Reza Zia-Ebrahimi, Self-Orientalization and Dislocation: The Uses and Abuses of the

Aryan Discourse in Iran, Iran Nameh, 30:4 (Winter 2016), 104-143.

. . .

(1348-12571970-1878/)
.
. 1940


.
. The Emergence of Iranian Nationalism:
Race and the Politics of Dislocation
.
>Reza Zia-Ebrahimi<reza.zia-ebrahimi@kcl.ac.uk
.


Reza Zia-Ebrahimi, Self-Orientalization and 2009 .
Dislocation: The Uses and Abuses of the Aryan
Discourse in Iran, Iranian Studies, 44: 4 (2011), /
445-472. .

.

.
( :.)1343
ISSN 0892-4147-print/ISSN 2159-421X online/2016/30.4/104-143.

104

 4.

5
.

1973 : .
.
.
6.
( )Sir Anthony Parsons, 1922-1996


7
.


.


.
.
:


.

.


( : .36 )1339
.37

;)In Kayhan International (19 September 1973

quoted in Mangol Bayat-Philipp, A Phoenix
6

Too Frequent: Historical Continuity in Modern

Iranian Thought, Asian and African Studies, 12
(1978), 211.

1987
18 2009 .
0 4 201/139

105



.

.

.


.

.


8.


9
. .
(Leon
)Poliakov, 1910-1997
.

.


.

Bruce Lincoln, Rewriting

the German War

God: Georges Dumzil, Politics and Scholarship
in the Late 1930s, History of Religions, 37:3
(1998), 188, footnote 4.

106

Grard Fussman, Entre Fantasmes, Science et

Politique: L'entre des Aryas en Inde' Annales.
Histoire, Sciences Sociales, 58:4 (2003); Thomas
R. Trautmann, Aryans and British India
)(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997

 .



10.

.
()ariya
()Aryan
.
: .


.

11
12.


.
.
.


Stefan Arvidsson, Aryan Idols: Indo-European
Mythology as Ideology and Science (Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 2006), 21.
10

.
Lon Poliakov, Le Mythe Aryen: Essai sur les
Sources du Racisme et des Nationalismes (Brussels:
Complexe, 1987); and Arvidsson, Aryan Idols.

.

.
;Arthur Comte de Gobineau, Trois Ans en Asie
de 1855 1858 (Paris : Leroux, 1923), vol. 2, 20.

0 4 201/139

107

 .

.


.
(Sir William Jones, 1746-
)1794 1786
13. ()Aryan
(Abraham-Hyacinthe Anquetil-Duperron,
)1731-1806 . 1755 1761

. 1763
( aryen )aryan 14.
( )ariya
( )arioi
.
.

.
See Poliakov, Mythe Aryen; Arvidsson, Aryan
Idols.
13

See Konrad Koerner,

Observations on
the Sources, Transmission, and Meaning of
Indo-European and Related Terms in the

Development of Linguistics, in Papers from

the 3rd International Conference on Historical

108

Linguistics, Amsterdam studies in the theory and

history of linguistic science, IV: Current issues in
linguistic theory, 13 (Amsterdam 1982), 154-155.
1768 31 Histoire
de lAcadmie Royale des Inscriptions et
Belles-Lettres .

Hans Siegert,
Zur Geschichte der Begriffe
Arier und arisch, Wrter und Sachen, 4 (19411942), 86.

 1819
( )ariya
( )Ehre 15
16.
( )Aryan ( )ariya
.
.
( )Christian Lassen, 1800-1876

17
.
( )Aryan 1940
18.
1941 (Hans
)Siegert 19.

.
.
1813 ( )Thomas Young, 1773-1829
1823 (Julius von Klaproth, 1783-
)1835 20.
( )Aryan ()Aryan
.
( )Aryan
.

(Max Friedrich
Siegert, Zur Geschichte, 88-89.
Arvidsson, Aryan Idols, 21-22.
17
Koerner, Observations, 170.
18
Siegert, Zur Geschichte, 73.

