Religion

Colonial Era
Maryland: created by the Calvert family as a safe haven for all Catholics; religious
toleration (Maryland Toleration Act) for all Christians to encourage more settlement
Plymouth: Pilgrims (separatist Puritans) established colony with Mayflower Compact
Massachusetts Bay: governor John Winthrop (Puritan) wanted city on a hill;
developed a citizen democracy but banished dissenters (non-Puritans)
Connecticut: leader Thomas Hooker; drafted the Fundamental Orders which were
similar to MA Bay but expanded political colonies
Rhode Island: Roger Williams, a separatist Puritan and dissenter from MA Bay
Colony, formed new colony with greater separation of church and state
New Hampshire: founded by supporters of Anne Hutchinson and other Puritans
Pennsylvania: Quakers (dissenters), led by William Penn, established a colony
emphasizing power in the individual
The Great Awakening (1734-1740s)
o Jonathan Edwards (credited with starting Great Awakening)
o Idea of New Light to absolve sins and pay penance by praying for salvation
o George Whitefield (undermined power and prestige of Old Light)
o Common experience for all colonists through large-scale revivals
o New sects of Protestantism formed (i.e. Methodists and Baptists)
o New universities founded (i.e. Dartmouth, Princeton)
Antebellum Period
The Second Great Awakening (1820s)
o New Calvinists had a gentler approach to regain followers; preached free will
and abandoned the idea of predestination
o Charles Finney: emotional preacher; said people could salve themselves
through good works and faith in God
o Methodists and Baptists became largest denominations in the US
o New religious converts were mostly from the middle class
Perfectionism: humankind had the potential to be perfect like Jesus through faith, hard
work, education, and temperance
Anti-Slavery movement was born from Second Great Awakening (slavery=sinful)
Mormonism:
o Joseph Smith founded in 1830 after seeing angel Moroni in 1823
o Founded Mormon community in Nauvoo, IL where he was murdered
o Brigham Young succeeded him and led followers to Utah. They were admitted
to the union only after outlawing polygamy
Transcendentalism: American version of European Romanticism movement
o Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau (Walden)
o Established Brook Farm, a utopian community for transcendentalists
Shakers: Mother Ann Lee established a celibate community

Oneida Community: founded by John Humphrey Noyes in 1848. Equality of all

members; free sexual relations to produce morally perfect kids; shared everything
Late 19th Century
Social Gospel Reform Movement: Christians have an obligation to improve the lives
of the less fortunate, helped bring on the Progressive movement
Roaring Twenties
Harlem Renaissance: black culture movement; led to new perception of blacks; jazz
musicians (Louis Armstrong) became very popular
Scopes Trial: John Scopes, a bio teacher, was arrested and brought to trial in 1925;
lawyer Clarence Darrow from ACLU defended him vs. William Jennings Bryan, a
fundamendalist Christian; despire Darrows superior arguments, Scopes was found
guilty (although the decision was later overturned)

Wars
The

French and Indian War (1756-1763)

Same as the Seven Years War in Europe (colonists called it F&I war)
Britain and France argued over control of Ohio River Valley and other nearby land
Albany Plan (Ben Franklin)- called for confederation of colonies to provide defense
o Rejected by colonies (too restrictive) and Britain (too much freedom)
William Pitt became prime minister of Britain shift in fighting to Canada
Peace of Paris, 1763- British took control of French Canada and Spanish Florida
This war and other conflicts more salutary neglect gave colonists more freedom
to develop their own systems of govt, econ networks, and ideologies
Significance
o British were dominant power in America (no more threat of attack)
o British not impressed with colonists fighting and didnt think they could
adequately defend themselves but colonists were proud of their victory
o DEBT (British financially tight but colonists didnt want to pay)
o End of salutary neglect

The French Revolution (1789-1793)

US had to decide whether to be loyal to France (and honor Franco-American Alliance)
even though the French Revolution was bloody and ruthless or to remain neutral
(didnt want to mess up delicate relationship w/ Britain)
Jefferson: sided with the French
Hamilton: remain neutral b/c trade with Britain is crucial
Neutrality Proclamation of 1793: Jefferson and France both angry
French and British began seizing US ships and impressing sailors
Jays Treaty: John Jay was sent to resolve issues of impressment but he only got the
British to remove their forts in the west. Angered Dem-Reps and the French which just
made impressment worse
Tripolitan War (1801-1805)
Barbary pirates demanded a much higher protection fee when Jefferson came to office
and he refused to pay it, instead, he sent a small fleet of naval ships to stop the pirates
The small American force was able to put a dent in the pirates and gave US credibility
The War of 1812 (1812-1814)
War Hawks: Republican reps from the south and west wanted a war w/ Britain b/c
they thought it would clear their influence (including Henry Clay and John Calhoun)
Anti-War: the majority of Americans, mainly New Englanders, but War Hawks
amassed enough people to override them
British Invasion of Canada: US was no match for Britains navy; US was crushed
Francis Scott Key wrote Star Spangled Banner which became Natl Anthem

