ECE 232 DISCRETE-TIME SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS

SOLVED PROBLEMS I
1- a) Sketch the signal x (t )  t and find the Fourier series to represent x(t) over the
interval (  ,  ) .
b) Use Parseval’s theorem to show that

1 2
n
n 1
2

6
Solution
-a)

 t1 T
1
x(t )  
n  
c n e jn ( 2 / T )t and cn 
T  x(t )e
 jn ( 2 / T ) t
dt
t1

For this problem T=2, hence we have

1  1  jnt  
 
1 1 1  1  1  
 te 
 jnt
cn  dt  t ( e )   e  jnt dt   t( e  jnt )   2 e  jnt 
2 
2   jn jn   2   jn n 

(1) n
cn  j ;n0 Note that e jn  (1) n
n
 
1 1 t2
c0 
2 

tdt  
2 2
0


Exponential Fourier series corresponding to the given periodic function is


(1) n jnt 1
( 1) n jnt 
( 1) n jnt 
(1) n jnt
x(t )  
n   , n  0
j
n
e  
n  
j
n
e  j
n 1 n
e j
n 1 n
(e  e  jnt )

By using the last expression, we can write the trigonometric Fourier series

(1) n1  1 1 1 
x(t )  2 sin nt  2 sin t  sin 2t  sin 3t  sin 4t     
n 1 n  2 3 4 
b) Parseval’s theorem for periodic signals states that
t T 
1 1
 
2 2
Px  x (t ) dt  cn
T t1 n  

 
1 1 t3 2  (1) n   (1) n  (1) 2 n 1

2
Px  t 2
dt    and c n  c n  c n*   j     j    2
2 
2 3 
3  n   n  n 2
n
Parseval’s theorem yields:
2 
1 
1 
1 2
  2
 2  2
  2

3 n   , n  0 n n 1 n n 1 n 6

2- The output voltage of a half-wave rectifier is given by

V sin t ; 0  t  T / 2

v (t )   0 ; T / 2  t  T

 periodic
2
where T 

a) Find its Fourier series expansion.
b) Plot the frequency spectrum of this signal.
c) Use the Parseval’s theorem, to find its RMS value approximately.
Solution
t1 T

1 2
a) x(t )  c e
n  
n
jnt
where c n 
T  x(t )e  jnt dt with  
T
t1

For this problem we have

T /2 T /2 T /2
1 V V
 V sin t  e  jnt dt   (e  e )e dt   (e
j t  jt  jnt j (1 n ) t
cn   e  j (1 n ) t ) dt 
T 0
2 jT 0
2 jT 0
T /2
V  1 1 
cn   e j (1 n )t  e  j (1 n )t  
2 jT  j (1  n) j (1  n) 0
V  1 1  V  1 1 
cn   e j (1 n )  e  j (1 n )     
4j  j (1  n) j (1  n)  4j  j (1  n) j (1  n) 
 V  1 1  V  1 1 
cn   e  jn  e j  e  jn  e  j     
4j  j (1  n) j (1  n)  4j  j (1  n) j (1  n) 
V  1 1   jn V  1 1 
cn       e    
4j  j (1  n) j (1  n)  4j  j (1  n) j (1  n) 

cn 
V

1
2 1  n 2
1  e  jn  c n  
V

1
2 1  n 2
1  (1) n   

For n=1, we obtain 0/0. Thus we have to calculate c1 by using the definition.

T /2 T /2 T /2
1 V V
 V sin t  e  jt dt   (e  e )e dt   (1  e
jt  j t  j t  j 2 t
c1  )dt 
T 0
2 jT 0
2 jT 0
T /2
V  1  V T 1 1  V
c1   t  e  2 jt     e  jT   
2 jT  j 2 0 2 jT  2 j 2 j 2  4 j
V
c 1  
4j
V 1
c2k   ; for k  0,  1,  2,  3,    
 1  4k 2

V V
c1  ; c 1   ; c2k 1  0 ; for k  1,  2,  3,
4 j 4 j
 1 
x(t )  c e
n  
n
jnt
 c0  c e
n  
n
jnt
  c n e jnt 
n 1
 RMS-value
x(t )  c0   (cn e jnt
 c n e  jnt )

n 1

V V 2V  1
x(t )   sin t   cos 2kt
 2  k 1 1  4k 2
V V 2V  1 1 1 
x(t )   sin t   cos 2t  cos 4t  cos 6t      
 2  3 15 35 


c
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
X rms  n  c0  c1  c 1  c2  c2  c4  c4  c6  c 6  
n  

2 2 2 2 2 2
V     1 1  1   1  V 2 2 2
X rms  1                   1 2  
 4 4  3  3  15   15   16 9 225
1,57
X rms  V  0,4997  V

Exact rms-value is
X rms  0,5  V
./..