - def ) ) // Downstream mach number
// Output
printf ( (A) D e f l e c t i o n a n g l e i s %3i d e g r e e \n (B)
Downstream mach number i s %3 . 3 f \n (C) S t a t i c
p r e s s u r e i s %3 . 3 f b a r \n (D) T o t a l p r e s s u r e l o s s i s
%3 . 3 f b a r ,def , M2 , Py , dPl )
Scilab code Exa 5.26 To determine static pressure temperature behind

wave Mach number and Wedge angle
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
clc
clear
M1 =2 // I n l e t mach number
sig =40 // Shock wave a n g l e i n d e g r e e
Px =0.5 // P r e s s u r e u p s t r e a m o f s h o c k i n b a r
Tx =273 // T e m p e r a t u r e u p s t r e a m o f s h o c k i n K
165
12 Mx = M1 * sind ( sig ) // Mach number b e f o r e t h e s h o c k
13 My =0.796 // Mach number a f t e r t h e s h o c k from g a s
t a b l e s @Mx
14 p1 =1.745 // S t a t i c
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
p r e s s u r e r a t i o a f t e r and b e f o r e
Py = p1 * Px // P r e s s u r e a f t e r s h o c k i n b a r
t1 =1.178 // S t a t i c t e m p e r a t u r e r a t i o a f t e r and b e f o r e
Ty = Tx * t1 // T e m p e r a t u r e a f t e r s h o c k i n K
Ws = atand ((( M1 ^2* sind (2* sig ) ) -(2/ tand ( sig ) ) ) /(2+( M1
^2*( k + cosd (2* sig ) ) ) ) ) // Wedge s e m i a n g l e i n
degree
W =2* Ws // Wedge a n g l e i n d e g r e e
// Output
printf ( (A) S t a t i c p r e s s u r e i s %3 . 4 f b a r \n (B)
T e m p e r a t u r e b e h i n d t h e wave i s %3 . 2 f K\n (C) Mach
number o f f l o w p a s s i n g o v e r wedge i s %3 . 3 f \n (D)
Wedge a n g l e i s %3 . 2 f d e g r e e ,Py , Ty , Mx , W )
Scilab code Exa 5.27 To find property ratios at strong and weak shock at
wedge
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
clc
clear
def =15
M1 =2
k =1.4
// U s i n g r e l a t i o n d e f=a t a n d ( ( ( M12 s i n d ( 2 s i g ) ) (2/
t a n d ( s i g ) ) ) /(2+(M1 2 ( k+c o s d ( 2 s i g ) ) ) ) ) and
166
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
c o n v e r t i n g i n t o 6 th d e g r e e p ol yn o mi al o f s i n d ( s i g
)=x
C =((2* tand ( def ) ) +(( M1 ^2) * k * tand ( def ) ) +(( M1 ^2) * tand (
def ) ) ) // C o n s t a n t v a l u e f o r c o n v e n i e n c e
D =(2* M1 ^2* tand ( def ) ) // C o n s t a n t v a l u e f o r
convenience
a =4 // V a l u e o f c o n s t a n t i n p o l y n o m i a l
b =0 // C o e f f i c i e n t o f power 1 i . e . x 1
c =(4+ C ^2+(8* M1 ^2) ) // C o e f f i c i e n t o f power 2 i . e . x 2
d =0 // C o e f f i c i e n t o f power 3 i . e . x 3
e =(4*( M1 ^4) ) +(2* C * D ) +(8* M1 ^2) // C o e f f i c i e n t o f power
4 i . e . x 4
f =0 // C o e f f i c i e n t o f power 5 i . e . x 5
g =(4* M1 ^4) + D ^2 // C o e f f i c i e n t o f power 6 i . e . x 6
p4 = poly ([ a b -c -d e f -g ] , x , c ) // E x p r e s s i o n f o r
s o l v i n g 6 th d e g r e e polynomial
disp ( V a l u e s f o r s i n e o f wave a n g l e a r e : \ n )
disp ( roots ( p4 ) )
sig1 = asind (0.9842) // S t r o n g s h o c k wave a n g l e i n
d e g r e e , n e a r e r t o 90 d e g r e e
sig2 = asind (0.7113) //Weak s h o c k wave a n g l e i n d e g r e e
, n e a r e r t o 45 d e g r e e
// ( a ) S t r o n g Shock Wave
Mx_1 = M1 * sind ( sig1 ) // Mach number b e f o r e t h e s h o c k o f
s t o n g s h o c k wave
My_1 =0.584 // Mach number a f t e r t h e s h o c k from g a s
t a b l e s @Mx 1
t h e s h o c k from g a s t a b l e s @Mx 1
d1 = p1 / t1 // D e n s i t y r a t i o a f t e r and b e f o r e t h e s h o c k
o f s t o n g s h o c k wave
M2_1 = My_1 /( sind ( sig1 - def ) ) // E x i t mach number o f
s t o n g s h o c k wave
Mx_2 = M1 * sind ( sig2 ) // Mach number b e f o r e t h e s h o c k o f
weak s h o c k wave
My_2 =0.731 // Mach number a f t e r t h e s h o c k from g a s
167
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
t a b l e s @Mx 2
d2 = p2 / t2 // D e n s i t y r a t i o a f t e r and b e f o r e t h e s h o c k
o f weak s h o c k wave
M2_2 = My_2 /( sind ( sig2 - def ) ) // E x i t mach number o f
weak s h o c k wave
// Output
printf ( \ n S t r o n g Shock Wave : \ n
(A) Wave a n g l e i s
%3 . 1 f d e g r e e \n
(B) P r e s s u r e r a t i o i s %3 . 3 f \n
(C) D e n s i t y r a t i o i s %3 . 3 f \n
(D) T e m p e r a t u r e
r a t i o i s %3 . 3 f \n
(E) Downstream Mach number i s
%3 . 3 f \n Weak Shock Wave : \ n
(A) Wave a n g l e i s %3
. 1 f d e g r e e \n
(B) P r e s s u r e r a t i o i s %3 . 3 f \n
(
C) D e n s i t y r a t i o i s %3 . 3 f \n
(D) T e m p e r a t u r e
r a t i o i s %3 . 3 f \n
(E) Downstream Mach number i s
%3 . 3 f , sig1 , p1 , d1 , t1 , M2_1 , sig2 , p2 , d2 , t2 , M2_2 )
Scilab code Exa 5.28 To find deflection angle final Mach number and temperature of gas
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
clc
clear
168
12 p1 =0.284 // P r e s s u r e
r a t i o a t e n t r y from g a s t a b l e s
@M1, k =1.3
13 Po = P1 / p1 // S t a g n a t i o n P r e s s u r e i n b a r
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
t a b l e s @M1, k =1.3
M2 =2.08 // F i n a l Mach number from i s e n t r o p i c g a s
t a b l e s @p2
@M2, k =1.3
T2 = To * t2 // The t e m p e r a t u r e o f t h e g a s i n K
w1 =12.693 // P r a n d t l Merger f u n c t i o n a t M1
w2 =31.12 // P r a n d t l Merger f u n c t i o n a t M2
def = w2 - w1 // D e f l e c t i o n A n g l e i n d e g r e e
// Output
printf ( (A) D e f l e c t i o n A n g l e i s %3 . 3 f d e g r e e \n (B)
F i n a l Mach number i s %3 . 2 f \n (C) The t e m p e r a t u r e
o f t h e g a s i s %3 . 3 f K ,def , M2 , T2 )
169
Chapter 6
Aircraft Propulsion
Scilab code Exa 6.1 To calculate thrust and specific thrust of jet propulsion
1 clc
2 clear
3
5 eff_com =0.8 // C o m p r e s s o r e f f i c i e n c y
6 eff_t =0.85 // T u r b i n e e f f i c i e n c y
7 pr =4 // P r e s s u r e r a t i o i n c l u d i n g c o m b u s t i o n p r e s s u r e
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
l o s s ( Po2s / Po1 )
eff_c =0.98 // Combustion e f f i c i e n c y
eff_m =0.99 // M e c h a n i c a l t r a n s m i s s i o n e f f i c i e n c y
eff_n =0.9 // N o z z l e e f f i c i e n c y
Tmax =1000 //Maximum c y c l e t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
To3 = Tmax // S t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e b e f o r e t u r b i n e
i n l e t in K
w =220 // mass f l o w r a t e i n N/ s
Cp_air =1005 // S p e c i f i c h e a t c a p a c i t y a t c o n s t a n t
k =1.4 // A d i a b a t i c c o n s t a n t f o r a i r
Cp_gas =1153 // S p e c i f i c h e a t c a p a c i t y a t c o n s t a n t
170
17 k_gas =1.3 // A d i a b a t i c c o n s t a n t
18 To1 =15+273 // I n l e t S t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e o f
compressor in K
19 Po1 =1 // I n l e t S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e i n b a r
20 Poe = Po1 // E x i t s t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e i n bar , S i n c e
e x i t at ambient c o n d i t i o n s
21 g =9.81 // A c c e l e r a t i o n due t o g r a v i t y i n m/ s 2
22
23
24
25
26
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31
32
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35
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To2s = To1 *( pr ) ^(( k -1) / k ) // E x i t S t a g n a t i o n
temperature of compressor at i s e n t r o p i c p rocess
in K
To2 =(( To2s - To1 ) / eff_com ) + To1 // E x i t S t a g n a t i o n
temperature of compressor in K
Wc =( Cp_air *( To2 - To1 ) ) // Work g i v e n t o c o m p r e s s o r i n
J / kg , Cp i n J / kgK
To4 = To3 -( Wc / Cp_gas * eff_m ) // E x i t S t a g n a t i o n
temperature of turbine in K
To4s = To3 -(( To3 - To4 ) / eff_t ) // E x i t S t a g n a t i o n
temperature of turbine at i s e n t r o p i c proce ss in K
Po2 = Po1 * pr // E x i t S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e o f c o m p r e s s o r
in bar
Po3 = Po2 // E x i t S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e o f c o m b u s t i o n
chamber i n bar , S i n c e t h e p r o c e s s t a k e s p l a c e a t
constant pressure process
p1 =( To3 / To4s ) ^( k_gas /( k_gas -1) ) // S t a g n a t i o n
P r e s s u r e r a t i o o f i n l e t and o u t l e t o f t u r b i n e
Po4s = Po3 / p1 // S t a g n a t i o n P r e s s u r e a t o u t l e t o f
t u r b i n e at i s e n t r o p i c p r o c e s s in bar
pr_n = Po4s / Poe // P r e s s u r e r a t i o o f n o z z l e
Toes = To4 /(( pr_n ) ^(( k_gas -1) / k_gas ) ) // E x i t
Stagnation temperature of nozzle at i s e n t r o p i c
process in K
Toe = To4 -(( To4 - Toes ) * eff_n ) // E x i t S t a g n a t i o n
temperature of nozzle in K
Cj = sqrt (2* Cp_gas *( To4 - Toe ) ) // J e t v e l o c i t y i n m/ s
m = w / g // Mass f l o w r a t e o f a i r i n kg / s
F = m * Cj *10^ -3 // T h r u s t i n kN
171
39 Fs =( F *10^3) / m
// S p e c i f i c t h r u s t i n Ns / kg , F i n N
40 Is = F / w // S p e c i f i c i m p u l s e i n s e c
41
42 // Output
43 printf ( (A) T h r u s t i s %3 . 3 f kN\n (B) S p e c i f i c t h r u s t
i s %3 . 2 f Ns / kg ,F , Fs )
Scilab code Exa 6.2 To find thrust developed thrust power and propulsive
efficiency
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9
10
clc
clear
u =800*(5/18) // F l i g h t v e l o c i t y i n m/ s
Pe =60 // Ambient p r e s s u r e i n kPa
Pn =300 // P r e s s u r e e n t e r i n g n o z z l e i n kPa
Tn =200+273 // T e m p e r a t u r e e n t e r i n g n o z z l e i n K
11 k =1.4 // A d i a b a t i c c o n s t a n t f o r a i r
12
14 Te = Tn *( Pe / Pn ) ^(( k -1) / k ) // E x i t t e m p e r a t u r e o f
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
nozzle
in K
Cj = sqrt (2* Cp *( Tn - Te ) ) // J e t v e l o c i t y i n m/ s
F = m *( Cj - u ) // T h r u s t i n N
P = F * u *10^ -3 // T h r u s t power i n kW
eff =((2* u ) /( Cj + u ) ) *100 // P r o p u l s i v e e f f i c i e n c y i n
percent
// Output
printf ( (A) T h r u s t d e v e l o p e d i s %3 . 1 f N\n (B) T h r u s t
172
d e v e l o p e d i s %3 . 2 f kW\n (C) P r o p u l s i v e e f f i c i e n c y
i s %3 . 3 f p e r c e n t ,F ,P , eff )
Scilab code Exa 6.3 To determine specific thrust and thrust specific fuel
consumption for turbojet engine
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clc
clear
Mi =0.8 // I n l e t mach number
h =10000 // A l t i t u d e i n m
pr_c =8 // P r e s s u r e r a t i o o f c o m p r e s s o r
To3 =1200 // S t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e a t t u r b i n e i n l e t
in K
eff_c =0.87 // C o m p r e s s o r e f f i c i e n c y
eff_t =0.9 // T u r b i n e e f f i c i e n c y
eff_d =0.93 // D i f f u s e r e f f i c i e n c y
eff_cc =0.98 // Combustion e f f i c i e n c y
pl =0.04 // R a t i o o f c o m b u s t i o n p r e s s u r e l o s s t o
compressor d e l i v e r y pressure
k =1.4 // A d i a b a t i c c o n s t a n t o f a i r
k_g =1.33 // A d i a b a t i c c o n s t a n t o f g a s
Cp_a =1005 // S p e c i f i c h e a t c a p a c i t y a t c o n s t a n t
p r e s s u r e o f a i r i n J / kgK
Cp_g =1100 // S p e c i f i c h e a t c a p a c i t y a t c o n s t a n t
p r e s s u r e o f g a s i n J / kgK
CV =43000000 // C a l o r i f i c v a l u e i n J / kg ( Assume )
21
22
24 Ti =223.15 // I n l e t t e m p e r a t u r e i n K from g a s t a b l e s
25 Pi =26.4 // I n l e t p r e s s u r e i n kPa from g a s t a b l e s
173
26 ai = sqrt ( k * R * Ti ) // Sound v e l o c i t y i n m/ s
27 Ci = ai * Mi // V e l o c i t y o f a i r i n m/ s ,
28 u = Ci // F l i g h t v e l o c i t y i n m/ s , S i n c e i t
is reaction
f o r c e o f Ci
29 t1 =0.886 // R a t i o o f
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
s t a t i c to stagnation temperature
a e n t r y from g a s t a b l e s a t M=0.8
To1s = Ti / t1 // S t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e a t i n l e t o f
compressor at i s e n t r o p i c proce ss in K
To1 =(( To1s - Ti ) / eff_d ) + Ti // S t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e a t
i n l e t of compressor in K
p1 =( To1s / Ti ) ^( k /( k -1) ) // P r e s s u r e r a t i o i . e . ( Po1s /
Pi )
Po1s = Pi * p1 // i n l e t S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e o f c o m p r e s s o r
a t i s e n t r o p i c p r o c e s s i n kPa
Po1 = Po1s // I n l e t S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e o f c o m p r e s s o r
i n kPa
Po2 = pr_c * Po1 // E x i t S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e o f
c o m p r e s s o r i n kPa
To2s = To1s *( Po2 / Po1 ) ^(( k -1) / k ) // E x i t S t a g n a t i o n
temperature of compressor at i s e n t r o p i c p rocess
in K
To2 =(( To2s - To1 ) / eff_c ) + To1 // E x i t S t a g n a t i o n
temperature of compressor in K
P_los = pl * Po2 // c o m b u s t i o n p r e s s u r e l o s s i n kPa
Po3 = Po2 - P_los // E x i t S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e o f
c o m b u s t i o n chamber i n kPa
To4 = To3 -(( Cp_a *( To2 - To1 ) ) /( eff_m * Cp_g ) ) // E x i t
Stagnation temperature of turbine in K
To4s = To3 -(( To3 - To4 ) / eff_t ) // E x i t S t a g n a t i o n
temperature of turbine at i s e n t r o p i c proce ss in K
p1 =( To3 / To4s ) ^( k_g /( k_g -1) ) // P r e s s u r e r a t i o i . e . (
Po3 / Po4s )
Po4s = Po3 / p1 // S t a g n a t i o n P r e s s u r e a t o u t l e t o f
t u r b i n e a t i s e n t r o p i c p r o c e s s i n kPa
Poe = Pi // E x i t s t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e i n kPa , S i n c e e x i t
i s at ambient c o n d i t i o n s
pr_n = Po4s / Poe // P r e s s u r e r a t i o o f n o z z l e
Toes = To4 /(( pr_n ) ^(( k_g -1) / k_g ) ) // E x i t S t a g n a t i o n
174
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
temperature of nozzle at i s e n t r o p i c proce ss in K