Battle of New Orleans: completely unnecessary despite impressive US victory; but

Andrew Jackson emerged as war hero
Treaty of Ghent: ended fighting, territory returned, Canada-US boundary set
Mexican-American War (1846-1848)
Mexico angry about US annexation of Texas (1844) and demanded it back
Polk sent Slidell to tell Mexico that the US would honor Nueces River boundary and
wanted to purchase California. Anticipating a less-than-thrilled response, Polk sent
Gen. Taylor to disputed boundary at Rio Grande River in 1846
Congress voted to declare war, but the nation was divided about the decision
Wilmot Proviso: slavery banned in any new lands acquired from Mexico; not passed
Bear Flag Republic: CA declared independent, eventually admitted to Union
Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo (1848): US got CA and most of southwest (including
NM, AZ, UT, and NV). US gave Mexico $15M
Civil War (1861-1865)
Southern states seceded after Lincoln was elected president
Northern Advantages: more manpower, larger industrial capacity, better transportation
(RRs, ports, etc.), centralized/established govt, better marine and navy,
wealthier/better econ, factory lifestyles made a more disciplined army
Southern Advantages: strategic advantages (defensive war so needed less troops and
easier objective) high morale, well-trained generals and army, terrain (few land-locked
regions, home field advantage w/ shorter supply lines)
Both sides had trouble using only volunteer soldiers so they had to issue conscriptions
(led to New York Draft Riots in the north)
Bull Run/Manassas: north realized this was going to be a long war
Anaconda Plan: Union plan by Winfield Scott to wear down Confed gradually.
1. Union Navy would blockade all Southern ports
2. Split Confed by taking control of Mississippi River
3. Cut through heart of South by marching thru Georgia
4. Capture Richmond (Confed capital)
Second Battle of Bull Run (1862): Confed victory (Gen. Robert E. Lee)
Antietam (1862): bloodiest battle, turning point for Union b/c Lees men forced to
retreat and Confed loses all hope of getting foreign aid. Lincoln furious that McClellan
didnt pursue them, McClellan fired.
o Emancipation Proclamation: Lincoln could issue it after this victory
o War shifts from offensive war to total war to rectify a moral wrong (slavery)
Battle of Vicksburg (1863): another turning point for Union, by the end Gen Ulysses
Grant (Union) controls all of the Mississippi River and surrounding regions
Battle of Gettysburg (1863): Confed couldnt recover from losses and retreated;
Confeds no longer had enough strength to take offensive
Shermans March to the Sea (1864): Gen William Tecumseh Sherman led troops in
scorched-earth policy march to force the south to surrender by inflicting misery
Appomattox Court House: South surrenders, Lincoln assassinated soon after
Long Term-Effects

o Shift of political ideology from states rights protection supreme fed govt
o Concept of democracy was expanded
o Economically devastating for South, industrial boom for North (shift to
industrialization)

Spanish-American War (1898)

