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    Transformer Fusing Protection and Coordination PDF

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    oop Fone Se September 1996 Transformer Fusing Protection and Coordination PRESENTED AT THE MINNESOTA POWER SYSTEMS CONFERENCE, MINNEAPOLIS, MINNESOTA OCTOBER 3, 1996 Author John C. Gravunder, Product Specialist Cooper Industries, Inc., Cooper Power Systems Division, Components & Protective Equipment, Pewaukee, WI Bllein 96088 September 1996 © 1996 Cooper Power Systems, Ine Printed in US.A cooftn, ‘Canyon one pane INTRODUCTION Continuous service of electical power is important, however, situations may occur tat require transformers to be removed from service to prevent damage othe transformer and/or the connected service. Proper selection and application of fuses in single- and three-phase transformers is essential o provide aeiable system and minimize the effets of the overcurents on the system. ‘The protection of distribution transformers involves the careful balancing of many protection and operating concems. ‘The transformer ‘protection must allow the normal range of currents due to energization, transient currents due to lighting, and heavy temporary Teading periods. Further, it must protect the transformer from extended periods of heavy overloads and protect the system from a failed transformer. Aftera brief explanation ofthe operation of expulsion fuses versus curent-imiting fuses, the paper wil discuss the proper selection of tansformer fusing protection fr both overhead and underground distribution transformers. twill provide application examples {or the more common fusing protection schemes used inthe industry today, and will show the coordination rules for applying ‘properly selected transformer fusing with upstream and downstream devices onthe sytem. EXPULSION VERSUS CURRENT-LIMITING. Expulsion Fuses Expulsion fuses typically have a fusible element consisting of tin, copper, or silver, which s part of areplaceable assembly known asthe fis link. The fuse link is mounted in a tube of insulating material known asa fuse tube. Some expulsion fuses are designed for unde-il applications however, the most common expulsion fuses are fuse links used inopen cutouts. The Fuse tube is typically closed or restricted on one end and open on the other end. Further, the fuse tube's composition is such that under high temperature its inner walls release de-ionizing gas that assist inthe operation, To fanher explore the characteristics of expulsion fuse, iti as important ta consider the operation ofthe fuse as itis to consider the components ofthe fuse. Figure | shows how a typical expulsion fuse interupts a high cument fault by showing both the current through and the voltage across the fuse with respect to time. Beefer the system i faulted, the expulsion fuse acts as part of ths line, however, when the lines Fulied, the fuse reacts. The fuse's element heats up until it reaches itsmeling point and then breaks apt. ‘The molten ionized particles from the element initiate an are, which then bums back the remaining element and heats the fiber walls ofthe fuse tube. The heated fibers release de-onizing gases, which create pressure within the tube that causes compression and supersonic flow ofthe hot gases, which act to cooand strech the arc. The cutent, whichis cyclical in nature, continues to flow in the form ofthe arc until itreaches erocurent All ofthe current available inthe ist haf-cyceof fault current is e-through othe system during te expulsion fuse operatic, andthe expulsion fuse cannot extinguish the arc until the curent naturally crosses 220. ‘As the current wave reaches 2er0 current, the aris momentarily extinguished, Afier passing through zero, the arc may reestablish itselfatlower fault levels through the same ionized particles due tothe voltage established between the severedends ofthelink. This ‘process continues until the ano longer restrkes because the dielectric strength has built up faster than the voltage stress. Once the Bttantomer ne Line tage) = a5KVA YB (247 KV) = MIA Step 2: To begin, select a fuse amp ring We will selecta6A ELF fuse, Step 3: Verify thatthe selected fase meets thehotloadinush curent 1) 12xk=12x347A=41.64A, 2) Using the minimum melt [CC cure ofthe ELF fuse (Ref No:R240-91-43) find the curent atthe 0.1 secon point which Is approximtely qual 080. 