Toe = To4 -(( To4 - Toes ) * eff_n ) // E x i t S t a g n a t i o n
temperature of nozzle in K
Cj = sqrt (2* Cp_g *( To4 - Toe ) ) // J e t v e l o c i t y i n m/ s
Fs = Cj - u // S p e c i f i c t h r u s t i n Ns / kg
f =(( Cp_g * To3 ) -( Cp_a * To2 ) ) /(( eff_cc * CV ) -( Cp_g * To3 ) )
// Fuel a i r r a t i o
TSFC =( f / Fs ) *10^5 // T h r u s t s p e c i f i c f u e l c o n s u m p t i o n
i n kg / sN x10 5
// Output
printf ( (A) S p e c i f i c t h r u s t i s %3 . 2 f Ns / kg \n (B)
T h r u s t s p e c i f i c f u e l c o n s u m p t i o n i s %3 . 3 f x 1 0 5
kg / sN ,Fs , TSFC )
Scilab code Exa 6.4 To estimate properties at exit and propulsive efficiency of a turbojet aircraft
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12
clc
clear
u =300 // F l i g h t v e l o c i t y i n m/ s
Pi =35 // I n l e t p r e s s u r e i n kPa
Ti = -40+273 // I n l e t t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
T3 =1100+273 // I n l e t t u r b i n e t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
14
16 ai = sqrt ( k * R * Ti ) // Sound v e l o c i t y
175
a t d i f f u s e r i n m/ s
17 C1 = u // V e l o c i t y
o f a i r i n m/ s , S i n c e i t
is reaction
force of u
18 T1 = Ti +( C1 ^2/(2* Cp ) ) // T e m p e r a t u r e a t
i n l e t of
compressor in K
19 P1 = Pi *(( T1 / Ti ) ^( k /( k -1) ) ) // I n l e t
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
pressure of
P2 = pr_c * P1 // E x i t p r e s s u r e o f c o m p r e s s o r i n kPa
P3 = P2 // E x i t p r e s s u r e o f c o m b u s t i o n chamber i n kPa ,
Since the p r o c e s s takes place at constant
pressure process
T2 = T1 *( P2 / P1 ) ^(( k -1) / k ) // E x i t t e m p e r a t u r e o f
compressor in K
T4 = T3 -( T2 - T1 ) // E x i t t e m p e r a t u r e o f t u r b i n e i n K
P4 = P3 /(( T3 / T4 ) ^( k /( k -1) ) ) // P r e s s u r e a t o u t l e t o f
t u r b i n e i n kPa
Pe = Pi // E x i t p r e s s u r e i n kPa , S i n c e e x i t i s a t
ambient c o n d i t i o n s
pr_n = P4 / Pe // P r e s s u r e r a t i o o f n o z z l e
Te = T4 /(( pr_n ) ^(( k -1) / k ) ) // E x i t t e m p e r a t u r e o f
nozzle in K
Cj = sqrt (2* Cp *( T4 - Te ) ) // J e t v e l o c i t y i n m/ s
sig = u / Cj // J e t s p e e d r a t i o
eff_prop =((2* sig ) /(1+ sig ) ) *100 // P r o p u l s i v e
e f f i c i e n c y of the c y c l e in %
// Output
printf ( (A) T e m p e r a t u r e and p r e s s u r e o f g a s e s a t
t u r b i n e e x i t i s %3 . 2 f K and %3i kPa \n (B) V e l o c i t y
o f g a s e s i s %3 . 2 f m/ s \n (C) P r o p u l s i v e e f f i c i e n c y
o f t h e c y c l e i s %3 . 2 f p e r c e n t ,T4 , P4 , Cj , eff_prop
)
Scilab code Exa 6.5 To calculate absolute velocity drag overall and turbine efficiency of jet
176
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21
22
23
clc
clear
n =2 // Number o f j e t s
D =0.25 // D i a m e t e r o f t u r b o j e t i n m
P =3000 // Net power a t t u r b o j e t i n W
mf_kWh =0.42 // F u e l c o n s u m p t i o n i n kg /kWh
CV =49000 // C a l o r i f i c v a l u e i n kJ / kg
d =0.168 // D e n s i t y i n kg /m3
AFR =53 // A i r f u e l r a t i o
// C a l c u l a t i o o n
mf = mf_kWh * P /3600 // Mass f l o w r a t e o f f u e l i n kg / s
ma = AFR * mf // Mass f l o w r a t e o f a i r i n kg / s
m = ma + mf // Mass f l o w r a t e o f g a s i n kg / s
Q = m / d // Volume f l o w r a t e i n m3/ s
Cj =( Q *4) /(2* %pi * D ^2) // J e t v e l o c i t y i n m/ s
Ca = Cj - u // A b s o l u t e J e t v e l o c i t y i n m/ s
F =(( m * Cj ) -( ma * u ) ) *10^ -3 // T h r u s t i n kN
eff =(( F * u ) /( mf * CV ) ) *100 // O v e r a l l e f f i c i e n c y i n %
eff_prop =((2* u ) /( Cj + u ) ) *100 // P r o p u l s i v e e f f i c i e n c y
of the c y c l e in %
24 eff_ther =( eff / eff_prop ) *100 // E f f i c i e n c y o f t u r b i n e
in %
25
26
27
// Output
printf ( (A) A b s o l u t e v e l o c i t y o f j e t i s %3 . 3 f m/ s \n (
B) R e s i s t a n c e o f t h e p l a n e i s %3 . 4 f kN\n (C)
O v e r a l l e f f i c i e n c y i s %3 . 2 f p e r c e n t \n (D)
E f f i c i e n c y o f t u r b i n e i s %3 . 3 f p e r c e n t ,Ca ,F , eff ,
eff_ther )
177
Scilab code Exa 6.6 To Calculate propulsive and thrust power total fuel
consumption and propulsive thermal and overall efficiency
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25
26
27
clc
clear
ma =3000/60 // Mass f l o w r a t e o f a i r i n kg / s
dh =200 // E n t h a l p y d r o p o f n o z z l e i n kJ / kg
mf = ma / AFR // Mass f l o w r a t e o f f u e l i n kg / s
Cj = sqrt (2* eff_n * dh *10^3) // J e t v e l o c i t y i n m/ s
Pt = F * u // T h r u s t power i n kW
Pp =0.5*(( m * Cj ^2) -( ma * u ^2) ) *10^ -3 // P r o p u l s i v e power
i n kW
HS = eff_cc * mf * CV // Heat s u p p l i e d i n kW
eff_ther =( Pp / HS ) *100 // E f f i c i e n c y o f t u r b i n e i n %
eff_prop =( Pt / Pp ) *100 // P r o p u l s i v e e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e
cycle in %
eff =( Pt / HS ) *100 // O v e r a l l e f f i c i e n c y i n %
// Output
printf ( (A) P r o p u l s i v e power i s %3 . 2 f kW\n (B) T h r u s t
power i s %3 . 1 f kW\n (C) P r o p u l s i v e e f f i c i e n c y i s
%3 . 3 f p e r c e n t \n (D) Thermal e f f i c i e n c y i s %3 . 2 f
p e r c e n t \n (E) T o t a l f u e l c o n s u m p t i o n i s %3 . 3 f kg / s
\n ( F ) O v e r a l l e f f i c i e n c y i s %3 . 3 f p e r c e n t ,Pp , Pt ,
eff_prop , eff_ther , mf , eff )
178
Scilab code Exa 6.7 To find specific thrust jet velocity TSFC and propulsive thermal and overall efficiency
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28
clc
clear
F =50 // T h r u s t i n kN
ma =45 // Mass f l o w r a t e o f a i r i n kg / s
mf =2.65 // Mass f l o w r a t e o f f u e l i n kg / s
a =299.6 // Sound v e l o c i t y i n m/ s , from g a s t a b l e s
T =233.15 // I n l e t t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
u = a * M // F l i g h t v e l o c i t y i n m/ s
Cj =(( F *10^3) +( ma * u ) ) / m // J e t v e l o c i t y i n m/ s
Fs = F *10^3/ m // S p e c i f i c t h r u s t i n Ns / kg , F i n N
TSFC = mf *3600/( F *10^3) // T h r u s t s p e c i f i c f u e l
c o n s u m p t i o n i n kg /Nhr , F i n N
Pp =0.5*(( m * Cj ^2) -( ma * u ^2) ) *10^ -3 // P r o p u l s i v e power
i n kW
HS = mf * CV // Heat s u p p l i e d i n kW
eff_ther =( Pp / HS ) *100 // E f f i c i e n c y o f t u r b i n e i n %
eff_prop =( Pt / Pp ) *100 // P r o p u l s i v e e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e
cycle in %
eff =( Pt / HS ) *100 // O v e r a l l e f f i c i e n c y i n %
// Output
179
29
printf ( (A) S p e c i f i c t h r u s t i s %3 . 2 f N/ kg \n (B) T h r u s t

