-

- 2001
3

 621.56

.., .. .: .
. .: , 2001. 28 .

. , . ..

-

, 2001


,
( ).
, . .
, ,

, .

90, (ZA) , , ( )
= 20.

. ,
("") , .

1. :
2 , H;
n1 , /;
u .
: (); .

, [1].
.
2. z1.
5

a2
a1

a3
b1 b2

b3

 214474 z1 = 1, 2,
4. z1 =
4.
u = 830. u = 3060
z1 = 2, u > 60 z1 = 1.
z1 = 1; 2
, z1 = 4, .

,
, ( , . .),
, . , .
3. z2
z 2 = z1 u

(1)

,
( = 20 , ), z2 = 27. , u = 8, 214476, z1 = 4 .
4. q (. 2) ,

1,2 z2

(2)

q 1967274 (. 1).
I
q 19672-74
1-
2-

8
7,1

10
9

12,5
11,2

16
14

20
18

25
22,4

O
200
180
160
140

z =1

120

1
z =1

4
=
z
1

100
80
60
40

q
6

10

12

14

16

. 2. q
z1

5.

45, 50, 50 105074 40, 50, 40,
35 454371. , . ;
R 45.
15, 15,
122, 123 454371. ,
HRC 55.

Rz = 0,63 ,
6- .

, .
R < 45 .
6.
7

 . 3 [2, . 3435], , (
,
). (v < 2 /) ( , ), v < 810 /c
(9-4, 10-4-4, ),
(10-1, , 6-6-3,
), .
7.
(. . 3)

[H] (10,
15) .
[H] :
[H] = [H ] kHL,

(3)

[H ] ( , 107); kHL
k HL

107
N HE

NHE
NHE = N a i4 bi,
N
N = 300 8 60 n2,
n2 , /; ; 300 ;
; a i4 bi , ( b . .1).
NHE
0,67 kHL 1,15.

0.06

20 31.5 63 80
16 25 40

12.5

10
8

z_1
q

0.05

0.1

0.08

0.125
0.16
0.2
0.25

0.32
0.4
0.5

2
2 [H ]
30

50

100

190

2
180

. 3.

193

8
9

6 -6 -3 ( )

10
11
12

11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18

13

10
19

8
11
12

10 - 1 ( )

10

9
10
11
12
13

10 - 1 ( )

221

10
11
12
13
14
15
16

246
( )

8
9

' = 157

150
140

10 - 4 - 4

n 1 /

14

160

10 9 8 7

15

133

170

5
6

150

84.5

6 -6 -3 ( )

200
0

2900
3000

10
00

: 9-4,
=158 /2
v=4,6 /,

14
50
150
0

128
113

9 - 4

0
95

140

0
75

130

10 9 8

0
70

1500

1000

: 2 = 130
z1/q=0,16 u=16 n1=1450 /

160

4
6

0
50

500

0.5
1

400

113
98
71

C10

170

200
300

0.5
1
2

180

100

150 200 300

15 20

10

8.
. 2
( ) [ 0F ] ( ) [ F1 ],
, 106.
:
[ 0F ]= [ 0F ] kFL,
(4)
[ F1 ] = [ F1 ] kFL ,
kFL , k FL 9

10 6
; NFE N FE

, NFE = N a 9i bi (. . 7).
NF 0,54 kFL 1,00.
2

[ F ],
/2

[ F ],
/2

,
/2

,
/2

10-1

49
71

35
51

200
255

120
147

80

56

290

170

6-6-3

45
53

32
38

110
120

200
220

9-4

98
108

75
83

196
236

392
490

10-4-4

130

98

590

275

10

41

25

118

15

47

29

147

9. ("") :
) :
[H]max = 4;
[H]max = 2;
[H]max = 260 300 /2.
10

) :
[F]max= 0,8 ;
[F]max= 0,6 .
10.
, 367576,
: 9- v 1/; 8-
v 7,5 /; 7- v = 1,512 /; 6- v = 325 /.
7- 6- .
11. k
k = k kv,

(5)

k , ;

3

z
k=1+ 2 1 p ,

(6)

(
. 2 q z1); ,
, = aibi (. . 1).
= 1 k = 1
;
kv (
, . 3).
3

kv v, /c
1,5

1,53

37,5

7,512

1216

1625

6
7

1
1,1

1,1
1,2

1,3

1,5

1,15

1,25

1,4

1,25

11

12.
()
2

a w 2 1
q

170

.
z2
kT2
H

(7)

