TUTORIAL CHAPTER 1

a) Write equations representing the following processes:

i)
ii)

The electron affinity of S-.

The third ionization energy of aluminium.

b) Pauling's electronegativity values of the first twenty elements are given below:

i)
ii)
iii)

Give reasons for the trend in the electronegativity values of elements across a
period and down a group in the periodic table.
Arrange the compounds HF, CS2, SCI2 and AICI3 in order of increasing bond
polarity,
Give an example of a nonpolar molecule with polar bonds. Draw the molecular
geometry and show the direction of the bond dipoles.

c) Use Fajans' rule to account for the fact that Fe(OH)2 is more soluble than Fe(OH)3
d) What do you understand by the term ionization energy? Write the equations to
describe the process of forming Ca2+ ion from an isolated atom. Comment on the
difference in energy, if any.
e) Differentiate between electronegativity and electron affinity. Describe the periodic
trends in electronegativities and electron affinities of the elements both across a
period and down a group. State the reasons for these trends.
f) Arrange the following chemical bonds from the least to the most polar in nature. P-CI,
S-CI, K-CI, O-CI, AI-CI
g) Given the following molecules: AICI3, SiCI4, PCI3
i)
ii)

For each of the molecules, state whether it has a zero or nonzero

dipole moment,
Draw the molecular geometry of the one with a nonzero dipole
moment, showing thedirections of all the bond dipoles.

h) What is Fajans' rule? Use the rule to explain the fact that potassium iodide has a
lower melting point than potassium chloride.
i) Atoms of elements X, Y and Z have the following electron configurations:
X: 1s22s22p63s23p4 Y: 1 s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 Z: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2
i)

Choose the atom with the smallest first ionization energy and give reason(s)
for your choice.

ii)
j)

Write equations to describe the process of forming X2- ion. What can you
expect of the energy involved in adding the second electron and why?

The nature of bonding in substances depends partly on the electronegativities of the

atoms concerned.
i)
ii)
iii)

Define electronegativity.
Explain the periodic trend of electronegativities of elements, both across a
period and down a group.
Rank the following bonds in order of increasing ionic character. Cl-O, Mg-O,
O-O, C-0

k) Pajans' rule emphasizes the importance of polarizing power and polarizability of ions
to explain the covalency of ionic bond.
i)
ii)

What do you understand by the terms 'polarizing power' and 'polarizability' of

ions
Based on Fajans' rule explain why the conductivity of HgCI2 is lower than that
of CaCI2.