s p e c i f i c f u e l c o n s u m p t i o n i s %3 . 4 f kg /Nh r \n (C)
J e t v e l o c i t y i s %3 . 3 f m/ s \n (D) Thermal e f f i c i e n c y
i s %3 . 2 f p e r c e n t \n (E) P r o p u l s i v e e f f i c i e n c y i s
%3 . 3 f p e r c e n t \n ( F ) O v e r a l l e f f i c i e n c y i s %3 . 2 f
p e r c e n t ,Fs , TSFC , Cj , eff_ther , eff_prop , eff )
Scilab code Exa 6.8 To calculate fuel air and pressure ratios and Mach
number of jet
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11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
clc
clear
To3 =1200 // S t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e b e f o r e t u r b i n e
i n l e t in K
dTc =175 // S t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e r i s e t h r o u g h t h e
compressor in K
Is =25 // S p e c i f i c i m p u l s e i n s e c
19
20
22 Ti =223.15 // I n l e t
t e m p e r a t u r e i n K from g a s t a b l e s
180
24 Toi =(1+((0.5*( k -1) * Mi ^2) ) ) * Ti // S t a g n a t i o n
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35
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41
42
temperature at d i f f u s e r i n l e t in K
To1 = Toi // I n l e t S t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e o f c o m p r e s s o r
i n K, s i n c e h o i=ho1
To2 = dTc + To1 // E x i t S t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e o f
compressor in K
pr_c =(1+( eff_c *(( To2 - To1 ) / To1 ) ) ) ^( k /( k -1) ) //
Compressor p r e s s u r e r a t i o
f =(( Cp * To3 ) -( Cp * To2 ) ) /(( eff_cc * CV *10^3) -( Cp * To3 ) ) //
Fuel a i r r a t i o , c a l c u l a t i o n m i s t a k e i n t e x t b o o k
dTt = dTc /( eff_m *(1+ f ) ) // T e m p e r a t u r e d i f f e r e n c e
across turbine
pr_t =1/((1 -( dTt /( To3 * eff_t ) ) ) ^( k /( k -1) ) ) // T u r b i n e
pressure ratio
To4 = To3 - dTc // E x i t S t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e o f t u r b i n e
in K
u = ai * Mi // F l i g h t v e l o c i t y i n m/ s
sig =1/((( Is * g ) / u ) +1) // J e t s p e e d r a t i o
Ce = u / sig // E x i t v e l o c i t y i n m/ s
Cj = Ce // J e t v e l o c i t y i n m/ s , S i n c e Cj i s due t o e x i t
velociy
Te = To4 -( Ce ^2/(2* Cp ) ) // E x i t t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
Tes = To4 -(( To4 - Te ) * eff_n ) // E x i t t e m p e r a t u r e i n K, (
At i s e n t r o p i c p r o c e s s )
pr_n =( To4 / Te ) ^( k /( k -1) ) // N o z z l e p r e s s u r e r a t i o
ae = sqrt ( k * R * Te ) // E x i t Sound v e l o c i t y i n m/ s
Me = Ce / ae // E x i t mach number
printf ( (A) Fuel a i r r a t i o i s %3 . 5 f \n (B) Compressor ,
t u r b i n e , n o z z l e p r e s s u r e r a t i o a r e %3 . 3 f , %3 . 3 f ,
%3 . 2 f r e s p e c t i v e l y \n (C) Mach number a t e x h a u s t
j e t i s %3 . 3 f ,f , pr_c , pr_t , pr_n , Me )
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Scilab code Exa 6.9 To determine air flow rate thrust power thrust produced specific thrust and specific impulse
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clc
clear
D =2.5 // D i a m e t e r i n m
h =8000 // A l t i t u d e i n m
sig =0.75 // J e t s p e e d r a t i o
d =0.525 // from g a s t a b l e s
A = %pi * D ^2*0.25 // Area o f f l o w i n m2
Cj = u / sig // J e t v e l o c i t y i n m/ s
Vf =( u + Cj ) /2 // V e l o c i t y o f f l o w i n m/ s
ma = d * A * Vf // Mass f l o w r a t e o f a i r i n kg / s
F = ma *( Cj - u ) *10^ -3 // T h r u s t i n kN
P = F * u // T h r u s t power i n kW
Fs = F *10^3/ ma // S p e c i f i c t h r u s t i n Ns / kg
Is = Fs / g // S p e c i f i c i m p u l s e i n s e c
// Output
printf ( (A) Flow r a t e o f a i r t h r o u g h t h e p r o p e l l e r i s
%3 . 3 f m/ s \n (B) T h r u s t p r o d u c e d i s %3 . 3 f kN\n (C)
S p e c i f i c t h r u s t i s %3 . 2 f Ns / kg \n (D) S p e c i f i c
i m p u l s e i s %3 . 3 f s e c \n (E) T h r u s t power i s %3 . 1 f
kW ,ma ,F , Fs , Is , P )
Scilab code Exa 6.10 To calculate pressure rise pressured developed by

compressor and air standard efficiency of the engine
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clear
h =3000 // A l t i t u d e i n m
Pi =0.701 // I n l e t p r e s s u r e i n b a r
Ti =268.65 // I n l e t t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
C1 =90 // V e l o c i t y o f a i r a t c o m p r e s s o r i n m/ s
dTc =230 // T e m p e r a t u r e r i s e t h r o u g h c o m p r e s s o r
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19 Mi = u / ai // I n l e t mach number
20 Toi =(1+((0.5*( k -1) * Mi ^2) ) ) * Ti // S t a g n a t i o n
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temperature at d i f f u s e r i n l e t in K
To1 = Toi // I n l e t S t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e o f c o m p r e s s o r
i n K, s i n c e h o i=ho1
T1 = To1 -( C1 ^2/(2* Cp ) ) // T e m p e r a t u r e a t i n l e t o f
compressor in K
P1 = Pi *((1+( eff_d *(( T1 / Ti ) -1) ) ) ^( k /( k -1) ) ) // I n l e t
p r e s s u r e o f compressor in bar
dPc = P1 - Pi // P r e s s u r e r i s e t h r o u g h i n l e t d i f f u s e r i n
bar
pr_c =((( eff_c * dTc ) / To1 ) +1) ^( k /( k -1) ) // P r e s s u r e
r a t i o of compressor
P = Cp *( dTc ) // Power r e q u i r e d by t h e c o m p r e s s o r i n kW
/ ( kg / s )
eff =1 -(1/ pr_c ^(( k -1) / k ) ) // A i r s t a n d a r d e f f i c i e n c y
// Output
printf ( (A) P r e s s u r e r i s e t h r o u g h d i f f u s e r i s %3 . 4 f
b a r \n (B) P r e s s u r e d e v e l o p e d by c o m p r e s s u r e i s %3
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. 4 f b a r \n (C) A i r s t a n d a r d e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e
e n g i n e i s %3 . 4 f ,dPc , P1 , eff )
Scilab code Exa 6.11 To estimate diameter power output AFR and absolute velocity of the jet
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clc
clear
h =9500 // A l t i t u d e i n m
eff_prop =0.55 // P r o p u l s i v e e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e c y c l e
eff_o =0.17 // O v e r a l l e f f i c i e n c y
F =6100 // T h r u s t i n N
d =0.17 // D e n s i t y i n kg /m3
mf =( F * u ) /( eff_o * CV *10^3) // Mass f l o w r a t e o f f u e l i n
kg / s
Cj =((2* u ) /( eff_prop ) ) -u // J e t v e l o c i t y i n m/ s , wrong
c a l c u l a t i o n in textbook
ma =( F -( mf * Cj ) ) /( Ca ) // Mass f l o w r a t e o f a i r i n kg / s
f = ma / mf // A i r f u e l r a t i o
Q = m / d // Volume f l o w r a t e i n m3/ s
Dj = sqrt ((4* Q ) /( %pi * Cj ) ) *10^3 // D i a m e t e r o f j e t i n mm
, Cj v a l u e wrong i n t e x t b o o k
P =(( F * u ) / eff_prop ) *10^ -3 // Power o u t p u t o f e n g i n e i n
kW
// Output
printf ( (A) Diamter o f t h e j e t i s %3 . 1 f mm\n (B) Power
184
o u t p u t i s %3 . 1 f kW\n (C) Air f u e l r a t i o i s %3 . 3 f \

n (D) A b s o l u t e v e l o c i t y o f t h e j e t i s %3i m/ s \n ,
Dj ,P ,f , Ca )
Scilab code Exa 6.12 To determine jet velocity thrust specific thrust TSFC
thrust power and efficiencies
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clc
clear
sig =0.5 // J e t s p e e d r a t i o , f o r maximum t h r u s t power
Fs = F *10^3/ m // S p e c i f i c t h r u s t i n Ns / kg , F i n N
eff_prop =((2* sig ) /(1+ sig ) ) *100 // P r o p u l s i v e
e f f i c i e n c y of the c y c l e in %
19 eff_ther =((0.5* m *( Cj ^2 - u ^2) ) /( mf * CV *10^3) ) *100 //
E f fi c i e n cy of turbine in %
20 eff =( eff_prop /100) *( eff_ther /100) *100 // O v e r a l l
e f f i c i e n c y in %
21 TSFC = mf *3600/( F *10^3) // T h r u s t s p e c i f i c f u e l
c o n s u m p t i o n i n kg / Nhr
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23
24
// Output
printf ( (A) J e t v e l o c i t y i s %3 . 1 f m/ s \n (B) T h r u s t i s
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%3 . 3 f kN\n (C) S p e c i f i c t h r u s t i s %3 . 2 f Ns / kg \n (
D) T h r u s t power i s %3 . 2 f kW\n (E) p r o p u l s i v e ,
t h e r m a l and o v e r a l l e f f i c i e n c y i s %3 . 2 f , %3 . 2 f
and %3 . 3 f r e s p e c t i v e l y \n ( F ) T h r u s t s p e c i f i c f u e l
c o n s u m p t i o n i s %3 . 4 f kg / Nhr ,Cj ,F , Fs , Pt , eff_prop ,
eff_ther , eff , TSFC )
Scilab code Exa 6.13 To jet velocity fuel rate TSFC propulsive power and
efficiencies
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clc
clear
ma =54.5 // Mass f l o w r a t e o f a i r i n kg / s
dh =200 // Change o f e n t h a l p y f o r n o z z l e i n kJ / kg
Cv =0.97 // V e l o c i t y c o e f f i c i e n t
Cj = Cv * sqrt (2* dh *10^3) // J e t v e l o c i t y i n m/ s
F = ma *( Cj - u ) // T h r u s t i n kN
TSFC = mf *3600/( F ) // T h r u s t s p e c i f i c f u e l c o n s u m p t i o n
i n kg / Nhr
HS = mf * eff_cc * CV // Heat s u p p l i e d i n kJ / s
Pp =0.5* ma *( Cj ^2 - u ^2) *10^ -3 // P r o p u l s i v e power i n kW
eff_p = Pt /( Pp *10^3) // P r o p u l s i v e e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e
cycle
eff_t = Pp / HS // E f f i c i e n c y o f t u r b i n e
eff_o = Pt *10^ -3/ HS // O v e r a l l e f f i c i e n c y
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24
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// Output
printf ( (A) E x i t v e l o c i t y o f t h e j e t i s %3 . 2 f m/ s \n (
B) F u e l r a t e i s %3 . 4 f kg / s \n (C) T h r u s t s p e c i f i c
f u e l c o n s u m p t i o n i s %3 . 5 f kg / Nhr \n (D) Thermal
e f f i c i e n c y i s %3 . 3 f \n (E) P r o p u l s i v e power i s %3 . 2
f kW\n ( F ) P r o p u l s i v e e f f i c i e n c y i s %3 . 4 f \n (G)
O v e r a l l e f f i c i e n c y i s %3 . 5 f ,Cj , mf , TSFC , eff_t , Pp ,
eff_p , eff_o )
Scilab code Exa 6.14 To find absolute jet velocity volume of air compressed diameter power output and air fuel ratio of the jet
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clc
clear
h =10000 // A l t i t u d e i n m
eff_p =0.5 // P r o p u l s i v e e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e c y c l e
eff_o =0.16 // O v e r a l l e f f i c i e n c y
d =0.173 // D e n s i t y i n kg /m3
F =6250 // T h r u s t i n N
sig = eff_p /(2 - eff_p ) // J e t s p e e d r a t i o
ma = F / Ca // Mass f l o w r a t e o f a i r i n kg / s
Q = ma *60/ d // Volume f l o w r a t e i n m3/ min
A = Q /( Cj *60) // Area o f f l o w i n m2
D = sqrt ((4* A ) /( %pi ) ) *10^3 // D i a m e t e r i n mm
Pt = F * u // T h r u s t power i n W
Pp =( Pt / eff_p ) *10^ -3 // P r o p u l s i v e power i n kW
187
23 eff_t = eff_o / eff_p // E f f i c i e n c y o f t u r b i n e