In Siegert, Zur Geschichte.

See Siegert, Zur Geschichte, 75-79.

15

19

16

20

Koerner, Observations.

0 4 201/139

109

 )Muller, 1823-1900
:

()Dolichocephalic
( )Brachycephalic
21. (Ernest
)Renan, 1823-1892 ( )Arthur de Gobineau, 1816-1882


.



.
( )Aryan

.
.
( )George Rawlinson, 1812-1902
:



22
.

23
.
Quoted in Koerner, Observations, 170-171.
George Rawlinson, The Origin of Nations (New

21
22

110

York: Scribner, 1881), 176.

23
Rawlinson, The Origin of Nations, 176.

 ( )Aryan
. ( )
( )Aryan .

.

.

. ( )Bantu


.
.

24
( )Aryan .
.

.
.
( )Urheimat

.


. (Gottlieb Wilhelm Leitner,
)1840-1899
( )Ladakh

25.
Poliakov, Mythe Aryen, 217.

24

Kai Friese, The Aryan Handshake, Transition,

83 (2000), 8.
25

0 4 201/139

111

 .


.

.
(Johann
)Gottfried Herder, 1744-1803 ( )Aryan
26.


.
27.



.


.
.
28
.


.
() (
) .
Arvidsson, Aryan Idols, 52.
Arvidsson, Aryan Idols, 295.

26
27

112

See Arthur Comte de Gobineau, Essai sur

lIngalit des Races Humaines (Paris : FirminDidot, 1853) ; Poliakov, Mythe Aryen, 245288.

28


.

.

.



.

.


.

29.
30
31
.

.




American Anthropological Association
Statement on Race (17 May 1998), at http://
www.aaanet.org/stmts/racepp.htm/
30
See
American Anthropological Association
Statement on Race.
29

.

Michael Banton, the Idea of Race (London:
Tavistock Publications, 1977); Michael Banton,
Racial and Ethnic Competition (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1983).

0 4 201/139

113

 .
.



. ()Merritt Ruhlen, b. 1944


32.

. (Joseph Greenberg,
)1915-2001



33
.




. ( )Kai Friese
( )Urheimat . :
34
.

.
Merritt Ruhlen, On the Origin of Languages:
Studies in Linguistic Taxonomy (Stanford:
Stanford University Press, 1994), 9.
33
Joseph Greenberg, Indo-European and its
32

114

Closest Relatives: The Eurasiatic Language

Family ( Stanford: Stanford University Press,
)2000 and 2002
34
Friese, Aryan Handshake, 29.


.
.
:
. . . . . . . . .
. . . (
)
. ()Aryans
35
.


.
.

(Sir Percy
)Sykes, 1867-1945 :

.

36
.
.

.

. . .
37
.
Rawlinson, The Origin of Nations, 86-87.
;Percy M. Sykes, A History of Persia (3rd ed.
London: Macmillan, 1951), vol. 1, 501.
37
Vasant Kaiwar, the Aryan Model of History
and the Oriental Renaissance: The Politics of
35
36

Identity in an Age of Revolutions, Colonialism

and Nationalism, in Antinomies of Modernity:
Essays on Race, Orient, Nation, eds. Vasant
Kaiwar and Sucheta Mazumdar (Durham and
London: Duke University Press, 2003), 24.

0 4 201/139

115


38.
( )Aryan ()Aryan
.
.

. ( )Mose Cohen, 1863-1961


. .


.
:
39
.

. ()
40.

.

.


41.

.

Surendranath Banerjea,
the Study of Indian
History, in Nationalism in Asia and Africa,
ed. Elie Kedourie (London: Weidenfeld and
Nicolson, 1970), 225-244.

Trautmann, Aryans and British India.

116

Tekin Alp,
The Restoration of Turkish
History, in Nationalism in Asia and Africa, 214.
40
Alp, The Restoration of Turkish History, 219.
39

Homa Katouzian,
Problems of Political
Development in Iran: Democracy, Dictatorship
or Arbitrary Government, British Journal of
Middle Eastern Studies, 22:1-2 (1995), 1617.