13. ()
m=

2 aw
.
z2 q

(8)

m . 4
.
4

1967274,
1-

2,5

2-

3,15
3

3,5

6,3

10

12,5

16

20

25

12

.
I4.

z2 q m
.
(9)
aw
2
, aw , . 5.
5

214476,
1-

40

50

63

80

100

2-

125 160 200 250 315

140 180 225 280

12

400

500

355 450

 aw Ra40 663669: 105, 110, 120, 130, 150, 170, 190, 210, 220,
240, 260, 300, 320, 340, 360, 380, 420, 480. 6636-69
.
aw, q m (9),
.
, , , z2 (9)
, , 5%. ,
.

aw z2 q

,
m
2

(10)

aw .
1 x 1.
15. :
) :
d1 = q m;
d2 = z2 m;
(11)
) :
dw1= d1 + 2xm;
(12)
dw2 = d2 .
, a w

d w1 d w2
2

c aw, ;
) :
da1 = d1+ 2m;
da2 = d2 + 2m + 2xm;
(13)
) :
df1 = d1 2,4 m;
df2 = d2 2,4 m + 2xm.
. 1. x = 0.
2. .15 (, , , ) 0,01 .

13

)
dam2 da2 + 6m/(z1+ 2);

(14)

)
b1 (10 + 5,5|x| + z1) m + (70 + 60x) m/z2.

(15)

b1 25 m 10 3540 m > 10 ;
) :
z1 = 1; 2 b2 = 0,75 da1;
(16)
z1 = 4 b2 = 0,67da1
. .15 (, , )
1 .

. 4 , ;
) :
tg =

z1
;
q
(17)

z1m
.
d w1
16.

tgw =

d w1 n1
60 103 cos w

(18)

v (. . 3,
) .
17. (H/2)

475 kT2
H .
d 2 d w1

(19)

H 5 %,
. :

14

. 4.

15

1. ( .
6 7).
2. z2, ( , .13, ).
18.

tg w
0,97...0,98
,
(20)
tg w
' , ' = arctg f ';
f ' ( v . 5); (0,970,98)
.

f ' , . 5

f'
0,09
0,08
0,07
0,06
0,05
0,04
0,03
0,02
0,01

10

12

14

v , /

. 5. f v
HRC 45 Ra = 0,32 0,63

16

19. ,

Ft1 Fa 2

2T1
;
d w1

Ft 2 Fa1

2T2
;
dw2

Fr

Ft 2
tg ,
cos w

(21)

Ft1 Fa1 ; Ft2 Fa2

; Fr ; T2 ; 1 ,

T1

T2
u 1 2

12 = ; , ( 0,99); = 20 .
20.

0,6 k Ft 2 YF
m b2

F ,

(22)

F , F ,
/2; k (. . 11); Ft2 , (. . 19); m , (. . 13); b2
, (. . 15, ); YF
( . 6).

zv 2

z2
.
cos3 w

(23)
6

c
zv2

28

30

35

40

45

50

65

80

100

150

YF

2,43

2,41

2,32

2,27

2,22

2,19

2,12

2,09

2,08

2,04

17

21.
:
)
2

[ ]
T2 max

= max ;

T2
)

T2 max
[ F ]max

=
.

T
F
2 F

(24)

(25)

c
. a) ) .

1
1. :
2 = 7,6105 H;
a2=0,7
n1 = 1440 /;
a1=1
a3=0,2
a2 = 0,7;
u = 10.

;
b1=0,2 b2=0,3 b3=0,5
10 (.
).
2. z1 = 4.
3.
T

z2 = z1 u = 4 10 = 40.
4. q , 1,2 z2. = 1,2 40 = 48.
. 2 q 7,9. (. 1)
q = 8, = 49.
5. : ;
HRC > 45; ; Rz = 0,63 .
6. . 3
94; v = 7,1 /.
18

7.
, (. . 3)
, H = 145 /2.
8. :
N = n2 608 300 =

1440
608230010 = 4,15 108 ;
10

NFE = N a 9i bi = 4,15108 (190,2 + 0,790,3 + 0,290,5) = 0,94108;

kFL =

10 6
0,94 10 8

0,641 ;

0F = 0F kFL = 1080,641 = 58,7 /2 ;

[ 0F ]' = 108 /2 . 2.
9.
:
Hmax = 2T = 2236 = 472 /2;
[F]max = 0,8T = 0,8236 = 188,8 /2;
T = 236 /2 . 2.
10. vc = 7,1 /c 6-
11.
k = kkv = 1,19 1 = 1,19;
3

z
40
k = 1 + 2 1 p 1 1 0,51 1,19;
49

=aibi=1 0,2 + 0,70,3 + 0,20,5 = 0,51.