24 HS = Pp / eff_t // Heat s u p p l i e d i n kJ / s
25 mf = HS / CV // Mass f l o w r a t e o f f u e l i n kg / s
26 AFR = ma / mf // A i r f u e l r a t i o
27
28 // Output
29 printf ( (A) A b s o l u t e v e l o c i t y o f t h e j e t i s %3 . 2 f m/ s
\n (B) Volume o f a i r c o m p r e s s e d p e r m i n u t e i s %3 . 2
f m3/ min \n (C) D i a m e t e r o f t h e j e t i s %3i mm\n (D
) Power u n i t o f t h e u n i t i s %3 . 3 f kW\n (E) A i r f u e l
r a t i o i s %3 . 1 f ,Ca ,Q ,D , Pp , AFR )
Scilab code Exa 6.15 To estimate AFR nozzle thrust propeller thrust and
mass flow rate
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clc
clear
P1 =0.56 // I n l e t p r e s s u r e o f c o m p r e s s o r i n b a r
T1 =260 // T e m p e r a t u r e a t i n l e t o f c o m p r e s s o r i n K
D =3 // P r o p e l l e r d i a m e t e r i n m
eff_p =0.8 // E f f i c i e n c y o f p r o p e l l e r
eff_g =0.95 // Gear r e d u c t i o n e f f i c i e n c y
pr_t =5 // E x p a n s i o n r a t i o
T3 =1100 // t e m p e r a t u r e a t t u r b i n e i n l e t i n K
18 CV =40000 // C a l o r i f i c v a l u e i n kJ / kg
19 k =1.4 // A d i a b a t i c c o n s t a n t o f a i r
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23 P2 = pr_c * P1 // E x i t p r e s s u r e o f c o m p r e s s o r i n b a r
24 T2s = T1 *( pr_c ) ^(( k -1) / k ) // E x i t t e m p e r a t u r e o f
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compressor at i s e n t r o p i c proces in K
T2 = T1 +(( T2s - T1 ) / eff_c ) // E x i t t e m p e r a t u r e o f
compressor in K
Wc = Cp *( T2 - T1 ) *10^ -3 // Power i n p u t t o c o m p r e s s o r i n
kJ / kg o f a i r
C1 = u // A i r v e l o c i t y i n m/ s , s i n c e C1 i s r e s u l t a n t o f
u
C = C1 / eff_p // A v e r a g e v e l o c i t y i n m/ s
C2 =(2* C ) - C1 // E x i t v e l o c i t y from c o m p r e s s o r i n m/ s
Ap =0.25* %pi * D ^2 // Area o f p r o p e l l e r p a s s a g e i n m2
Q = Ap * C // Q u a n t i t y o f a i r i n d u c t e d i n m3/ s
mf =(( T3 - T2 ) * Cp ) /(( CV *10^3) -( Cp * T3 ) ) // Mass f l o w r a t e
o f f u e l i n kg / s
f = mf // F u e l c o n s u m p t i o n i n kg / kg o f a i r
AFR =1/ mf // A i r f u e l r a t i o
P3 = P2 // E x i t p r e s s u r e o f c o m b u s t i o n chamber i n bar ,
Since proc ess i s at constant p r e s s u r e
P4 = P3 / pr_t // E x i t p r e s s u r e o f t u r b i n e i n b a r
T4s = T3 /(( pr_t ) ^(( k -1) / k ) ) // E x i t t e m p e r a t u r e o f
t u r b i n e a t i s e n t r o p i c p r o c e s i n K, wrong
calculation
T4 = T3 -( eff_t *( T3 - T4s ) ) // E x i t t e m p e r a t u r e o f t u r b i n e
in K
Po =(1+ f ) * Cp *( T3 - T4 ) *10^ -3 // Power o u t p u t p e r kg o f
a i r i n kJ / kg o f a i r
Pa = Po - Wc // Power a v a i l a b l e f o r p r o p e l l e r i n kJ / kg o f
air
Pe = P1 // E x i t p r e s s u r e i n bar , S i n c e e x i t i s a t
ambient c o n d i t i o n s
Tes = T4 /(( P4 / Pe ) ^(( k -1) / k ) ) // E x i t t e m p e r a t u r e o f
nozzle at i s e n t r o p i c proces in K
Cj = sqrt (2* Cp * eff_n *( T4 - Tes ) ) // J e t v e l o c i t y i n m/ s
Fs =((1+ f ) * Cj ) -u // S p e c i f i c t h r u s t i n Ns / kg , F i n N
189
45 Pp =((0.5* P1 *10^5* Q *( C2 ^2 - C1 ^2) ) /( R * T1 ) ) *10^ -3 //
P r o p u l s i v e power by p r o p e l l e r i n kJ / s
46 Ps = Pp / eff_g // Power s u p p l i e d by t h e t u r b i n e i n kW
47 ma = Ps / Pa // A i r f l o w r a t e i n kg / s
48 Fj = ma * Cj *10^ -3 // J e t t h r u s t i n kN , c a l c u l a t i o n
mistake
49 Fp =( Pp * eff_p ) / u // T h r u s t p r o d u c e d by p r o p e l l e r i n kN
50
51
52
// Output
printf ( (A) A i r f u e l r a t i o
p r o d u c e d by t h e n o z z l e
t h e p r o p e l l e r i s %3 . 3 f
through the compressor
ma )
i s %3 . 2 f \n (B) T h r u s t
i s %3 . 3 f kN\n (C) T h r u s t by
kN\n (D) mass f l o w r a t e
i s %3 . 2 f kg / s ,AFR , Fj , Fp ,
Scilab code Exa 6.16 To find various parameters of ramjet engine through
out its operation
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clc
clear
M1 =1.5 // Mach number
h =6500 // A l t i t u d e i n m
D =0.5 // D i a m e t e r i n m
To4 =1600 // S t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e a t n o z z l e i n l e t i n
K
pr_l =0.02 // P r e s s u r e r a t i o i . e . S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e
l o s s to Exit presure of compressor
190
16 Cp =1005 // S p e c i f i c
heat capacity at constant

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P1 =0.44 // I n l e t p r e s s u r e o f c o m p r e s s o r i n b a r
T1 =245.9 // T e m p e r a t u r e a t i n l e t o f c o m p r e s s o r i n K
a1 =314.5 // Sound v e l o c i t y a t c o m p r e s s o r i n m/ s
d1 =0.624 // D e n s i t y a t c o m p r e s s o r i n kg /m3
A1 =0.25* %pi * D ^2 // Area a t d i f f u s e r i n l e t i n m2
u1 = M1 * a1 // F l i g h t v e l o c i t y i n m/ s
ma = d1 * A1 * u1 // Mass f l o w r a t e o f a i r i n kg / s
To2 = T1 *(1+((( k -1) /2) * M1 ^2) ) // S t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e
at commpressor i n l e t i n K
To1 = To2 // S t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e a t c o m m p r e s s o r
o u t l e t i n K, ( I t i s i n c a s e o f d i f f u s e r )
pr_d =(( eff_d *((( k -1) /2) * M1 ^2) ) +1) ^( k /( k -1) ) //
Pressure ratio of d i f f u s e r
P2 = pr_d * P1 // E x i t p r e s s u r e o f c o m p r e s s o r i n b a r
Po2 = P2 // S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e a t e x i t o f c o m p r e s s o r
in bar
Po3 =( Po2 -( pr_l * Po2 ) ) // S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e a t e x i t
o f c o m b u s t i o n chamber i n b a r
Poe = P1 // E x i t s t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e i n kPa , S i n c e e x i t
i s at ambient c o n d i t i o n s
pr_n = Po3 / Poe // P r e s s u r e r a t i o o f n o z z l e
p1 =1/ pr_n // I n v e r s e o f p r n t o f i n d i n g a s t a b l e s
M4s =1.41 // Mach number a t t u r b i n e e x i t
from g a s
tables
T4s = To4 /(1+((0.5*( k -1) * M4s ^2) ) ) // E x i t t e m p e r a t u r e
of turbine at i s e n t r o p i c p r o c e s s in K
To3 = To4 // S t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e a t i n l e t t u r b i n e i n
K,
T4 = To3 -( eff_n *( To3 - T4s ) ) // E x i t t e m p e r a t u r e o f
turbine in K
C4 = sqrt (2* Cp *( To4 - T4 ) ) // F l i g h t v e l o c i t y o f a i r i n m
/s
Me = C4 / a4 // N o z z l e j e t mach number
191
42 f =( Cp *( To3 - To2 ) ) /( eff_cc * CV *10^3) // F u e l a i r r a t i o