 ( )arioi
.

42.
.


1890 .

.

43.



.

44.
45.
46.
:
() . . .
47
.



.

( : .181-180 )2005
.387
.269

Quoted in Mangol Bayat-Philipp, Mirza Aqa

Khan Kirmani: a Nineteenth Century Persian
Nationalist, Middle Eastern Studies, 10:1
(1974), 48.
46

( : .56 )2007

0 4 201/139

117


.
.

1916 1922
48.
49.
50
.

.
.
.

.

.


(1357-12731978-1894/) .
51
( )Aryans .
(1350-1274-1897/
1971)
. 1930
52.
OskarMann, KvehvaDerafsh-eKviyni[Kaveh
and his Standard], Kveh, 24 (January 1916), 3.
48

118

( 3 )1921 .1

( 18 .2 )1916
( :
.31 )1336

( :.6-5 )1342



.
.
(1314-1251-1871/
1935)
6 24 4
.
.

.
.

53.

.

54.


55.

/


. /


Afshin Marashi, Nationalizing Iran: Culture,
Power, and the State, 18701940 (Seattle:
University of Washington Press, 2008), 99.
53

Marashi, Nationalizing Iran, 101.

54

:
( : .8 )1306

0 4 201/139

119

 56.
.

.
.
57.
.


.
.
.


58. .

.
59
: .

60.

.

.

1930 .
.10-8
.12
14 .16
( :

120

.276 )1310

( 6 :
.87 )1316

(1321-12581942-1879/)
.


61

() () .

.
1915


.

.

( )das Deutsches Haus 62.

.
( )Aryan

63.
1930 .

64
.


.


( : .40-39 )1376

George Lenczowski, Russia and the West in

Iran, 19181948: a Study in Big-Power Rivalry
(New York: Cornell University Press, 1949), 162.
62

Poliakov, Mythe Aryen, 241.

63

Hossein Shahidi,
The BBC Persian Service,
1940-1953, and the Nationalization of Iranian
Oil, Journal of Iranian Research and Analysis,
17:1 (2001).

0 4 201/139

121

 .
.
1933

.

1933

65.
( )von Vibran 66.



. 1933
.

.

. :


[ . . . ]
.

.
67
.
Miron Rezun, The Soviet Union and Iran:
Soviet policy in Iran from the Beginnings of the
Pahlavi Dynasty until the Soviet Invasion in
1941 (Alphen aan den Rijn and Genve: Sijthoff
& Noordhoff , 1981), 319.
65

122

See Rezun, The Soviet Union and Iran, 319, esp.

note 24
66

( 14
.)1933





.
.
:


68.
( )Alfred Rosenberg, 1893-1946

69
.


.

.

.

.

.
.
.

( 3 )1933

( 14 .)1934

0 4 201/139

123


(Deutsch-Persische
)Gesselschaft 1934 .

70. 1936

.

71.

72.
( )George Lenczowski, 1915-2000

.

. . .
7500
.

73
.

.

.

( )Joseph Goebbels, 1897-1945
Lenczowski, Russia and the West in Iran, 159.

70

Abbas Milani, The Persian Sphinx: Amir

Abbas Hoveyda and the Riddle of the Iranian

124

Revolution: a Biography (London: I. B. Tauris,

2000), 7677.
72
Lenczowski, Russia and the West in Iran, 160.
73
Lenczowski, Russia and the West in Iran, 161.

 74.


.

75

.

.
.
( )ariya ( )aryan



.
( )ariya ( )aryan

.
.
( )airiyanem vaejah

76.

()
() .
Massoud Kazemzadeh, The Day Democracy
Died, Khaneh, 3:34 (2003).
74

H. W. Bailey,
Iranian Arya- and Daha-,
Transactions of the Philological Society, 58:1
(1959), 94; Emile Benveniste,
LEran-vez et
lOrigine Lgendaire des Iraniens, Bulletin of the
School of Oriental Studies, 7:2 (1934), 265-274.

