Production of Materials

Crucial

Very Useful

Ideal

For Higher Achievers

Example of Catalytic Cracking

C10H22 C2H4(g) + CH3CH(CH3)C5H11(l)
Cyclohexane/Cyclohexene and Bromine water equations
6 12() + 2()

6 11() + ()

6 10() + 2() 6 10 2()

Process of Polymerisation
Initiation:

Propagation:
+ 2 4 2 2

Termination:
Has many possibilities, and usually involved radicals reacting with each
other.
Dehydration of Ethanol
3 2 ()

2 4

2 4() + 2 ()

Hydration of Ethanol
2 4() + 2 ()

3 4

3 2 ()

Formation of Cellulose
62() + 62 () 6 12 6() + 62()
Fermentation of Glucose
6 12 6()

()

22 5 () + 22()

Burning of Ethanol
2 5 () + 32() 22() + 22 ()
Radioactivity: Neutron to Proton ratio is too high
131
53I

131
54Xe

0
1e

Radioactivity: Neutron to Proton ratio is too low

22
11Na

22
10Ne

0
1e

Radioactivity: Too many nucleons

230
90Th

Example of Neutron Bombardment

226
88Ra

4
2He

The Acidic Environment

Example of Acidic Oxides
CO2(g) + H2O(l) H2CO3(aq)
Example of Basic Oxides
Na2O(g) + H2O(l) 2NaOH(aq)
Carbon Dioxide Equilibrium Formulas
CO2(g)
CO2(aq)
H2O(l) + CO2(aq)
H2CO3(aq)
+
H2CO3(aq)
H (aq) + HCO3-(aq)
HCO3-(aq)
H+(aq) + CO32-(aq)
Production of Sulfur dioxide
Smelting Chalcopyrite
2CuFeS2(s) + 5O2(g) +2SiO2(l) 2Cu(l) + 2FeSiO3(l) + 4SO2(g)
Combustion of Sulfur impurities in fuel
4FeS2(s) + 11O2(g) 2Fe2O3(s) + 8SO2(g)
Production of Nitrous oxides
Lightning and combustion engines
N2(g) + O2(g) 2NO(g)
Further reaction with Oxygen
4FeS2(s) + 11O2(g) 2Fe2O3(s) + 8SO2(g)
Formation of Acid Rain
Sulfuric Acid Rain: SO3(g) + H2O(l) H2SO4(aq)
Nitrous Acid Rain: 2NO2(g) + H2O(l) HNO3(aq) + HNO2(aq)
Water Ionisation
H2O (l)

H+ (aq) + OH-(aq)

Example of an Acid as a Proton Donor

+

() + 2 () ()
+ 3 ()

Example of a Base as a Proton Acceptor

3() + 2 () ()
+ 4 +
()

Example of an Acidic Salt

NH4+(aq) + H2O(l) NH3(aq) + H3O+(aq)
Example of a Basic Salt
CO32-(aq) + H2O(l) HCO3-(aq) + OH-(aq)
Example of a Neutral Salt
NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq) + H2O(l)
Example of Water as an Amphiprotic Substance
Cl-(aq) + H2O(l) HCl(aq) + OH-(aq)
NH4+(aq) + H2O(l) NH3(aq) + H3O+(aq)
Example of a Buffer solution
CO2 (aq) + H2O(l)
H2CO3 (aq)
+
H2CO3 (aq)
H + HCO3-(aq)

Chemical Monitoring and Management

Complete/Incomplete combustion of Petrols
2C2H18(l) + 25O2(g) 16CO2(g) +18H2O(l)
COMPLETE COMBUSTION
2C2H18(l) + 17O2(g) 16CO(g) +18H2O(l)
INCOMPLETE COMBUSTION
Haber Process
N2(g) + 3H2(g)

2NH3(g)

Memorising Solubility Rules

Just remember NAGSAG, PMS and CASTROBeAR
Nitrates (NO32-) are always soluble
Acetates (C2H3O2-) are always soluble
Group 1 ions are always soluble
Sulfates (SO42-) are always soluble *+
Ammonium (NH4+) is always soluble
Group 7 ions are always soluble*
EXCEPTIONS:
* PMS Pb2+, Mercury, Silver.
+

CASTOBeAR- Calcium (Ca2+), Strontium (St2+), Barium (Ba2+)

Reaction of CFCs and Ozone

CClF3 (g) + UV Cl.(g) + CF3 (g)
Cl.(g) + O3 (g) ClO. (g) + O2 (g)
ClO. (g) + O. (g) Cl .(g) + O2 (g)
Overall reaction: O3 (g) + O. (g) 2O2 (g)
Reaction of Halons and Ozone
CF3Br (g) + UV CF3 (g) + Br. (g)
Br. (g) + O3 (g) BrO. (g) + O2 (g)
BrO. (g) + O. (g) Br. (g) + O2 (g)