43 mf = ma * f // Mass f l o w r a t e o f f u e l i n kg / s
44 m = ma + mf // Mass f l o w r a t e o f g a s i n kg / s
45 eff_i =(1/(1+((2/( k -1) ) *(1/ M1 ^2) ) ) ) *100 // E f f i c i e n c y
of the i d e a l c y c l e in %
46 sig = u1 / C4 // J e t s p e e d r a t i o
47 eff_p =((2* sig ) /(1+ sig ) ) // P r o p u l s i v e e f f i c i e n c y i n %
48 F =(( m * C4 ) -( ma * u1 ) ) *10^ -3 // T h r u s t i n kN
49
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// Output
printf ( (A) E f f i c i e n c y o f t h e i d e a l c y c l e i s %3i
p e r c e n t \n (B) F l i g h t s p e e d i s %3 . 3 f m/ s \n (C) A i r
f l o w r a t e i s %3 . 3 f kg / s \n (D) D i f f u s e r p r e s s u r e
r a t i o i s %3 . 4 f \n (E) F u e l a i r r a t i o i s %3 . 5 f \n ( F )
N o z z l e p r e s s u r e r a t i o i s %3 . 2 f \n (G) N o z z l e j e t
mach number i s %3 . 3 f \n (H) P r o p u l s i v e e f f i c i e n c y
i s %3 . 4 f p e r c e n t \n ( I ) T h r u s t i s %3 . 3 f kN , eff_i ,
C4 , ma , pr_d ,f , pr_n , Me , eff_p , F )
Scilab code Exa 6.17 To find power input power output Fuel air ratio Exit
Mach number thrust and thrust power developed in the jet
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clc
clear
h =4600 // A l t i t u d e i n m
Pi =55 // I n l e t p r e s s u r e i n
Ti = -20+273 // I n l e t t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
pr_d =5 // D i f f u s e r p r e s s u r e r a t i o
T3 =1000+273 // I n l e t t u r b i n e t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
Pe =60 // E x i t p r e s s u r e i n kPa
192
14 eff_c =0.81 // C o m p r e s s o r e f f i c i e n c y
15 eff_t =0.85 // T u r b i n e e f f i c i e n c y
16 eff_n =0.915 // N o z z l e e f f i c i e n c y
17 CV =46520 // C a l o r i f i c v a l u e i n kJ / kg
21
23 Ci = Mi * sqrt ( k * R * Ti ) // V e l o c i t y o f a i r i n m/ s ,
24 u = Ci // F l i g h t v e l o c i t y i n m/ s , S i n c e i t i s r e a c t i o n
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
f o r c e o f Ci
T1 = Ti +( Ci ^2/(2* Cp ) ) // T e m p e r a t u r e a t i n l e t o f
compressor in K
P1s = Pi *( T1 / Ti ) ^( k /( k -1) ) // I n l e t p r e s s u r e o f
c o m p r e s s o r a t i s e n t r o p i c p r o c e s s i n kPa
P1 = Pi +( eff_d *( P1s - Pi ) ) // I n l e t p r e s s u r e o f
P2 = P1 * pr_d // O u t l e t p r e s s u r e o f c o m p r e s s o r i n kPa
T2s = T1 *( pr_d ) ^(( k -1) / k ) // O u t l e t t e m p e r a t u r e o f
compressor at i s e n t r o p i c proce ss in K
T2 = T1 +(( T2s - T1 ) / eff_c ) // E x i t t e m p e r a t u r e o f
compressor in K
Wc = Cp *( T2 - T1 ) *10^ -3 // Workdone on c o m p r e s s o r i n kJ /
kg o f a i r
Pc = ma * Wc // Power i n p u t i n kW
Pt = Pc // Power o u t put o f t u r b i n e f o r i s e n t r o p i c
p r o c e s s i n kW
f =( T3 - T2 ) /(( CV *10^3/ Cp ) - T3 ) // F u e l a i r r a t i o
Wt = Wc // Workdone by t h e t u r b i n e i n kJ / kg o f a i r
T4 = T3 -( Wt *10^3/ Cp ) // E x i t t e m p e r a t u r e o f t u r b i n e i n
K
T4s = T3 -(( T3 - T4 ) / eff_t ) // E x i t t e m p e r a t u r e o f t u r b i n e
at i s e n t r o p i c process in K
P3 = P2 // E x i t p r e s s u r e o f c o m b u s t i o n chamber i n kPa ,
Since the p r o c e s s takes place at constant
pressure process
193
39 P4 = P3 *( T4s / T3 ) ^( k /( k -1) ) // P r e s s u r e a t o u t l e t
of
t u r b i n e i n kPa
40 pr_n = P4 / Pe // P r e s s u r e r a t i o o f n o z z l e
41 Tes = T4 /( pr_n ) ^(( k -1) / k ) // E x i t t e m p e r a t u r e o f
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
nozzle
at i s e n t r o p i c p r o c e s s in K
Te = T4 -( eff_n *( T4 - Tes ) ) // E x i t t e m p e r a t u r e o f n o z z l e
in K
Cj = sqrt (2* Cp *( T4 - Te ) ) // J e t v e l o c i t y i n m/ s
Ce = Cj // F l i g h t v e l o c i t y i n m/ s
ae = sqrt ( k * R * Te ) // Sound v e l o c i t y a t n o z z l e i n m/ s
Me = Ce / ae // N o z z l e j e t mach number
F = ma *(((1+ f ) * Cj ) -u ) // T h r u s t i n N
P = F * u *10^ -3 // T h r u s t power i n kW
// Output
printf ( (A) Power i n p u t o f c o m p r e s s o r i s %3 . 2 f kW\n (
B) Power o u t p u t o f t u r b i n e i s %3 . 2 f kW\n (C) F/A
r a t i o on mass b a s i s i s %3 . 4 f \n (D) E x i t mach
number i s %3 . 3 f \n (E) T h r u s t i s %3 . 2 f N\n ( F )
T h r u s t power i s %3 . 1 f kW ,Pc , Pt ,f , Me ,F , P )
194
Chapter 7
Rocket Propulsion
Scilab code Exa 7.1 To find thrust of the motor of a rocket

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
clc
clear
mp =12 // f l o w r a t e i n kg / s
Ae =335*10^ -4 // e x i t a r e a i n m2
Ce =2000 // e x h a u s t v e l o c i t y i n m/ s
h =10 // a l t i t u d e i n km
Pe =1*10^5 // e x h a u s t p r e s s u r e i n Pa
P0 =1*10^5 // p0=a t o m s p h e r i c p r e s s u r e i n Pa a t h =0.
P10 =0.25*10^5 // a t m o s p h e r i c p r e s s u r e i n Pa u s i n g g a s
tables
12
13 // c a l c u l a t i o n s
14 Fs = mp * Ce *10^ -3 // t h r u s t
o f motor a t s e a l e v e l s i n c e
pe=p0 i n kN
15 F10 =(( mp * Ce ) + Ae *( Pe - P10 ) ) *10^ -3 // t h r u s t o f motor
a t a l t i t u d e o f 10km i n kN
16
17
18
// o u t p u t
printf ( (A) t h r u s t o f motor a t s e a l e v e l
195
i s %3i kN (
upwards ) \n (B) t h r u s t o f motor a t an a l t i t u d e 10

km i s %3 . 4 f kN ,Fs , F10 )
Scilab code Exa 7.2 To calculate area ratio thrust characteristic velocity
thrust coefficient exit velocity and possible maximum velocity
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
clc
clear
P0 =38*10^5 // c o m b u s t i o n chamber p r e s s u r e i n Pa
T0 =3500 // c o m b u s t i o n chamber t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
ma =41.67 // o x i d i z e r f l o w r a t e i n kg / s
MR =5 // m i x t u r e r a t i o
k =1.3 // a d i a b a t i c c o n s t a n t
R =287 // g a s c o n s t a n t i n J / kgK
Pamb =0.0582*10^5 // a m b i e n t p r e s s u r e i n Pa
Pe = Pamb // e x h a u s t p r e s s u r e a t s e a l e v e l i n Pa
mf = ma / MR // mass f l o w o f f u e l i n kg / s
mp = mf + ma // p r o p e l l a n t mass f l o w i n kg / s
Cp =( k * R ) /( k -1) // s p e c i f i c h e a t a t c o n s t a n t p r e s s u r e
i n J / kgk
p = P0 / Pe // r a t i o o f p r e s s u r e s a t c o m b u s t i o n chamber
and e x h a u s t
Me =(((( p ^(( k -1) / k ) ) -1) *2) /( k -1) ) ^0.5 // Mach number
t =1/(1+((( k -1) /2) * Me ^2) ) // r a t i o o f e x h a u s t
temperature to combustion temperature
Te = t * T0 // e x h a u s t t e m p e r a t u r e i n K e l v i n
a =(1/ Me ) *(((2/( k +1) ) +((( k -1) /( k +1) ) * Me ^2) ) ^(( k +1)
/(2*( k -1) ) ) ) // r a t i o o f a r e a s a t e x i t s e c t i o n and
throat s e c t i o n of the nozzle
Ce =( k * R * Te ) ^0.5* Me // e x i t v e l o c i t y i n t h e e x h a u s t i n
m/ s
196
24 Cj = Ce // a v e r a g e
effective
j e t v e l o c i t y i n m/ s , s i n c e
Pe=Pamb
25 P1 = P0 *(2/( k +1) ) ^( k /( k -1) ) // p r e s s u r e a t t h r o a t
s e c t i o n i n Pa
26 T1 = T0 *(2/( k +1) ) // t e m p e r a t u r e a t t h r o a t s e c t i o n i n K
27 d1 = P1 /( R * T1 ) // d e n s i t y o f f u e l a t t h r o a t s e c t i o n i n
kg /m3
C1 =( k * R * T1 ) ^0.5 // v e l o c i t y a t t h r o a t s e c t i o n i n m/ s
A1 =( mp /( d1 * C1 ) ) *10^4 // n o z z l e t h r o a t a r e a i n cm2
Ae = a * A1 // e x i t a r e a i n cm2
F =( mp * Ce ) *10^ -3 // t h r u s t i n kN
Cmax1 =(2* Cp * T0 ) ^0.5 //maximum p o s s i b l e v e l o c i t y i n m
/s
33 Cf =( F *10^3) /( P0 * A1 *10^ -4) // t h r u s t c o e f f i c i e n t , F i n
kN and A1 i n m2
34 Cch1 = Cj / Cf // c h a r a c t e r i s t i c v e l o c i t y i n m/ s
28
29
30
31
32
35
36
37
// o u t p u t
printf ( (A) n o z z l e t h r o a t a r e a i s %3 . 2 f cm2 \n (B)
t h r u s t i s %3 . 1 f kN \n (C) t h r u s t c o e f f i c i e n t i s %3
. 2 f \n (D) c h a r a c t e r i s t i c v e l o c i t y i s %3i m/ s \n (
E) e x i t v e l o c i t y i n e x h a u s t i s %3i m/ s \n ( F )
maximum p o s s i b l e e x h a u s t v e l o c i t y i s %3i m/ s \n ,
A1 ,F , Cf , Cch1 , Ce , Cmax1 )
Scilab code Exa 7.3 To estimate thrust per unit area and specific impulse
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
clc
clear
a =3 // e x i t a r e a t o t h r o a t a r e a r a t i o
T0 =2973 // c o m b u s t i o n chamber t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
k =1.3 // a d i a b a t i c c o n s t a n t
197
9 R =248 // g a s c o n s t a n t i n J / kgK
10 Pamb =1*10^5 // a m b i e n t p r e s s u r e i n Pa
11 Me =2.52 // mach number f o r k =1.3 and a=3 u s i n g g a s
tables
12 g =9.81 // a c c e l e r a t i o n due t o g r a v i t y i n m/ s 2
13
15 p =1/((1+((( k -1) /2) * Me ^2) ) ^( k /( k -1) ) ) // r a t i o o f
p r e s s u r e s a t e x h a u s t and c o m b u s t i o n chamber
16 Pe = p * P0 // e x h a u s t p r e s s u r e i n Pa
17 t =1/(1+((( k -1) /2) * Me ^2) ) // r a t i o o f e x h a u s t
temperature to combustion temperature