0 4 201/139

125


.

.

77.

78.
( )ariya

79. ( )arioi
( )Hellanicus, b. 491 BC ( )ariya
80
.

.

.

81
.

.

77

.
Jean Kellens, Les Airiia- ne Sont Plus des Aryas:
Ce Sont Dj des Iraniens, in Aryas, Aryens et
Iraniens en Asie Centrale, ed. Grard Fussman et
al. (Paris: Collge de France, 2005), 240242.
78
Rdiger Schmitt,
Aryans, in Encyclopdia
Iranica, ed. Ehsan Yarshater (New York:

126

Encyclopdia Iranica Foundation, 1987).

.
Grard Fussman et al., Aryas, Aryens et Iraniens
en Asie centrale.

H. W. Bailey, Arya, in Encyclopdia Iranica.

81
Bailey, Arya.

 .
.

[ ] .


.

( )ariya ( )aryan
.
( )ariya ( )aryan
( )anachronism

. ( )ariya


.

( )aryan


.

.

.

( )aryan . 1941

( )aryan
0 4 201/139

127



. . . ( )aryan 82.
( )Jean Kellens

.

: ()aryan

.
83
.
: [ ]
[ ] [ ].


.



. 1861

( )airiyanem vaejah ( )aryan
( )aryans 84.

( )aryans
( )aryans 85.
Siegert, Zur Geschichte, 99.
Kellens, Les Airiia- ne Sont Plus des Aryas,
242.
84
Friedrich Max Mller, Lectures on the Science of
Language: Delivered at the Royal Institution of
Great Britain in April, May and June 1861 (5th
rev. ed.; London: Longmans, Green, 1866), 268.
82
83

128

.
Quoted in Siegert, Zur Geschichte, 86.

Edward Granville Browne, A Literary History of

Persia: From the Earliest Times until Firdaws
(London and Leipsic: The University Press,
;1909), 4; Richard N. Frye, Persia (rev. ed.
London: Allen & Unwin, 1968), 13.


( )aryans
.

( )ariya ()aryan


86
.
( )aryans .
( )aryans

. ( )aryans

.


.
.

.

( )ariya
( )non-ariya 87

.
88
( )ariya ( )ariya .


Mostafa Vaziri, Iran as Imagined Nation: the
Construction of National Identity (New York:
Paragon House, 1993), 7581.

Gherardo Gnoli, The Idea of Iran: an Essay on

its Origin (Roma: Istituto italiano per Medio ed
Estremo Oriente, 1989), 1415.
88
See D. N. McKenzie,
Eran, Eranahr, in
Encyclopdia Iranica.
87

0 4 201/139

129

 30

89
.
( )
.

( )aryans
.
90.




.


.

( )
91.




.


.

1976 :
Vaziri, Iran as Imagined Nation, 79.
90
Vaziri, Iran as Imagined Nation, 78.

130

Fussman, Entre Fantasmes, Science et Politique,

part 78588 and 813.

 ( )aryan
( )ariya
.

/
. .
( )ariya ( )aryan


.
( )ariya
.


.

.
.


92.

.

1906 . 1860

Monica M. Ringer, Education, Religion, and

the Discourse of Cultural Reform in Qajar Iran

(Costa Mesa: Mazda Publishers, 2001), esp.

chap. 1 and 2.

0 4 201/139

131

 (1257-1191-1812/
1878)
.

.

.



.
.

.

.
:

.
93.
.

.
.

.

.

Edward W. Said, Orientalism (London: Penguin,
1995), esp. chap. 1 heading 2; Bernard Lewis, The

132

Muslim Discovery of Europe (New York: W.W.

Norton, 1982).

Albert Hourani, Islam in European thought

(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991).



.

.

94.

.
.


.
.


.

)
.
95
.

.
.
.