13 The 6A fuse is greater than the hotJoad inush curren, therefore, the criteria is satisfied, Step 4: Verify that the selected fuse meets the coldoad inrush current 1) 3xh,=3x347A=1041 A, 2) Using the minimum mel TCCcurve of the ELF fuse (Ref No: R240-91-43), find the current athe 10 second point which is approximately equal to 14.4, ‘The 6A fuse is greater than the cold-load inrush curent, therefor, the criteria is satisfied, ‘Step 5: Verify thatthe selected fuse provides overload protection or thatthe fusing ratio is between 200-300% of the rated oad. Fusing Ratio= 6A fuserminimum melt cument at 300 seconds x 100% “Transformer full load curent = 9A x 100% 347A = 259% “Therefore, the loading eteria is said with the 6 A fuse, ‘We have satisfied all the required criteria for applying a 6 A ELF fuse for a three-phase, 75 kVA, 12.47 KV ovethead transformer, Selection Rutes for Typical Underground Distribution Transformer ‘The Bay-O-NevELSP fuse combination is a popular choice in the industry for underground applications. Some reasons this ‘combination isa successful underground distribution fusing package areas follows: + The fuses work together to give a full range of overcurent protection. The ELSP curent-limitng fuse has a maximum tempting rating of 50.000 A rms syenmetrical ‘© Only the Bay-O-Net fuse operates for everload current or secondary side faults. The ELSP backup fuse will not need to be replaced for these type of faults. + The Bay-O-Net ise canbe easly and quickly replaced inthe field + With he induction of Cooper Power Systems’ new High Ampere Ovesload Link and the silver-plated contact Bay-O-Net assembly, Bay-O-NeVELSP fusing possible for higher kVA distribution transformers (upto 2500 kVA). kis essential thatthe correct Bay-O-NevELSP fuse combination be used fo a given application to ensure that each fuse operates properly. The criteria for coordinating these fuses for an aplication are shown below. Note: Abways select the Bay.O-Ner expulsion fuse before selecting the ELSP backup fuse. This is important because the selection oftieBay-O-Net fuse is independent othe selection ofthe ELSP fuse. The ELSP fuse selection however depends onthe Bay-O-Net fuse choice. “4 September 1996 ‘The four types of Bay-O-Net links which Cooper Power Systems manufacturers xe: curent sensing, dual sensing, dual element, ‘and high amp overload links. For the following application example, we will use the current sensing lnk. Fist, we will select acurrent sensing Bay-O-Ne1fuse to protect three-phase, 1SOkVA, 7.2/ 12.47Y transformer, We will assume transformer impedance is 20%. Calculate the transformer ull load (,) using the following equation: 1, = The Phase Transformer kVA, 3x Transformer Line-Line Volage = 1S0kvA Bd247kV) = 69A “Tobegin, choose acurent sensing link. For this example, we will use the 15 A cunt sensing ink and will use the ISA TOC curve (Ref No: R240-91-50), Step 1: Verify that the selected fuse meets the hotoad inns cuent “The selected fuses minimum melt curent athe 0. second pint shoul be greater than 12\imes the transformer ful oad curent 2 xh, = 12x69A= 828. 2) Using the 15 A minimum melt TCC curve ofthe current sensing link, find the cuenta the 0.1 second point which is approximately equal to 120. ‘The selected 15 A fuse curent tthe 0.1 second pont is greater than the hotToad inns current, therefore, this condition i satisied, ‘Step 2: Verify thatthe selected fuse meet the coldToad inrush current. “The selected fuse’s minimum melt curren atthe 10 second point should be greater than 3 times the transformer full load curent. 1) 3xhy=3x69A=207A. 2) Using the 15.A minimum melt TCC curve ofthe curent sensing link, Sind the cuenta the 10 second point which is approximately equal 1030 A. ‘The selected 15 A fuse curent at the 10 second point is greater than the coldloadinrush current, therefore, this condition is satisfied. 