18 Te = t * T0 // e x h a u s t t e m p e r a t u r e i n K e l v i n
19 Ce =( k * R * Te ) ^0.5* Me // e x i t v e l o c i t y i n t h e e x h a u s t i n
m/ s
20 M =( Pe * Ce ) /( R * Te ) // p r o p e l l a n t mass f l o w p e r u n i t
a r e a o f e x i t i n kg /m2 s
21 Fa =(( M * Ce ) +( Pe - Pamb ) ) *10^ -3 // t h r u s t p e r u n i t a r e a
o f e x i t i n N/m2
22 Is =( Fa *10^3) /( M * g ) // s p e c i f i c i m p u l s e i n s e c
23
24
25
// o u t p u t
printf ( (A) t h r u s t p e r u n i t a r e a o f e x i t i s %3 . 2 f kN/
m2 \n (B) s p e c i f i c i m p u l s e i s %3 . 2 f s e c ,Fa , Is )
Scilab code Exa 7.4 To find specific impulse specific propellant consumption effective and absolute jet velocity of rocket
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
clc
clear
mp =5 // p r o p e l l e n t f l o w r a t e i n kg / s ( m i s s i n g d a t a )
de =0.10 // n o z z l e e x i t d i a m e t e r i n m
Pe =1.02*10^5 // n o z z l e e x i t p r e s s u r e i n Pa
198
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
P0 =20 // t h r u s t chamber p r e s s u r e i n Pa
F =7000 // t h r u s t i n N
u =1000 // r o c k e t s p e e d i n m/ s
g =9.81 // a c c e l e r a t i o n due t o g r a v i t y i n m/ s 2
Cj = F / mp // e f f e c t i v e j e t v e l o c i t y i n m/ s
Ca = Cj - u // a b s o l u t e j e t v e l o c i t y i n m/ s
wp = mp * g // w e i g h t f l o w r a t e o f p r o p e l l e n t i n N/ s
Is = F /( wp ) // s p e c i f i c i m p u l s e i n s e c
SPC =1/ Is // s p e c i f i c p r o p e l l e n t c o n s u m p t i o n i n s e c 1
// o u t p u t
printf ( (A) e f f e c t i v e j e t v e l o c i t y i s %3i m/ s \n (B)
s p e c i f i c i m p u l s e i s %3 . 2 f s e c \n (C) s p e c i f i c
p r o p e l l e n t c o n s u m p t i o n i s %3 . 3 f s 1 \n (D)
a b s o l u t e j e t v e l o c i t y i s %3i m/ s ,Cj , Is , SPC , Ca )
Scilab code Exa 7.5 To find propulsive efficiency thrust and thrust power
of rocket
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
clc
clear
Cj =2700 // a v e r a g e e f f e c t i v e j e t v e l o c i t y i n m/ s
u =1350 // f o r w a r d f l i g h t v e l o c i t y i n m/ s
mp =78.6 // p r o p e l l a n t mass f l o w i n kg / s
s = u / Cj // e f f e c t i v e j e t s p e e d r a t i o
np =(2* s ) /(1+ s ^2) // p r o p u l s i v e e f f i c i e n c y
F = Cj * mp *10^ -3 // t h r u s t i n kN
Pt = F * u *10^ -3 // T h r u s t power i n MW, F i n N
199
14
15
16
// o u t p u t
printf ( (A) t h r u s t i s %3 . 2 f kN \n (B) T h r u s t power i s
%3 . 3 f MW \n (C) p r o p u l s i v e e f f i c i e n c y i s %3 . 1 f ,F ,
Pt , np )
Scilab code Exa 7.6 To find velocity and maximum height that rocket will
reach
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
clc
clear
mi =15000 // mass o f t h e r o c k e t i n kg
mp =125 // p r o p e l l a n t mass f l o w i n kg / s
Cj =2000 // v e l o c i t y o f g a s e s coming o u t i n m/ s
t =70 // t i m e i n t e r v a l i n s e c
t0 =0 // l o w e r l i m i t i n i n t e g r a t i o n i n s e c
t1 =70 // u p p e r l i m i t i n i n t e g r a t i o n i n s e c
u =( - Cj *( log (1 -(( mp * t ) / mi ) ) ) ) -( g * t ) // v e l o c i t y
a t t a i n e d i n 70 s e c i n m/ s
15 h1 =( integrate ( ( ( 2 0 0 0 ( l o g ( 1 ( ( 1 2 5 t ) / 1 5 0 0 0 ) ) ) ) (g
t ) ) , t ,t0 , t1 ) ) *10^ -3 // d i s t a n c e t r a v e l l e d
t h r o u g h 70 s e c o b t a i n e d by i n t e g r a t i n g u w . r . t
t i m e w i t h i n t e r v a l s 0 t o 70 i n km
16 h2 =( u ^2/(2* g ) ) *10^ -3 // d i s t a n c e r e a c h e d a f t e r f u e l
l a s t i . e . a f t e r 70 s e c due t o k i n e t i c e n e r g y by
u s i n g KE=PE i n km
17 h = h1 + h2 //maximum h e i g h t t h e r o c k e t w i l l r e a c h i n km
18
19
20
// o u t p u t
printf ( (A) v e l o c i t y a t t a i n e d i n %i s e c i s %3 . 2 f m/ s \
200
n (B) maximum h e i g h t t h e r o c k e t w i l l r e a c h i s %3 . 3
f km ,t ,u , h )
Scilab code Exa 7.7 To determine thrust coefficient propellant weight flow
coefficient SPC and characteristic velocity of rocket
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
clc
clear
A1 =18*10^ -4 // t h r o a t a r e a i n m2
Is =127.42 // s p e c i f i c i m p u l s e i n s e c
wp =44.145 // w e i g h t f l o w r a t e o f p r o p e l l e n t i n N/ s
g =9.81 // a c c e l e r a t i o n due t o k r a v i t y i n m/ s 2
F = Is * wp // t h r u s t i n N
mp = wp / g // p r o p e l l a n t mass f l o w i n kg / s
Cj = F / mp // a v e r a g e e f f e c t i v e j e t v e l o c i t y i n m/ s
Cf = F /( P0 * A1 ) // t h r u s t c o e f f i c i e n t
Cw = wp /( P0 * A1 ) /10^ -3 // p r o p e l l e n t w e i g h t f l o w
c o e f f i c e n t 10 3
17 SPC =( wp / F ) /10^ -3 // s p e c i f i c p r o p e l l e n t c o n s u m p t i o n
i n s e c 1 10 3
18 Cch1 = Cj / Cf // c h a r a c t e r i s t i c v e l o c i t y i n m/ s
19
20
21
// o u t p u t
printf ( (A) t h r u s t c o e f f i c i e n t i s %3 . 2 f \n (B)
p r o p e l l e n t w e i g h t f l o w c o e f f i c e n t i s %3 . 2 f 10 3
\n (C) s p e c i f i c p r o p e l l e n t c o n s u m p t i o n i s %3 . 2 f
10 3 s 1 \n (D) c h a r a c t e r i s t i c v e l o c i t y i s %3 . 0
f m/ s ,Cf , Cw , SPC , Cch1 )
201
Scilab code Exa 7.8 To find various parameters of rocket projectile during
its operation
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
clc
clear
m1 =200 // i n t e r n a l mass i n kg
m2 =130 // mass a f t e r r o c k e t o p e r a t i o n i n kg
m3 =110 // p a y l o a d , nonp r o p u l s i v e s t r u c t u r e , e t c i n kg
tp =3 // r o c k e t o p e r a t i o n d u r a t i o n i n s e c
Is =240 // s p e c i f i c i m p u l s e i n s e c
g =9.81 // a c c e l e r a t i o n due t o k r a v i t y i n m/ s 2
MR = m2 / m1 // mass r a t i o
Mp = m1 - m2 // mass o f p r o p e l l a n t i n kg
mp = Mp / tp // p r o p e l l e n t f l o w r a t e i n kg / s
IMF =( m2 - m3 ) /( m1 - m3 ) // i n i t i a l mass f r a c t i o n
PMF =1 - IMF // p r o p e l l a n t mass f r a c t i o n
F = Is * wp // t h r u s t i n N
TWRi = F /( m1 * g ) // i n i t i a l t h r u s t t o w e i g h t r a t i o
TWRf = F /( m2 * g ) // f i n a l t h r u s t t o w e i g h t r a t i o
av = F / m2 //Maximum a c c e l a r a t i o n o f t h e v e c h i c l e i n m/
s 2
23 Cj = Is * g // e f f e c t i v e e x h a u s t v e l o c i t y i n m/ s
24 It = Is * Mp * g *10^ -3 // t o t a l i m p u l s e i n kNs , u n i t s o f
t h e a n s w e r g i v e n i n t h e book i s wrong
25 IWR =( It *10^3) /(( m1 - m3 ) * g ) // i m p u l s e t o w e i g h r r a t i o ,
I t i n Ns
26
27
28
// o u t p u t
printf ( (A) mass r a t i o i s %3 . 2 f \n (B) p r o p e l l e n t mass
202
f r a c t i o n i s %3 . 3 f \n (C) p r o p e l l e n t f l o w r a t e i s
%3 . 1 f kg / s \n (D) t h r u s t i s %3 . 1 f N\n (E) t h r u s t t o
w e i g h t r a t i o i s %3 . 2 f ( i n t i a l ) and %3 . 2 f ( f i n a l ) \
n ( F ) a c c e l a r a t i o n o f t h e v e c h i c l e i s %3 . 2 f m/ s 2\
n (G) e f f e c t i v e e x h a u s t v e l o c i t y i s %3 . 1 f m/ s \n (H
) t o t a l i m p u l s e i s %3 . 3 f kNs \n ( I ) i m p u l s e t o
w e i g h r r a t i o i s %3 . 2 f ,MR , PMF , mp ,F , TWRi , TWRf , av ,
Cj , It , IWR )
Scilab code Exa 7.9 To propulsive power engine output and efficiencies
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
clc
clear
u =2800 // r o c k e t s p e e d i n m/ s
Cj =1400 // e f f e c t i v e e x h a u s t v e l o c i t y i n m/ s
mp =5 // p r o p e l l e n t f l o w r a t e i n kg / s
q =6500 // h e a t o f p r o p e l l e n t p e r kg o f p r o p e l l a n t
m i x t u r e i n kJ / kg
s = u / Cj // e f f e c t i v e j e t s p e e d r a t i o
Pt = F *10^3* u *10^ -6 // T h r u s t power i n MW, F i n N
Pe = Pt / np // e n g i n e o u t p u t i n MW
nth = Pe *10^3/( mp * q ) // t h e r m a l e f f i c i e n c y , Pe i n kW
no = np * nth // o v e r a l l e f f i c i e n c y
// o u t p u t
printf ( (A) p r o p u l s i v e e f f i c i e n c y i s %3 . 1 f \n (B)
p r o p u l s i v e power i s %3 . 1 f MW\n (C) e n g i n e o u t u t i s
%3 . 1 f MW\n (D) t h e r m a l e f f i c i e n c y i s %3 . 4 f \n (E)
o v e r a l l e f f i c i e n c y i s %3 . 3 f ,np , Pt , Pe , nth , no )
203
Scilab code Exa 7.10 To find thrust specific impulse and efficiencies
1 clc
2 clear
3
5 Cj =1250 // e f f e c t i v e e x h a u s t
6 s =0.8 // e f f e c t i v e j e t s p e e d
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
v e l o c i t y i n m/ s
r a t i o i . e . f l i g h t to j e t
speed r a t i o
ma =3.5 // o x i d i z e r f l o w r a t e i n kg / s
mf =1 // f u e l f l o w r a t e i n kg / s
q =2500*10^3 // h e a t o f p r o p e l l e n t p e r kg o f
p r o p e l l a n t m i x t u r e i n J / kg
u = s * Cj // f l i g h t v e l o c i t y i n m/ s
mp = ma + mf // p r o p e l l a n t mass f l o w i n kg / s
Is =( F *10^3) /( wp ) // s p e c i f i c i m p u l s e i n s e c , F i n N
nth =0.5* mp *(( Cj ^2+ u ^2) /( mp * q ) ) // t h e r m a l e f f i c i e n c y
// o u t p u t
printf ( (A) t h r u s t i s %3 . 3 f kN\n (B) s p e c i f i c i m p u l s e
i s %3 . 2 f s e c \n (C) p r o p u l s i v e e f f i c i e n c y i s %3 . 4 f
\n (D) t h e r m a l e f f i c i e n c y i s %3 . 4 f \n (E) o v e r a l l
e f f i c i e n c y i s %3 . 1 f ,F , Is , np , nth , no )
204
Scilab code Exa 7.11 To find specific impulse SPC effective and actual jet
velocity and efficiencies
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
clc
clear
mp =193 // p r o p e l l e n t f l o w r a t e i n kg / s
P1 =27*10^5 // p r e s s u r e a t t h r o a t s e c t i o n i n Pa
T1 =3000 // t e m p e r a t u r e a t t h r o a t s e c t i o n i n K
de =0.6 // n o z z l e e x i t d i a m e t e r i n m
Pe =1.1*10^5 // e x h a u s t p r e s s u r e i n Pa
F =380*10^3 // t h r u s t o f motor i n N
u =694.44 // f l i g h t v e l o c i t y i n m/ s
q =6500*10^3 // h e a t o f p r o p e l l e n t p e r kg o f
p r o p e l l a n t m i x t u r e i n J / kg
15
17 Ae =( %pi *0.6^2) /4 // e x i t a r e a i n m2
18 Cj = F / mp // a v e r a g e e f f e c t i v e j e t v e l o c i t y i n m/ s
19 Ce =( F -(( Pe - Pamb ) * Ae ) ) / mp // e x h a u s t v e l o c i t y i n m/ s ,
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
wrong a n s w e r i n t e x t b o o k
Is =( F ) /( wp ) // s p e c i f i c i m p u l s e i n s e c
SPC =( wp / F ) /10^ -3 // s p e c i f i c p r o p e l l e n t c o n s u m p t i o n
i n s e c 1 10 3
Pt = F * u *10^ -6 // T h r u s t power i n MW
Pl =(0.5* mp *(( Cj - u ) ^2) ) *10^ -6 // Power l o s s i n e x h a u s t
i n MW
Pe = Pt + Pl // e n g i n e o u t p u t i n MW
np = Pt / Pe // p r o p u l s i v e e f f i c i e n c y
nth = Pe *10^3/( mp * q *10^ -3) // t h e r m a l e f f i c i e n c y and Pe
, q i n kW
// o u t p u t
205
31
printf ( (A) e f f e c t i v e j e t v e l o c i t y i s %3 . 4 f m/ s \n (B)