. 3 v= 7,1 / kv = 1
12.
2

z2
170
40
kT2 13
aw = 13
8

q
z 2
q H

13.

19

170

1,19 7,6 105 = 221.

40 145

m=

2 aw
z2 q

2 221
9,17 .
40 8

. 4 ,
m = 10 .
14. m = 10
aw =

z2 q
2

40 8 10
2

240,00 .

R40 663669.
15. :
) :
d1 = q m = 810 = 80,00 ;
d2 = z2 m = 4010 = 400,00 .
d d2
80 400

aw = 1
= 240,00 ;
2
2
) . ( , );
) :
da1 = d1+ 2m = 80 + 210 = 100,00 ;
d2 = d2 + 2m = 400 + 210 = 420,00 ;
) :
df1= d1 2,4 m = 80 2,410 = 56,00 ,
df2 = d2 2,4m = 400 2,410 = 376,00 ;
)
dam2 = da2 + 6m/(z1 + 2) = 420 + 610/(4+2) = 430,00 ;
)
b1 (10 + 5,5x + z1) m + (70 + 60x)m/z2 = (10+4)10 + 7010/40 = 157,5 .
m = 10 b1 25 b1 = 185 ;
) ( z1 = 4)
b2 0,67 da1 = 0,67100 = 67,0 .
R 40
663669;
)
20

tg =

z1 4
0,50000,
q 8

= 26 33 54", cos = 0,89440.

16.

d w1 n1
60 103 cos w

80 144
60 103 0,8944

6,95 /c.

, . 6, H = 145 /2 .
17.

475 kT2 475 1,19 7,60 105

126 /2.
H =
d2
d1
400
80

, H < H]
.
18. .
v = 6,95 /
' = 0,0260,036.
' = 129 20" 203'40",
tg (2633'54" + 129'20") = 0,533,
tg (2633'54" + 203'40") = 0,538.
= (0,970,98)

tg
0,500
0,97...0,98
= 0,9020,918
tg '
0,533...0,538

= 0,91.
19. , ,

T2
7,60 105
T1 =
= 8,53104 H,

u 1 2 10 0,91 0,99
12 = = 0,910,99; = 0,99 ,
.
, ,
21

21 2 8,53 104
Ft1 = Fa2 =
= 2,13103 H.

d1
80
, ,

2 2 2 7,60 105
Ft2 = Fa1 = =
= 3,80103 H.

d2
400

Ft 2
3,80 103
Fr =
tg
0,364 = 1,55103 .
cos
0,894
20.

0,6 k Ft 2 YF
m b2

0,6 1,19 3,80 103 2,27

8,8 / 2
10 67

zv2 =

z2
40

= 56.
3
cos 0,8943

. 6 zv2 = 56 YF = 2,17.
.8 , [F] = 58,7 /2, ,
6 .
21.
:
)
T2 max

472

H max
=13,6;
T

126

2 H

H
2

T2 max F max 188,8

=
=
22,5.
8
,
8

T
F
2 F

22


, "" 13,6 , , .
2
1. :

2 =4,7105 H;

a2=0,7

n1 =2910 /;
u =12,5.
;
8 (. ).
2. z1= 4
3.

a1=1

a3=0,2

b1=0,2 b2=0,3 b3=0,5

z2 = z1 u = 4 12,5 = 50.
4. q , 1,2 z2. = 1,250 = 60.
. 2 ,
(. 1) q = 10, = 69.
5. : ;
HRC > 45; ; Rz = 0,63 .
6. . 3
101 ( ). v = 9,4 /.
H = 157 /2.
7. :
N = n2 608 300 =

2910
60823008 = 5,37108 ;
12,5

N = N a i4 bi = 5,37108 (140,2 + 0,740,3 + 0,240,5) = 1,79108;

kL =

107
= 0,672;
1,79 108

= kL = 1570,672 = 108 /2.

23

8.
NFE = N a 9i bi = 5,37108 (190,2 + 0,790,3 + 0,290,5) = 1,34108;
kFL = kL =

106
= 0,623;
1,34 108

0F = 0F kFL = 490,623 = 30,8 /2 ;

0F = 49 /2 . 2.
9.
:
Hmax = 4T = 4120 = 480 /2;
[F]max = 0,8T = 0,8120 = 96 /2;
T = 120 /2 . 2.
10.
v = 9,4 / 6- .
11. k
k = k kv = 1,23 1,1 = 1,35;
3
3
z2
50
k = 1+ 1 p 1 1 0,51 = 1,23.
69

. 3 v = 9,4 / kv = 1,1.
12.
2

aw = 2 1
q

170

kT 50 1
z2
2 10

q H

170

1,35 4,70 105 = 192 .

