Virology 3rd Year

lecture1

College of Dentistry

Text book: Essenial Microbiology for Dentistry by

Samaranayake
Introduction
Early period of identification
Recent identification
What is virus?
Virus" is from the Greek meaning for "poison" and was initially
described by Edward Jenner in 1798.
1798.
Obligatory intracellular parasite
Smallest infectious agent
Has simple structure
Has one type of nucleic acid
Not true cell
* lacks ribosome
* mitochondria
* cell wall
* ribosome
Viral structure

Viral classification

Old classification
1

Type of host: human, animal, plant..etc

Tissue affinity: neurotropic, viscerotropic.etc
Geographical location: Coxsackie, Newcastle

Recent classification
Nature of N.A: single, double stranded DNA or RNA
Shape : icosahedra, helical, complex
Envelop: enveloped or non-enveloped
Assembly: cytoplasm, nucleus
Physical and chemical nature: size, sensitivity, dimension

Viral replication

Attachment:

Penetration

Uncoating

Replication

Assembly and Realase

Pathogenic effect on host cells

Permissive cells
1. Destruction (lysis)

2.
3.

Cell fusion (syncytia)

Inclusion bodies
2

4.

1.
2.
3.
4.

Transformation
Non permissive cells
Latent
Chronic (persistent)
Oncogenic
Slow

Viral cultivation

Cell culture
1. Organ culture: slice of organ
2. Tissue culture: fragment of minced organ
3. Cell culture:

Primary CT: variety of cells with limited growth(5-10)

Diploid CT : single type divided up to 100 times derived from
embryo

Continuous CT: single type, indefinite growth, originated

from
cancer
Cell culture serves purposes
1. Primary isolation
2. Vaccine production
3. Basic researches

Embryonated eggs
Laboratory animals

Route and spread of viral infection

Vertical (congenital) . Rubella
Viral zoonosis from animal to human, Orf
Horizontal
1. Skin route ,
warts
2. Oral route
entrovirus
3. Respiratory route
rhinovirus
4. Urogenital route (sexually transmitted) CMV
Viral spread: direct, lymphatic, viraemia, CNS, PNS
Viral Diagnosis
Viral infection diagnosed by clinical criteria??

(By the time virus isolation has been made, patient is either died or
recovered)
Importance of viral diagnosis

Management of the patient. Rubella

Management of the patients contact.. HBV
Study the effectiveness of immunization HBV, HIV
Epidemiological surveillance
* screening of blood donors
* distribution of particular virus
* investigation of new outbreak

Viral diagnostic techniques

1. Direct

Electron microscope (stool exam for Rota virus)

Detection of viral antigen in infected cell by FAT

Viral isolation in TC or lab. animals

2. Indirect
serological tests to identify unknown virus by known antibodies
(ELISA, RIA, FAT, CFT, etc
Interferons

Low m.wt proteins confer cell ability to resist viral infection

Host specific
Non specific antiviral activity

Types
Alpha IF
Beta IF
Gamma IF

leukocytes
fibroblast
lymphocytes

Mechanism of interferons
Released IF from infected cell
interact with membrane of surrounding cells resulting in the
production of:
Endonucleases: degrade RNA
Protein kinases: block initiation of protein synthesis

Viral Vaccines

Traditional approach
prevention rather than cure

great success WHO program

eradication of small pox
Why we use vaccines?

Cheaper

Prophylactic

Prevent congenital abnormalities

Control disease and eradicate it

Types of Viral Vaccines

1. Live attenuated vaccine

attenuation for human
not natural host

treated in cell culture

e.g. polio virus ;
disadvantage: revertant
shelf life
2. Killed or inactivated vaccines
safer than live e.g. Rabies
disadvantage:
complete inactivation
shelf life
3. Subunit vaccine
recombinant DNA technology
production of free N.A vaccine
e.g. HBs Ag

mutant

Viral chemotherapy
Type of viral infections
lytic
persistent
latent
Antiviral are nucleoside analogues
(precursors of DNA or RNA)

Acyclovir (zovirax): affect on herpes viruses (inhibit DNA synthesis)

Amantadine : treatment of influenza virus (prevent shedding of virus)

Ribavirin : treatment of RSV, Lassa fever (inhibit binding of mRNA to

ribosome)

AZT
act on reverse transcriptase of HIV

Viriods

Smallest agents

Cause plant disease

Naked, closed circular ss RNA
Replicate using host cell enzymes
Not associated with human disease

Prions
(proteinaceous infectious particles)

Cause disease of long i.p.

Neither viruses nor viriods

Do not have either DNA or RNA

Ability to self replicate

Cause scrapie (CNS dis. of sheep)

Resistant to heat & chemicals

Transmitted to animals by ingestion

Neurological transmission has been reported

Prions induced diseases

Kuru
fatal neurological disease

Creutzfeldt-jakob
chronic encephalopathy
** prions replicate first in lymph tissue
vacuoles
spongy like appearance

brain

intracellular

Prevention & dental implication

No treatment or vaccines

Not consuming susceptible food

Disposable equipments in dental practice should be incinerated
Autoclave instruments at 131 for 18 min.