15 cooker ‘Cooper Power Bee Step 3: Verify thatthe selected fuse satisfies the recommended loading. ‘Recommended loading for current sensing Bay-O-Netlinks- ‘The minimum melt curent ofthe selected fuse at 300 seconds shal be at least: ‘+ 3 times the transformer full lead current for 40 fuses or smaller ‘+ 41times te transformer fll load curent for 65 A fuses o larger ‘Recommended loading for dual sensing, dual element, and high amp overload Bay-O-Net links “The selected fuse with transformer pre-loaded to 25% of full load curent rating and an ambient temperature of 35° C should allow atleast + 200% of fll load transformer curent for two hours + 160% of ful oad transformer current fer seven hours 1) The 15 current sensing Bay-O-Net fuse has a melting current of 29.4 at 300 seconds. 2) The ISA fuse cares: Percent Loading = 29,4/69 x 100% = 426%. ‘Therefore, the selected 15 A fuse also satisfies this condition, ‘Once the proper Bay-O.-Net fuse has been selected, an ELSP backup current-limitng fuse shoud be selected that coordinates with the Bay-O-Net link. We will begin by slecting the 0 A, 15.5kV ELSP fuse. All of the following criteria must be satisfied Step 1: Caleulste the Maximum Through Fault (MTF of the transformer. MIF = MSA ‘Note: Fault eels below 345 A are exemal tothe transformer while levels above 345 Aare intemal tothe ransformer Step 2: Select an ELSP fase witha minimum melt curve that intersects the maximum clear curve of the Bay-O-Ner fuse ata current seater than the maximum through fault ofthe transformer. This i also refered to as the “crossover point ‘This step will ensure thatthe ELSP fase will operate only forcurents indicative of an internal faut, and thus of failed transformer, 1) ‘The crossoverpoint ofthe 15 A current sensing Bay-O-Net maximum clear curve andthe 50 A EL SP use minimum melt ‘curve is approximately 545.4, ‘Therefore, since tis crossover points greater than the MTF, the SOA ELSP fuse satisfies this condition. 16 September 1996 Step 3: The selected ELSP fuse's minimum melt curve should intersect the Bay-O-Netfuse’s maximum clear curve at a current greater than the minimum interupting current of the ELSP. ‘This step will ensure that the ELSP fuse is only subjected toa curent that twill be able to clear. 1) The crossover point established in Step 2 is 545 A. ‘Since this is greater than the minimum interrupting current of the ELSP, 200A, the 50 A ELSP fuse saisies this condition, ‘Step : The intersection current, as determined in Steps 1 & 2, should be of a magnitude less than the maximum interrupting rating of the Bay-O-Net fuse. ‘This ensures that the Bay-O-Net fuse will not be subjected to a rrent that is above its interrupting rating. 1) ‘The Bay-O-Net's maximum interupting rating at 15.5 KV is 2500 A symmetrical. ‘Since this is langr than the crossover point of 54S A, the criteria i satisfied with the 5O amp ELSP fuse. Step 5: The selected Bay-O-Net fuse’s maximum clear current t 300 seconds shouldbe at most 90% of the LSP fuse's minimum, smelt current at 300 seconds. ‘This wil ensure thatthe ELSP fuse will nol be damaged by long time overload curens or secondary faults, 1) The 15A Bay-O-Net fuse curent at 300 seconds is approximately qual to 37A, 2) The SOA ELSP fuse curent at 300 seconds is approximately equalto 90. “Therefore, the ratio (415s less than the required 90% and the 5OA ELSP fuse also satisfies this condition. ‘The seloction fora three-phase, 1S KVA, 72 12.47 transformer would be a 15 A current sensing link with a 15.5KV, SOA ELSP ‘use, as shown in Figure 7, 7 Figure 7: Bay-O-NevELSP Selection for the Underground Transformer [Now that we know the selection options and mules, we need to discuss coordination with other system devices to complete our discussion of transformer fusing protection FUSE-FUSE COORDINATION Its important to properly coordinate the distribution transformer fusing protection with the upstream and downstream protection devices. Fuses in series and fuses whose trip zones of protection overlap, must be properly coordinated. ‘The TOC method is very ‘accurate and is used for critical coordination areas, where actual operating variables (ambient temperature, pre-load, and pre-

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