Started when Spanish minister insulted McKinley and then the USS Maine exploded
in Havana Harbor
McKinley reluctant to declare war Teller Amendment (assured Cuba and the
world that the US intended to grant Cuba independence one the war ended)
Fighting started in the Philippines
o Manila Bay and Colonel Dewey: US won by convincing revolutionary Emilio
Aguinaldo to assist in the fighting in exchange for Filipino independence
Cuba: difficult b/c of the disease and inexperienced American forces
o San Juan Hill: most celebrated American victory
After Cuba, US goes for Puerto Rico. Unwilling to fight, Spanish sign a cease-fire
Peace Treaty
o US gets Guam (Pacific island) and Puerto Rico (Caribbean)
o Philippines: McKinley torn, ultimately decides to keep it and deal with it later
Platt Amendment: replaced Teller Amendment; Cuba had to have all treaties
approved by US, Us had the right to interfere in Cuban affairs (pol & mil), and US
could use all bases on the island (no independence for Cuba at all)
World War I (1914-1918)
At first US econ was devastated (b/c Euro nations collected debt in specie) but later
Britain and France began to depend on American for munitions and food boost
Lusitania: German U-Boats sunk it w/ US passengers, US mad but Wilson unwilling
to declare war so he issues stern warning
Sussex Ultimatum: Germany sunk another ship w/US passengers US warned
Germany to stop or US would break off all diplomatic relations; signaled US
willingness to go to war; Germany agreed if US convinced Britain to lift blockade
Zimmerman Telegram: German govt promised Mexican president that if they
helped w/war against US, Germany would help them get back lost territory
Wilsons Fourteen Points: abolishment of secret treaties, freedom of the seas, econ
freedom, arms reduction, end of colonization, self-determination for everyone, and
formation of an international organization for collective security
War Industries Board: headed by Baruch; controlled production, wages, and prices
of manufactured goods to help manage the war effort
Selective Service Act (1917): conscription, got enough men to relieved Allies
Treaty of Versailles (1919):
o Big Four (US, Britain, France, Italy) were at conference
o Wilson wanted his 14 points, but had to make compromises to get his main
goal, the League of Nations in Article X
o Henry Cabot Lodge rallied others opposed to ratification to vote against the
treaty; his efforts were ultimately successful and US didnt join League

World War II (1939-1945)

FDR passed Selective Service Act in 1940, the first peacetime war draft
Hitler and Sudetenland appeasement in 1938
Hitler violates treaty and invades Poland (blitzkrieg) Britain and France drawn
into war through support of Poland
Neutrality Act of 1939 and cash and carry policy
Destroyers for Bases Agreement (US gives Britain old naval ships, US can build
military bases on the British-held Caribbean islands)
Lend-Lease Policy (1941): would provide Britain with US war materials on loan
Atlantic Charter: Winston and Churchill, declared that the self-determination of
peoples and free trade would be the cornerstone of a fascism-free world
Four Freedoms (speech, religion, no want, no fear)
Pearl Harbor (Dec 1941): surprise attack US declared war on Japan Germany
and Italy declared war on US
Executive Order 9066: Japanese internment
Operation Torch (May 1943): Allies won North African theatre
Tehran (Nov 1943): Big Three planned D-Day, disagreements btwn West & Soviets
Operation Overlord (D-Day): allied invasion of Normandy to liberate France
Battle of the Bulge (Dec 1944): allied push into Belgium, continued on to Germany
Yalta (Feb 1945): finalize post-war Europe plans. Free eastern Europe w/free
elections, framework for UN, division of Germany into 4 occupied military zones
o FDR had died, so Truman was now representing the US and the British had
elected a different prime minister (Clement Attlee)
Hiroshima & Nagasaki (Aug 1945): unwilling to risk many American lives, Truman
decided to use an atomic bomb. Little Boy was dropped on Hiroshima and Fat
Man was dropped on Nagasaki 3 days later. Japan finally surrendered
Korean War (1950-1951)
Communist North Koreans invaded US-supported South over 38th parallel
UN authorized US police action to liberate South Korea (no formal war)
General MacArthur pushed troops back up but was surprised by Chinese forces
MacArthur ignored Trumans wishes and demanded to finish the war, he was removed
Ended in a stalemate; Communists in North, Nationalists in South
Vietnam War (1959-1975)
Diem was assassinated lots of coups making the govt very unstable
Robert McNamara (LBJs Sec of State) urged forceful action
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution: gave LBJ increased power to wage war
Operation Rolling Thunder (1965): US bombing of Northern Vietnam
Ho Chi Minh Trail: linked South Vietnamese Vietcong fighters with North
Vietnamese supply lines; US focused on destroying it
Tet Offensive: massive Vietcong attack on US; changed public view of war to against
it; LBJ decided not to run for reelection b/c he became unpopular

Nixon begins Vietnamization (move out US troops and have S. Vietnamese fight)
Nixon secretly bombs Cambodia in 1970 Kent State University riots (Ohio)
War Powers Act: Congress passed it after learning about the secret Cambodia
bombings; it severely limited the presidents power to wage war w/out legislature
My Lai Massacre: US soldiers killed Vietnamese women and children (1968)
Daniel Ellsberg leaks that Gulf of Tonkin incident was false (LBJ lied)
Henry Kissinger (Sec of State) meets secretly with the NV to negotiate a settlement;
NV regain control of South, US pulls out troops in exchange for prisoners of war
Saigon falls in Apr 1975 (2 years after the last US troops pulled out)