50 108

10

13.
m=

2aw
2 192

= 6,33 .
z2 q 50 10

. 4 , m = 6,30

24

14.
m = 6,3 ,
( z q)m (50 10)6,30
aw = 2

189,00 .
2
2
;
. 5 aw = 200,00 .
z2 = 52.
=

52
= 13,0.
4

13,0 12,5
100 = 4.
12,5
4 % .
z2 = 52
=

52 10

6,3

= 195,30 .

.

=

a w z 2 q 200,00 52 10

31,746 31 0,746.
m
2
6,30
2

15. :
) :
d1 = q m = 10 6,3 = 63,00 ;
d2 = z2 m = 52 6,3 = 327,60 ;
) :
dw1 = d1 = 63 + 2xm = 63,00 + 20,7466,3 = 73,00 ;
dw2 = d2 = 327 .
: aw =

d w1 d w2 73 327
= 200,00

2
2

) :
da1 = d1+2m = 63+26,3 = 75,60 ;
da2 = d2+2 (1+x)m = 327,60 + 2 (1+0,746) 6,3 =
= 348,60 ;
25

) :
df1= d1 2,4 m = 63 2,46,3 = 47,88 ;
df2 = d22 (1,2x) m = 327,60 2 (1,20,746) 6,3 =
= 321,88 ;
)
dam2 da2 + 6m/(z1+2) = 348,60 + 6,30 = 354,90 ,
dam2 = 354,0 ;
)
b1 (10+5,5|x|+0,09 z2) m + (70+60x) m/z2 =
(10+5,50,746+0,0952) 6,3 + (70+600,746) 6,3/52 = 132,3 .
m = 6,3 b1 25 b1 = 160 ;
) ( z1 = 4)
b2 0,67da1 = 0,67 75,60 = 50,7 .
b2 = 50,0 ;
) :
z1 4
=
= 0,40000;
q 10
z m 4 6,30
tgw = 1
= 0,34807,
d w1
73,00
w = 1911'30", cosw = 0,94442.
16.

tg =

vc =

d w1 n1
63 2910
vw

9,5 /.
cos w 60 103 cos w 60 103 0,944

17.
H

475

d2

kT2
475

d w1 327,60

1,35 4,70 103

= 107 H/2,
63

[H] = 108 H/2. ,

.
18.
= (0,970,98)

tgYw
0,348
= (0,970,98)
= 0,9050,935.
tg (Yw )
0,365...0,373
26

 . 15() , w = 1911'30" tg w = 0,348.

. 4 vc = 11,7 / f = 0,0150,022
= 05I30'' 11530", tg (1911'30" + 051'30") =
= 0,365, tg (1911'30" + 115'30") = 0,373.
= 0,91.
19. , , .

T2
4,70 105
T1=
= 4,06104 H

u 12 13 0,91 0,99
12 = = 0,910,99; = 0,99 , .
,

2T1 2 4,70 104

Ft1 = Fa2 =

1,26103 H.
d1
63
,

2 2 2 4,70 105
Ft2 = Fa1 =

= 2,90103 H.
d2
327

Ft 2
2,90 103
Fr =
tg
0,364 =1,21103 .
cos
0,944
20.

0,6 k Ft 2 YF
m b2

0,6 1,35 2,90 103 2,13

7,3 H/2
6,3 50

zv2 =

z2
52

= 62.
cos3 0,9443

. 6 z2 = 62, YF = 2,13.
. 8 , [ 0F ] = 30,8 /2, ,
4- .
27

21.
:
)
T2 max

480

H max
= 19,8;
T

107

2 H

H
2

T2 max F max
96

=
=
13,5.
7
,
3

T
F
2 F

"" 13,5
, .

1. .. . . .:, 1981. 23 .
2. . ., . ., . .
: . . . . .:
, 2000. 125 .
3. .. -. . 2
.: , 1992. 448 .
4. / . .. . .:
, 1977. 372 .
5. .. . .
.: , 1988. 416 .

28

...............................................................................................

........................

............................................................................ 18
1 ................................................................................................. 18
2 ................................................................................................. 23
....................................................................... 28

29

..
..
_________________________________________________________________________
020414 12.02.97
27.12.2001. 6084 1/16. .
. . . . 1,63. . . 1,75. .-. . 1,63
250 .
C 62
________________________________________________________________________
. 191002, -, . , 9
. 191002, -, . , 9

30