The Fahimian Series

Implemented by

Sheikh Azizul Hakim

#11702028, Class XII
A student of Notre Dame College, Dhaka,
Bangladesh

Research took place in February, March 2016

Article 1.1: Definition of SINE of an angle

SINE is one of the six trigonometric functions of an angle. The sine of an angle is called
sin

and is defined as the ratio of the side opposite to it in a right triangle and hypotenuse of

that triangle. It has positive values when the terminal ray of the angle falls either in the first or
second quadrants, whereas the value is negative when the terminal ray is under the horizontal
axis. In the horizontal axis, the value of SINE is zero.
A
Y
AB
In this right triangle, sin AOB= OA

xx
O

Using the first principle, we can derive

d
( sin )
d

Article 1.2: Some Lemmas

Article 1.2.1: Expansion of SINE of an angle

Research took place in February, March 2016

xxap
B

= cos

Maclaurins Theorem implies,

F(x) = F(0) + xF1(0) +

x2
2 ! F2(0) +

x3
3 ! F3(0) +

x4
4 ! F4(0) +

where F1,F2,F3, are gradually derivatives of function F of 1st,2nd,3rd, order.

Therefore if we expand the SINE function, we get the below series, known as the sine series:

sin =

2 p +1

1+ p

( ) (1)
3 5 7
+ +=
3! 5 ! 7 !
(2 p+1) !
p=1

Article 1.2.2:
In any circle of radius r (OA),

if an arc of length s (AB)

makes an angle in centre,

we find
s=r

Article 2.1: Diagram

E

[Figure
C

not

Drawn to Scale]

Research took place in February, March 2016

Article 2.2: Mathematical Proceedings

Let us consider a circle XYZ of center O. A is a point on the circular curve and OA is,
therefore, a radius. D is a point over OA and the tangent drawn on OA in that point DE meets
the circle in point E. Let OA = OE = r
So, in OED , if the angle EOD is , sin =

opposite side ED ED
=
=
hypotenuse OA
r

From article 1.2.2, we know arc over radius is the angle made by the arc. So when we take arc
AB = ED, we find that AOB=sin
; [let BOE= 1]

Now, sin = AOB= AOE BOE= 1

Therefore, 1 = sin (1)
3

We know from Maclaurins theorem, sin = 3! + 5 ! 7 ! +

So, 1 =

3 5 7 9
+ +
3 ! 5 ! 7! 9 !

Lets draw a tangent EC on OB.

So, OEC is a right triangle, where sin 1 =

opposite side EC EC
=
=
hypotenuse EO
r

When we take arc BF = EC, we find that FOB = sin 1

Now FOE=
We know

= EOBFOB= 2 sin 2

13 1 5 1 7
sin 1= 1 +
+
3! 5 ! 7 !

Research took place in February, March 2016

(2)

 13 15 17 19
2=
+
+
3! 5! 7! 9!

Now we will draw a tangent on OF. Then arc will be drawn equal to that tangent. We will find
an angle equal to sin 2. Lets take

sin 2) as 3 and then 4, 5, 6 in similar manner.

(2)

1= 2+ sin 1

2= 3+ sin 2
3= 4 +sin 3
4= 5 +sin 4

...
So, (1)

sin =( 2 +sin 1 )
sin 1 2
sin 1sin 2 3
sin 1sin 2sin 3sin 4

(3)

Article No 2.3: Decision - 1

(3) implies that
=sin+ sin 1 +sin 2 +sin 3 +sin 4 + (4)

Hereby we approach to our first decision. Any angle can be written as the summation of
numerous sine ratios.
Article No 3.1: Mathematical Proceedings toward the series
=sin+ sin 1 +sin 2 +sin 3 +sin 4 +

Research took place in February, March 2016

a +1

Where

1=

+ +
3! 5! 7! 9!

a=1

And

1 3 1 5 1 7 1 9
2= +
+
3! 5! 7 ! 9!
1 a +1

a=1

(1 )b+1
=
b=1 ( 2 b+1 ) !

And

3=

((

( 2 a +1 ) (1 )a +1
( 2 a+1 ) !

a =1

2b +1

) )

23 25 27 29

+
+
3! 5 ! 7 ! 9 !
a +1

a=1

c=1

( (
(1 )c+1
( 2 c+ 1 ) !

(1 )b+1
( 2 b+1 ) !
b=1

((

( 2 a+1 ) (1 )a +1

a=1

( 2a+ 1 ) !

2 c+1

) ))
2 b+1

Now we will sum up all these according to equation (4)

Article No. 3.2: The Fahimian Series

Research took place in February, March 2016

Heres the second decision and climax of this document: The Fahimian
Series

=sin+ sin

( 2 a+1 ) (1 )a +1
(2 a+ 1 ) !

a=1

(1 )b +1
+sin
b=1 ( 2b+ 1 ) !

+sin
c=1

((

( (
(1 )c+1
( 2 c +1 ) !

a=1

( 2 a+ 1) (1 )a+1
( 2 a+1 ) !

(1 )b+1
( 2 b+1 ) !
b=1

((

2 b +1

) )

( 2 a+1 ) (1 )a+1

a=1

( 2 a+1 ) !

2 c+1

) ))
2 b+1

Article No 4.1: Experimental Proof

Let =1 radian
So, sin =0.8414709848 ( a )
1=

Now

3 5 7 9
13 15 17 19
+ + =
+ + =0.1585289903
3! 5! 7! 9!
3 ! 5 ! 7! 9 !

So, sin 1=0.15789903 (b)

2=

1 3 1 5 1 7 1 9
+
+
3! 5! 7 ! 9!

0.15852899033 0.15852899035 0.15852899037 0.15852899039

+
3!
5!
7!
9!

4
6.631764438 10

4
So, sin 2=6.63173952 10 (c)

Research took place in February, March 2016

23 25 27 29
3=
+
+
3! 5 ! 7 ! 9 !
3

( 6.631764438104 )
3!

( 6.631764438 104 )

5!

( 6.631764438 104 )
7!

( 6.631764438 104 )
9!

11
= 4.861116336 10
11
So, sin 3=4.861116336 10 ( d )

Therefore, Right Side of Equation (4) of Article 2.3 becomes,

Right Side =

1+ sin 2 +sin 3+
sin +sin

4
11
= 0.8414709848+0.15789903+6.63173952 10 + 4.861116336 10 +

= 1.00003 1
And the Left Side of that equation is also 1 as we took as one radian.

Hereby the series has been verified.

Article No. 4.2: Cautions
1. All measurements of angles should be in circular system, i. e., in radian.
2. If the nearest integer of is n, a bit more than n number of sines is to be added as
1 sin 1

3. As the right side of the series has infinite terms and each of the term itself is sum of
infinite terms, we have to be pleased with approximate result.
Article No. 4.3: Probable Usage
The Maclaurin derived sine series means that the sine ratio is nothing but summation of
numerous ratios of the angle in an odd index over the factorial of that index. This series is
derived from contexts of both calculus and trigonometry. I am not sure in which way this
series will be helpful but here I want to cite a quotation of GH Hardy: I have never done

Research took place in February, March 2016

anything 'useful'. No discovery of mine has made, or is likely to make, directly or indirectly,
for good or ill, the least difference to the amenity of the world.
Let this remain as a beauty of mathematics.

Research took place in February, March 2016