Yom

Kippur War (1973)

War broke out between Israel and a coalition of Arab states led by Egypt and Syria
Nixon sends military aid to Israel which helped a lot; war over quickly
OPEC (Organization for Petroleum Exporting Countries) initiated an embargo of oil
exports to the US as punishment for its involvement
US gas shortage devastated econ, deep recession, growing inflation

Cold

War (1947-1991)
Under Truman, US trues to use containment to stop the spread of Communism
Atomic arms race (Soviets explode atomic bomb so US builds hydrogen bomb)
Under Eisenhower, US uses brinksmanship to push the Soviets to the brink of
nuclear war, forcing them to back down and make concessions
Iran: US staged a coup that lead to the return of an evil Shah
Soviet Sputnik in 1957 Congress allocates millions to schools and universities and
Eisenhower creates NASA in 1958 to compete directly in space race
Dtente: relazing of tensions among US, Soviets, and China
Nixon visits China (1972) he recognizes the Chinese Revolution and supports their
UN bid to join
SALT I (1972): between US and USSR; both nations reduce the number of nuclear
missiles in exchange for the US supplying the Soviets with grain for 3 years
Strategic Defense System: physically impossible weapon used as a scare tactic for the
USSR that put a lot of pressure on their econ to keep up with the arms race
Gorbachev becomes leader of USSR and initiates 2 new reforms
o Glasnost: openness, designed to rid country of laws limiting freedoms
o Perestrokia: restructuring, aimed at opening up the once-closed Soviet econ
to free-market mechanisms
Gorbachev also decided to cease the arms buildup and shift towards a new vision
In Dec 1987, Reagan and Gorbachev signed a treaty ridding the world of intermediaterange missiles
Soviets in a financial crisis, Iron curtain was starting to break down, Berlin Wall was
town down by a crowd in Oct 1989
Estonia, Lithuanaia, and Latvia declare independence in Spring 1990
Soviet Union collapsed on Christmas Day, 1991

START I (1991): drastically reduced the number of nuclear warheads in US & USSR
START II (1993): further reduced the number of warheads, with added promise to aid
the Russian econ

Women
Colonial Era (1600s-1700s)
Confined to domestic sphere; responsible for care of the homestead and child rearing
People married and had children younger b/c more kids meant more hands on the farm
Very few rights or legal recourses but they were protected by their husbands
o North: many legal barriers, status only through church
o South: could improve status through marriage
Frontier women: lonely and isolated, no church for socializing
City women: wealthy had leisurely lives with little domestic work
Daughters of Liberty (started to take a slightly more vocal role)
Jeffersonian Era & Antebellum Period (1800s)
Impacts of the War of 1812: when men left to fight in the war, they returned home to
find that their wives and daughters had run the family farms and business well, leaving
women more self confident and less submissive
Republican Motherhood: the idea that women needed to be properly educated
because only independent-minded women could raise the informed and self-reliant
citizens that a republican govt required spread of female literacy. By 1850, the
number of literate men and women was equal
Cult/Ideal of Domesticity: womens roles were clearly defined as homemakers and
mothers; started after industrialization b/c decline in part time work and rise of factory
labor made the home a quiet haven away from competitive work world (no longer
necessary for women to work in both the fields and the home)
Politics: women started to voice opinions through festivals/parades but people still
opposed women having a role in politics/democracy despite universal male suffrage
Frontier: people more open to change; lifestyle requirements gave women more rights
but lifestyle put huge strain on women who had to do mens work too, no social life
Work: began to work in factories but replaced by Irish immigrants (cheaper)
Religion: more women than men, helped women cope with unpredictability, expanded
their social circle, increased chance of marriage
Marriage: based on affection, not arranged, which meant uncertain future; divorce
was made a little easier but still rare
Reform Movements: middle-class women were very active in limiting or prohibiting
alcohol consumption (temperance); Dorothea Dix crusaded for the improvement of
mental health institutions; William Lloyd Garrison let women participate in the
Antislavery Society and Liberty Party, even though it split the abolitionist movement
Womens Rights Movement
o Sarah and Angelina Grinke voiced feminist opinions against male dominance
from within abolitionist movement in 1837

o Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Susan B. Anthony

o Seneca Falls Convention and Declaration of Sentiments (1848)

The Gilded Age (1860s-1900)