;Vaziri, Iran as Imagined Nation, 151167

Fereydoun Adamiyat and Thomas M. Ricks,
Problems in Iranian Historiography, Iranian
Studies, 4:4 (1971), 132-156; Hamid Enayat,
The Politics of Iranology, Iranian Studies, 6:1
(1973), 2-20.

[ ]


:

( 1
.118-81 )1389
0 4 201/139

133


96. (1275-12321896-1853/)

97
.



.



98
.


.


.
.
. 99
: . . .
. . .
. . . 100.

101.
:

( : .292-291 )2006


.
.267

134

:
( :
.255 )1383
128
.139


. .265

 (1330-12811951-1903/)

.

.
(1289-12341870-1826/)


102.

103.


.

.


.

104
.



.
[ ]



20 77
( .73-58 )1389

See Akhundzadeh to Jalal ed-Din Mirza, 15

June 1870, in Hamid Mohammadzadeh and
Hamid Arasli, eds., Mirz Fathali khundof:
Alefb-ye Jadid va Maktubt [Mirza Fathali
Akhundov: The New Alphabet and the
Maktubt] (Baku, 1963), 172.
103

4 .181-180

0 4 201/139

135



105.



.

( )aryan


.


.
.


.




.


.
Ren Verneau and Emile Burnouf, cited in
Poliakov, Mythe Aryen, 311 and 308.
105

136


.
( )Edward W. Said, 1935-2003 .


.


.


106.



.

.


107.

108.



()

.

Partha Chatterjee, Nationalist Thought and

?the Colonial World: A Derivative Discourse

(Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press,

1993).

.

.
.264-263
0 4 201/139

137


109.


.
.



.

.

.
.
:


.

:

.


.
.
.

138


.

. (1340-12601921-1844/)

. . .
110.
. 1935


: []
111.
.


.
1934
.

.
:


112.
113
.
Quoted in Juan R. I. Cole, Marking

Boundaries, Marking Time: the Iranian Past and

the Construction of the Self by Qajar Thinkers,
Iranian Studies, 29:1-2 (1996), 44.
111
From Mokhber ol-Saltanehs memoirs, quoted
in Homa Katouzian, State and Society in Iran:
the Eclipse of the Qajars and the Emergence of the
Pahlavis (London: I. B. Tauris, 2006), 336.
110

File 102012/3201, no. 41749, 03.10.1313/

May 1934, Prime Ministry Files, Quoted in
Firoozeh Kashani-Sabet, Frontier Fictions:
Shaping the Iranian Nation, 18041946,
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999).
113
Homa Katouzian, The Persians: Ancient,
Medieval, and Modern Iran (New Haven: Yale
University Press, 2009), 217218.
112

0 4 201/139

139



114.

.

.


.

12 2001

.
115.
2001
.

. . .

.

116.
.
7 2004
1500 .
.4
30

16 .2001

140

Football-Givens blast ordeal-Interview-The

Republics World Cup hero talks of grenades and
glory , The Observer (25 November 2001).

116


. :
. :
117. 100
. ( 118)Sddeutsche Zeitung

. . .
119
.

.


120.
( )ZDF :
.
121
.
.

.

.


Football-Accueil Triomphal pour les

Allemands en Iran, Reuters-Les actualits en

franais (7 October 2004).
117

[ ]
.
Kolossale Weihnachten in Teheran,

Sddeutsche Zeitung (11 October 2004).

120
Kolossale Weihnachten in Teheran.
121
Lnderspiel Iran-Deutschland live im ZDF,
119

09.10.2004, in Zweites Deutsches Fernsehen

(ZDF). A video of the scene is available on
YouTube under Iran v Germany, 2004, National
anthems, at
http ://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iH = 0 g l 6 OX Xt 4 & f e at ure = Pl a yL i s t & p5D4016A8C8B4B254&playnext=1&playnext_from=PL&index=2/.

0 4 201/139

141

 122 .

.

.

.

.
.

.
:

.

.
.
( )aryan


.


1998

.


.

142

 .
.

.

.

.


.

.
.

0 4 201/139

143