A c t u a l j e t v e l o c i t y i s %3 . 4 f m/ s \n (C) s p e c i f i c
i m p u l s e i s %3 . 1 f s e c \n (D) s p e c i f i c p r o p e l l e n t
c o n s u m p t i o n i s %3 . 4 f 10 3 s e c 1\n (E) p r o p u l s i v e
e f f i c i e n c y i s %3 . 5 f \n (D) t h e r m a l e f f i c i e n c y i s
%3 . 3 f \n (E) o v e r a l l e f f i c i e n c y i s %3 . 5 f ,Cj , Ce , Is
, SPC , np , nth , no )
Scilab code Exa 7.12 To find propellant flow rate thrust developed and
height attained during powered and coasting flights
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
clc
clear
m1 =3600 // i n t e r n a l mass i n kg
Cj =2070 // a v e r a g e e f f e c t i v e j e t v e l o c i t y i n m/ s
tp =80 // r o c k e t o p e r a t i o n d u r a t i o n i n s e c
up =2* Cj // f l i g h t v e l o c i t y i n m/ s
MR =1/ exp (( up +( g * tp ) ) / Cj ) // mass r a t i o
m2 = MR * m1 // mass a f t e r r o c k e t o p e r a t i o n i n kg
PMF =1 - MR // p r o p e l l a n t mass f r a c t i o n
Mp = m1 - m2 // mass o f p r o p e l l a n t i n kg
mp = Mp / tp // p r o p e l l e n t f l o w r a t e i n kg / s
Zp =(((1+((1 -(1/ PMF ) ) * log (1/ MR ) ) ) * Cj * tp ) -(0.5* g * tp ^2)
) *10^ -3 // powered a l t i t u d e g a i n i n km
19 Zc =((0.5* up ^2) / g ) *10^ -3 // c o a s t i n g a l t i t u d e g a i n i n
km
20 Z = Zp + Zc //maximum a l t i t u d e i n km
21
22
// o u t p u t
206
23
printf ( (A) f l o w r a t e o f p r o p e l l e n t i s %3 . 2 f kg / s \n (
B) t h r u s t d e v e l o p e d i s %3 . 3 f kN\n (C) a l t i t u d e
g a i n s d u r i n g powered and c o a s t i n g f l i g h t s a r e %3
. 3 f km and %3 . 3 f km r e s p e c t i v e l y ,mp ,F , Zp , Zc )
Scilab code Exa 7.13 To find effective jet velocity mass ratio and propellant mass fraction maximum slight speed Altitude gain during powered and
coasting flights
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
clc
clear
s =0.2105 // e f f e c t i v e j e t s p e e d r a t i o
Is =203.88 // s p e c i f i c i m p u l s e i n s e c
tp =8 // r o c k e t o p e r a t i o n d u r a t i o n i . e . burn o u t t i m e
in sec
8 g =9.81 // a c c e l e r a t i o n due t o k r a v i t y i n m/ s 2
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Cj = g * Is // a v e r a g e e f f e c t i v e j e t v e l o c i t y i n m/ s
up = s * Cj //maximum f l i g h t s p e e d i n m/ s
MR =1/ exp (( up +( g * tp ) ) / Cj ) // mass r a t i o
PMF =1 - MR // p r o p e l l a n t mass f r a c t i o n
Zp =(((1+((1 -(1/ PMF ) ) * log (1/ MR ) ) ) * Cj * tp ) -(0.5* g * tp ^2)
) *10^ -3 // powered a l t i t u d e g a i n i n km
16 Zc =((0.5* up ^2) / g ) *10^ -3 // c o a s t i n g a l t i t u d e g a i n i n
km
17 Z = Zp + Zc //maximum a l t i t u d e i n km
18
19
20
// o u t p u t
printf ( (A) e f f e c t i v e j e t v e l o c i t y i s %3i m/ s \n (B)
mass r a t i o and p r o p e l l e n t mass f r a c t i o n a r e %3 . 2 f
and %3 . 2 f r e s p e c t i v e l y \n (C) maximum f l i g h t s p e e d
i s %3 . 2 f m/ s \n (D) ) a l t i t u d e g a i n s d u r i n g powered
207
and c o a s t i n g f l i g h t s a r e %3 . 3 f km and %3 . 3 f km
r e s p e c t i v e l y ,Cj , MR , PMF , up , Zp , Zc )
Scilab code Exa 7.14 To find orbital and escape velocities of a rocket
1 clc
2 clear
3
5 R0 =6341.6*10^3 // r a d i u s
o f e a r t h a t mean s e a l e v e l
in m
6 g =9.809 // a c c e l e r a t i o n due t o g r a v i t y i n m/ s 2
7 Z1 =0 // a l t i t u d e a t s e a l e v e l i n m
8 Z2 =300*10^3 // a l t i t u d e a b o v e s e a l e v e l i n m
9
11 uorb1 = R0 * sqrt ( g /( R0 + Z1 ) ) // o r b i t v e l o c i t y o f a
r o c k e t a t mean s e a l e v e l i n m/ s
12 uesc1 = sqrt (2) * uorb1 // e s c a p e v e l o c i t y o f a r o c k e t a t
mean s e a l e v e l i n m/ s
13 uorb2 = R0 * sqrt ( g /( R0 + Z2 ) ) // o r b i t v e l o c i t y o f a
r o c k e t a t an a l t i t u d e o f 300 km i n m/ s
14 uesc2 = sqrt (2) * uorb2 // e s c a p e v e l o c i t y o f a r o c k e t a t
an a l t i t u d e o f 300 km i n m/ s
15
16
17
// o u t p u t
printf ( (A) o r b i t and e s c a p e v e l o c i t i e s o f a r o c k e t
a t mean s e a l e v e l a r e %3i m/ s and %3i m/ s \n (B)
o r b i t and e s c a p e v e l o c i t i e s o f a r o c k e t a t an
a l t i t u d e o f 300 km a r e %3 . 1 f m/ s and %3 . 2 f m/ s ,
uorb1 , uesc1 , uorb2 , uesc2 )
208
Chapter 8
Two Marks Questions and
Answers
Scilab code Exa 8.1.34 To find Mach angle

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
clc
clear
C =500 // A i r p l a n e v e l o c i t y i n m/ s
alp = asind (1/ M ) // Mach a n g l e i n d e g r e e
// Output
printf ( Mach a n g l e i s %3 . 3 f d e g r e e , alp )
209
Scilab code Exa 8.1.35 To find values of back pressure

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
clc
clear
a1 =2.2 // Area r a t i o (A/ At )
Po =10 // S t a g n a t i o n P r e s s u r e i n b a r
//Two v a l u e s o f mach number a t a1 from g a s t a b l e s
M1 =0.275 // Mach number from g a s t a b l e s
p1 =0.949 // P r e s u r e r a t i o (P/Po )
P1 = Po * p1 // back p r e s s u r e i n b a r
M2 =2.295 // Mach number from g a s t a b l e s
p2 =0.0806 // P r e s u r e r a t i o (P/Po )
P2 = Po * p2 // back p r e s s u r e i n b a r
// Output
printf ( (A) When M=%3 . 3 f , back p r e s s u r e i s %3 . 2 f b a r \
n (B) When M=%3 . 3 f , back p r e s s u r e i s %3 . 3 f b a r ,M1
, P1 , M2 , P2 )
Scilab code Exa 8.1.37 To find temperature at nose of aircraft

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
clc
clear
210
10 To = T *(1+((( k -1) /2) * M ^2) ) // T e m p e r a t u r e o f
a i r at
nose of a i r c r a f t in K
11 To1 = To -273 // T e m p e r a t u r e o f a i r a t n o s e o f a i r c r a f t
in degree Centigrade
12
13
14
// Output
printf ( T e m p e r a t u r e o f a i r a t n o s e o f a i r c r a f t
. 1 f d e g r e e C e n t i g r a d e , To1 )
i s %3
Scilab code Exa 8.1.38 To determine stagnation pressure and stagnation

temperature
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
clc
clear
P =1 // P r e s s u r e i n b a r
C =400 // A i r v e l o c i t y i n m/ s
Cp =1005 // S p e c i f i c h e a t c a p a c i t y a t c o n s t n a t
11
13 To = T +( C ^2/(2* Cp ) ) // S t a g n a t i o n T e m p e r a t u r e i n K
14 Poi = P +(( P * C ^2) /( R * T *2) ) // S t a g n a t i o n P r e s s u r e ( i f
it
i s i n c o m p r e s s i b l e ) in bar
15 Poc = P *( To / T ) ^( k /( k -1) ) // S t a g n a t i o n P r e s s u r e ( i f
it
i s c o m p r e s s i b l e ) in bar
16
17
18
// Output
printf ( ( S t a g n a t i o n T e m p e r a t u r e i s %3 . 1 f K\n (C)
Stagnation Pressure :\ n
If it is incompressible
211
i s %3 . 4 f b a r \n
b a r ,To , Poi , Poc )
If
it
i s c o m p r e s s i b l e i s %3 . 4 f
Scilab code Exa 8.1.39 To calculate bulk modulus of elasticity of a liquid

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
clc
clear
v1 =8 // I n t i a l volume i n l i t r e s
P1 =0.7 // I n t i a l p r e s s u r e i n MPa
v2 =7.8 // F i n a l volume i n l i t r e s
P2 =2.7 // F i n a l p r e s s u r e i n MPa
k =( P2 - P1 ) /( log ( v1 / v2 ) ) // Bulk modulus o f e l a s t i c i t y
o f a l i q u i d i n MPa
// Output
printf ( Bulk modulus o f e l a s t i c i t y o f a l i q u i d i s %3
. 3 f MPa ,k )
Scilab code Exa 8.1.40 To find highest possible velocity

1 clc
2 clear
3
5 To =15+273 // A i r T e m p e r a t u r e i n K
6 Cp =1005 // S p e c i f i c h e a t c a p a c i t y a t c o n s t n a t
7
8
212
9
10
11
12
Cmax = sqrt (2* Cp * To ) // H i g h e s t p o s s i b l e v e l o c i t y i n m/

s
// Output
printf ( H i g h e s t p o s s i b l e v e l o c i t y i s %3 . 2 f m/ s , Cmax
)
Scilab code Exa 8.3.10 To find the length of the pipe

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
clc
clear
M =0.25 // mach number
D =0.04 // Diamter i n m
X =8.483 // f a n n o p a r a m e t e r from g a s t a b l e s a t M
Lmax =( X * D ) /(4* f ) // L e n g g t h o f t h e p i p e i n m
// Output
printf ( Length o f t h e p i p e i s %3 . 3 f m , Lmax )
Scilab code Exa 8.3.15 To find length of the pipe to achieve deceleration
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
clc
clear
M =3 // mach number
D =0.04 // Diamter i n m
213
8
10 X =0.522 // f a n n o p a r a m e t e r from g a s t a b l e s a t M
11 L =( X * D ) /(4* f ) // L e n g g t h o f t h e p i p e i n m
12
13 // Output
14 printf ( L e n g g t h o f t h e p i p e i s %3 . 2 f m ,L )
Scilab code Exa 8.3.31 To find maximum possible amount of heat transfer of combustion chamber
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
clc
clear
To =120+273 // S t a g n a t i o n T e m p e r a t u r e i n K
8
( To/ Tot ) from R a y l e i g h
gas t a b l e s
11 Tot = To / t1 // C r i t i c a l s t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
12 q = Cp *( Tot - To ) *10^ -3 //Maximum amount o f h e a t
13
14
15
// Output
printf ( Maximum amount o f h e a t t r a n s f e r i s %3 . 2 f kJ /
kg ,q )
Scilab code Exa 8.3.32 To find increase in specific entropy of the fluid
214
1 clc
2 clear
3
5 p1 =0.75 // P r e s s u r e
r a t i o ( Po2 / Po1 ) S i n c e S t a g n a t i o n
p r e s s u r e d r o p i s 25%
6 Cp =1150 // S p e c i f i c h e a t c a p a c i t y a t c o n s t n a t
8
10 ds =(( k -1) / k ) * Cp * log (1/ p1 ) // I n c r e a s e
in entropy in J
/ kgK
11
12
13
// Output
printf ( I n c r e a s e i n e n t r o p y i s %3 . 2 f J / kgK , ds )
Scilab code Exa 8.3.33 To pipe maximum heat transfer in a pipe

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
clc
clear
Mi =2.2 // I n l e t Mach number
8
( To/ Tot ) from
i s e n t r o p i c g a s t a b l e s @Mi
11 To = T / t1 // S t a g n a t i o n T e m p e r a t u r e i n K
12 t2 =0.756 // T e m p e r a t u r e r a t i o ( To/ Tot ) from R a y l e i g h
g a s t a b l e s @Mi
13 Tot = To / t2 // C r i t i c a l
stagnation temperature in K
215
14 q = Cp *( Tot - To ) *10^ -3 //Maximum amount o f h e a t
15
16
17
// Output
printf ( Maximum amount o f h e a t t r a n s f e r i s %3 . 4 f kJ /
kg ,q )
Scilab code Exa 8.5.16 To find pressure acting on the front of the body
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
clc
clear
Mx =1.5 // Mach number
p1 =3.413 // P r e s s u r e r a t i o i n ( Poy /Px ) from n o r m a l
s h o c k g a s t a b l e s @Mx
10 Poy = p1 * P // P r e s s u r e a c t i n g on f r o n t o f t h e body i n
kPa
11
12
13
// Output
printf ( P r e s s u r e a c t i n g on f r o n t o f t h e body i s %3 . 1
f kPa , Poy )
Scilab code Exa 8.5.17 To find strength of shock wave