Changes directly due to war
o Women became moneymakers during war and when their husbands died or
deserted them after the war, they became the heads of household
o Played a critical role on battlefield as nurses
o Opened the doors for women and gave them the courage to fight for suffrage
o Abolitionist movement overshadowed womens rights/temperance attempts
Industrial age gave women more independence, but they married later in life (if at all)
and had fewer kids, divorce common, still no voice in politics
Settlement House Movement: started by educated, middle-class, female activists who
sought to better society through volunteerism (Hull House & Jane Addams)
Womens Christian Temperance Movement: Frances Willard and Carrie Nation,
advocated prohibition b/c they thought it would cure societys ills
National American Woman Suffrage Association: Elizabeth Cady Stanton and
Susan B. Anthony, slow gains but some states allowed women to vote by 1900
Progressive Era (1900-1917)
Fewer children led to decrease in role of woman as mother and homemakers
Women began working in factories (usually textiles)
Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire reforms in working conditions
NAWSA and Carrie Chapman Catt (suffrage is crucial for protection)
National Womens Party and Alice Paul (radical splinter group of NAWSA)
19th Amendment: womens suffrage (thanks to Catts argument to Wilson)
Roaring Twenties (1920s)
Cult of domesticity still a reality for women, especially middle-class
Vacuum cleaner and dishwasher lots of spare time
Young women broke away from Victorian styles
Flappers: bobs, short skirts, revealing legs, drank alcohol, danced the Charleston
Increase in divorce rate
Attendance in school is compulsory until age 16 opened door for college
Margaret Sanger and birth control, advocated more open discussions of sex stuff
Great Depression (1930s)
Many husbands deserted families, leaving women to care for kids alone
World War II (1940s)
Womens Army Corps, Women Appointed for Voluntary Emergency Service, and
Womens Auxiliary Ferrying Squadron all let women assist in the war effort
Office of War Informations produced propaganda specifically targeting women that
glorified their war work (Rosie the Riveter)

The

Fifties and Turbulent Times (1950s-1960s)

Women expected to take care of baby boom generation
Homemaking becomes a profession and working moms looked down upon
Alcoholism and depression were on the rise with women
The Feminine Mystique (1963) by Betty Friedan encouraged women to leave
homemaking behind and pursue fulfillment outside the home

Feminist Movement (mid 1960s)

Counterculture sexual revolution (gender roles and relationship view softened)
Birth control poll more sexual freedom
National Organization for Women in 1966 by Betty Friedan
Civil Rights Act of 1964 makes discrimination on the basis of gender illegal
Equal Rights Amendment passed by Congress in 1972 but not enough states ratified it
Modern Era (1970s and beyond)
Sandra Day OConnor becomes first woman on the Court

Court Cases
Marbury vs. Madison (1803): Marshall (Federalist) ruled in favor of Madison (Dem-Rep),
which strengthened legitimacy of SC; established Judicial Review
McCulloch vs. Maryland (1819): federal govt had implied power to establish the BUS and
that a state had no right to tax a federal institution; fed laws > state laws; end of federalism
Gibbons vs. Ogden (1824): no monopolies (in direct conflict with commerce clause)
Cherokee Nation vs. Georgia (1831): Native Americans were not a sovereign foreign nation
and therefore hhad no right to sue for jurisdiction over its homelands
Worchester vs. Georgia (1832): states cannot infringe on a tribes sovereignty, thus nullifying
Georgias laws within Cherokee territory
Munn vs. Illinois (1876): corporations are free from regulation by state govts
United States vs. EC Knight (1895): commerce clause of constitution excludes manufacturing
(basically made Sherman Antitrust Act useless)
In re Debs (1895): use of court injunctions to break strikes was justified in the support of
interstate commerce (fed govt essentially gave employers permission to destroy labor unions)
Schneck vs. United States (1919): upheld Espionage Act by stating Congress had the right to
limit the right of free speech if it represented a clear and present danger
Schechter vs. United States (1935): declared NRA unconstitutional
Engele v. Vitale (1962): ban on school prayer
Baker v. Carr (1962): one person = one vote, so more legislative representation for city
district than rural area; most far-reaching but least controversial
Gideon v. Wainright (1963): all citizens get legal counsel if possible jail time
Griswold v. CT (1964): overturned old law banning sale & promotion of contraceptives; high
burden to prove for censorship
Miranda v. Arizona (1966): established Miranda rights (informed of crime, right to remain
silent, right to an attorney which will be provided if criminal cannot afford)
Nixon vs. United States (1974): Watergate Hotel (Dem Party Natl HQ) break-in was linked
to Nixon admin; Nixon resigns b/c he doesnt want to be impeached; Oval Office tapes that he
had been protecting for on long were finally released and they were the smoking gun
linking the president to the scandal