1 clc
2 clear
3
5 M =2 // Mach number a t s h o c k
216
6
8 p1 =4.5 // P r e s s u r e
r a t i o ( Py/Px ) from n o r m a l s h o c k
g a s t a b l e s @M
9 e = p1 -1 // S t r e n g t h o f s h o c k wave
10
11 // Output
12 printf ( S t r e n g t h o f s h o c k wave i s %3 . 1 f ,e )
Scilab code Exa 8.5.20 To find irreversibility of duct

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
clc
clear
Mx =7 // mach number u p s t r e a m o f s h o c k
P =2 // p r e s s u r e @Mx i n b a r
T =57+273 // T e m p e r a t u r e @Mx i n K
p1 =0.72 // P r e s s u r e r a t i o ( Poy / Pox ) from n o r m a l s h o c k
g a s t a b l e s @Mx
12 ds = R * log (1/ p1 ) // I r r e v e r s i b i l i t y i n J / kgK
13
14
15
// Output
printf ( I r r e v e r s i b i l i t y
i s %3 . 2 f J / kgK , ds )
Scilab code Exa 8.5.21 To find mach number and air velocity of pitot
tube
1 clc
2 clear
217
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Px =45 // S t a t i c p r e s s u r e i n kPa
T = -20+273 // S t a t i c t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
Poy =395 // S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e i n kPa
p1 = Poy / Px // P r e s s u r e r a t i o
Mx =2.536 // Mach number from n o r m a l s h o c k g a s t a b l e s
@p1
14 Cx = Mx * sqrt ( k * R * T ) // A i r v e l o c i t y i n m/ s
15
16
17
// Output
printf ( Mach number i s %3 . 3 f \n A i r v e l o c i t y i s %3i m
/ s ,Mx , Cx )
Scilab code Exa 8.5.22 To find properties downstream of the shock

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
clc
clear
Cx =750 // v e l o c i t y u p s t r e a m o f s h o c k i n m/ s
Px =1 // P r e s s u r e u p s t r e a m o f s h o c k i n b a r
Tx =10+273 // T e m p e r a t u r e u p s t r e a m o f s h o c k i n K
Mx = Cx / sqrt ( k * R * Tx ) // Mach number u p s t r e a m o f s h o c k
My =0.545 // Mach number downstream o f s h o c k from
normal shock gas t a b l e s , Mistake i n t e x t bo o k
14 t1 =1.875 // T e m p e r a t u r e r a t i o ( Ty/Tx )
218
15 Ty = Tx * t1 // S t a t i c
t e m p e r a t u r e downstream o f s h o c k i n
K
16 p1 =5.583 // P r e s s u r e r a t i o ( Py/Px )
17 Py = Px * p1 // S t a t i c p r e s s u r e downstream o f s h o c k i n
bar
18 Cy = My * sqrt ( k * R * Ty ) // v e l o c i t y downstream o f s h o c k i n
m/ s
19
20
21
// Output
printf ( Downstream o f s h o c k : \ n
V e l o c i t y i s %3 . 3 f
m/ s \n
Temperature
i s %3 . 3 f K ,Cy , Py , Ty )
Scilab code Exa 8.6.41 To find propulsive efficiency for an optimum thrust
power
1 clc
2 clear
3
5
6 // D i f f e r e n t i a t i n g P=m ( Cju ) u and e q u a t i n g
i t to
z e r o we g e t j e t s p e e d r a t i o a s 0 . 5
7 sig =0.5 // J e t s p e e d r a t i o
8 eff_max =((2* sig ) /(1+ sig ) ) // P r o p u l s i v e e f f i c i e n c y
f o r optimum t h r u s t power , wrong n o t a t i o n i n
textbook .
9
10
11
// Output
printf ( P r o p u l s i v e e f f i c i e n c y f o r optimum t h r u s t
power i s %3 . 3 f , eff_max )
Scilab code Exa 8.6.42 To find propulsive efficency

219
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
clc
clear
// I n p u t d a t
Cj =800 // E f f e c t i v e j e t v e l o c i t y i n m/ s
sig = u / Cj // j e t s p e e d r a t i o
eff =((2* sig ) /(1+ sig ) ) *100 // P r o p u l s i v e e f f i c i e n c y i n
%
// Output
printf ( P r o p u l s i v e e f f i c i e n c y
i s %3 . 1 f p e r c e n t , eff )
Scilab code Exa 8.7.42 To find thrust of the rocket

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
clc
clear
m =5 // P r o p e l l e n t r a t e i n kg / s
Pamb =1.013 // Ambient p r e s s u r e i n b a r
Pe =1.02 // N o z z l e e x i t p r e s s u r e i n b a r
D =0.1 // N o z z l e e x i t d i a m e t e r i n m
Ce =1400 // E x i t j e t v e l o c i t y i n m/ s
Ae = %pi * D ^2/4 // E x i t a r e a i n m2
F =( m * Ce ) +(( Pe - Pamb ) * Ae ) // T h r u s t i n N
// Output
printf ( T h r u s t i s %3i N ,F )
220
Scilab code Exa 8.7.44 To find the thrust developed

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
clc
clear
Is =230 // S p e c i f i c I m p u l s e i n s e c
m =1 // P r o p e l l e n t f l o w i n kg / s
F = m * Is * g // T h r u s t i n N
// Output
printf ( T h r u s t i s %3 . 1 f N ,F )
Scilab code Exa 8.7.45 To find the jet velocity of a rocket

1 clc
2 clear
3
5 u =1500 // F l i g h t v e l o c i t y i n m/ s
6 eff =0.75 // P r o p u l s i v e e f f i c i e n c y
7
9 // C o n v e r t i n g r e l a t i o n e f f =(2 s i g ) /(1+ s i g 2 ) i n t o 2 nd
degree polynomial of s i g
10 sig =((2 -( sqrt (4 -(4* eff * eff ) ) ) ) /(2* eff ) ) // J e t s p e e d
ratio
11 Cj = u / sig // J e t v e l o c i t y i n m/ s
12
221
13
14
// Output
printf ( J e t v e l o c i t y i s %3 . 2 f m/ s , Cj )
Scilab code Exa 8.7.46 To calculate thrust propulsive efficiency and thrust
power of a rocket
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
clc
clear
Cj =2700 // J e t v e l o c i t y i n m/ s
m =78.6 // P r o p e l l e n t f l o w i n kg / s
F = m * Cj *10^ -3 // T h r u s t i n kN
P = F * u *10^ -3 // T h r u s t power i n MW
eff =((2* sig ) /(1+ sig ^2) ) *100 // P r o p u l s i v e e f f i c i e n c y
in %
// Output
printf ( T h r u s t i s %3 . 1 f kN\n T h r u s t power i s %3 . 2 f
MW\n P r o p u l s i v e e f f i c i e n c y i s %3i p e r c e n t ,F ,P ,
eff )
Scilab code Exa 8.7.47 To determine orbital velocity and escape velocity
of a rocket
1 clc
2 clear
3
222
5 D =12683*1000 // D i a m e t e r o f E a r t h i n m
6 g =9.81 // A c c e l e r a t i o n due t o g r a v i t y i n m/ s
7 h =500*1000 // A l t i t u d e i n m
8
10 Uorb =( D /2) * sqrt ( g /(( D /2) + h ) ) // O r b i t a l v e l o c i t y
11
12
13
14
in m
/s
Uesc = sqrt (2) * Uorb // E s c a p e v e l o c i t y i n m/ s
// Output
printf ( O r b i t a l v e l o c i t y i s %3 . 2 f m/ s \n E s c a p e
v e l o c i t y i s %3 . 2 f m/ s , Uorb , Uesc )
Scilab code Exa 8.7.48 To determine propulsive efficiency and propulsive

power of a rocket
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
clc
clear
Cj =1400 // J e t v e l o c i t y i n m/ s
m =5 // P r o p e l l e n t f l o w i n kg / s
F = m * Cj *10^ -3 // T h r u s t i n kN
P = F * u *10^ -3 // T h r u s t power i n MW
eff =((2* sig ) /(1+ sig ^2) ) // P r o p u l s i v e e f f i c i e n c y
// Output
printf ( P r o p u l s i v e power i s %3 . 1 f MW\n P r o p u l s i v e
e f f i c i e n c y i s %3 . 1 f ,P , eff )
223

Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion - P. Murugaperumal

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Scilab Textbook Companion for

by a grant from the National Mission on Education through ICT,

1 Compressible Flow Fundamentals

2 Flow through Variable Area Ducts

3 Flow Through Constant Area Duct Adiabatic Flow

4 Flow Through Constant Area Ducts Rayleigh Flow

5 Normal and Oblique Shock

8 Two Marks Questions and Answers

List of Scilab Codes

To calculate the work done . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

To find maximum possible velocity of air . . . . . . . .

To find properties at throat and test section mass flow

To find length and Mach number of given pipe and at

To find Mach number pressure temperature at exit and

To find effective jet velocity mass ratio and propellant

Scilab code Exa 1.1 To calculate the work done

20 V1 =((( m * R * T1 ) / P1 ) ^(1/ k ) ) *10^3 // I n l e t volume i n c c

Scilab code Exa 1.6 To determine mach number at a point

Scilab code Exa 1.7 To find direction of flow

Scilab code Exa 1.8 To calculate the bulk modulus

Scilab code Exa 1.9 To calculate mass of water to be pumped to obtain

Scilab code Exa 1.10 To find sonic velocity

Scilab code Exa 1.11 To find velocity of sound

13 Ci = sqrt ((2*( dP *10^3) ) / d ) // V e l o c i t y

Scilab code Exa 1.14 To find number of nozzles

Scilab code Exa 1.15 To find properties of a gas in vessel at a point

16 t1 = h /( C1 * tand ( alp ) ) // Time e l a p s e d when t h e o b s e r v e r

Scilab code Exa 1.19 To find mach number at a point

Scilab code Exa 1.20 To find Mach number

Scilab code Exa 1.22 To find maximum possible velocity of air

Scilab code Exa 1.23 To find exit velocity of air

heat capacity at constant

Scilab code Exa 1.26 To determine different velocities stagnation enthalpy

a i r f l o w which w i l l t a k e p l a c e from chamber t o

Scilab code Exa 1.34 To find maximum temperature encountered by skin

Scilab code Exa 1.35 To find rate of heat transfer

Scilab code Exa 1.36 To find various properties in a nozzle

printf ( (A) Mass f l o w r a t e i s %3 . 3 f kg / s \n (B)

Scilab code Exa 2.4 To find properties at exit in Convergent Divergent

t e m p e r a t u r e from i s e n t r o p i c g a s t a b l e s @M2, k =1.4

17 M_2 =0.146 // E x i t mach number when i t

printf ( (A) E x i t p r e s s u r e i s %3 . 3 f b a r \n (B) E x i t

Scilab code Exa 2.9 To find Stagnation temperature properties at exit

t e m p e r a t u r e from g a s t a b l e s @M1, k =1.3

b o t h c a s e s i s %3 . 2 f cm2\ n (B) The n o z z l e c r o s s

Scilab code Exa 2.14 To find how duct acts

nozzle e x i t area to nozzle throat

d e c r e a s e s from %3i kPa t o %3

printf ( (A) Mass f l o w r a t e i s %3 . 3 f kg / s \n (B)

t e m p e r a t u r e from i s e n t r o p i c g a s t a b l e s @M2, k =1.4

15 M2 =0.29 // E x i t mach number from g a s t a b l e s @a1 , k =1.4

p r e s s u r e from i s e n t r o p i c g a s t a b l e s @M2, k =1.4

32 ds = R * log ( Po1 / Po2 ) // Change i n e n t r o p y i n J / kgK

Scilab code Exa 3.1 To find length of pipe

printf ( (A) Length o f t h e p i p e i s %3 . 3 f m ,L )

t h e f l o w from M1=%3 . 1 f t o M2=%3 . 1 f i s %3 . 3 f m\n

M1 =2.5 // Mach number a t e n t r a n c e

from g a s t a b l e s @M1, k =1.4

Scilab code Exa 3.19 To find diameter of pipe

Scilab code Exa 3.20 To determine required inlet conditions

t e m p e r a t u r e from g a s t a b l e s a t R a y l e i g h , M2=0.8 &

13 Ci = sqrt ((2( dP 10^3) ) / d ) // V e l o c i t y

45 Pp =((0.5* P1 10^5 Q ( C2 ^2 - C1 ^2) ) /( R T1 ) ) *10^ -3 //

42 f =( Cp ( To3 - To2 ) ) /( eff_cc CV *10^3) // F u e l a i r r a t i o

14 q = Cp ( Tot - To ) 10^ -3 //Maximum amount o f h e a t