Elections
Election of 1800: Jefferson
Jefferson (Dem-Rep) vs. John Adams (Fed)
Jefferson won, but he tied with his running mate Aaron Burr
House of Reps had to pick; sided with Jefferson
Led to creation of 12th Amendment (specified votes for Prez and VP)
Peaceful transfer of power from Feds to Dem-Reps (unprecedented); showed
democracy could be strong
Election of 1824: J.Q. Adams
J.Q. Adams vs. Andrew Jackson vs. Henry Clay vs. William Crawford
Messy election and four-way split meant that no candidate had majority
Corrupt Bargain made JQ Adams president and Clay Sec of State
Election of 1828: Jackson
J.Q. Adams (Natl Rep) vs. Andrew Jackson (Democrat)
Messy election; lots of name-calling and mudslinging
Election of 1840: Harrison
Van Buren (Dem) vs. Harrison (Whig)
Log Cabin Election, Whig slogan Tippecanoe and Tyler too
Harrison won but died only a month into his term, leaving Tyler to takeover
Election of 1848: Taylor
Taylor (Whig) vs. Cass (Dem) vs. Van Buren (FSP)
Free Soil Party: encouraged by Wilmot Proviso, opposed expansion of slavery
Cass: proposed pop sov
Election of 1860: Lincoln
Lincoln (Rep): broad platform including no expansion of slavery (but can remain
where it already exists), a protective tariff, rights for immigrants, a transcontinental
RR, fed govt sponsored internal improvements, free homesteads
Douglas (N. Dem): pop sov everywhere, no tariff, transcontinental RR (w/ Chicago as
terminal), enforcement of FSL
Breckinridge (S. Dem): slavery everywhere, no tariff, state internal improvements,
enforcement of FSL, restrict immigrants
Bell (Constitutional Union): hoped to pull enough votes away from the Reps to keep
the South from seceding; supported expansion of slavery and Dred Scott Decision
Lincoln won with only northern votes SC secedes, followed by 6 more states
Congressional Elections of 1866: Republicans (both moderate and
radical) gained more than a 2/3 majority by waving the bloody shirt

Election of 1876: Hayes

Hayes (Rep) vs. Tilden (Dem)
Tilden won popular vote but there was a problem with the Electoral College votes
Committee was sent to investigate, ended in the Compromise of 1877 (Hayes could be
president if the last remaining troops were taken out of South Caroline, Florida, and
Louisiana) End of Reconstruction
Election of 1896: McKinley
William Jennings Bryan (silver Dem) vs. Cleveland (gold Dem) vs. McKinley (Rep)
WJB wowed crowed an Dem. Natl Convention with Cross of Gold speech, won
nomination and became pro-silver spokesperson
Cleveland and pro-gold people were disgusted w/ the new party direction and split
McKinley was pro-gold and easily took presidency b/c Dem party split
Battle of the Standards election
McKinley Assassination. Theodore Roosevelt becomes president in
1901; Progressive Era officially begins when he is sworn in
Election of 1912: Wilson
Taft (Rep) vs. TR (Progressive) vs. Wilson (Dem) vs. Eugene Debs (Socialists)
Taft prosecuted US Steel (a trust) even though TR liked the company; TR took it
personally and decided to run again but Taft took the Rep nomination
TR formed Progressive party with New Nationalism and stole most of Tafts voters
Wilson countered TR with New Freedom and won b/c Rep party split
Election of 1940: FDR
FDR (Dem) vs. Willkie (Rep)
FDR broke Washingtons precedent and ran for a 3rd term
Election of 1960: Kennedy
JFK (Dem) vs. Nixon (Rep)
Catholic issue: ppl afraid that Pope could control JFK; addressed issue head on in
speech and says he believes rmly in separation of church and state, crushes argument
Debates: 1st televised presidential debates; perception matters: tired looking
(makeup-less) Nixon loses support even though radio listeners thought Nixon had won
Election of 1964: Johnson
LBJ (Dem) vs. Goldwater (Rep, but really Libertarian) vs. Wallace (segregationist)
LBJ wins w/ Great Society platform (no poverty or discrim, very liberal agenda)

Election of 1968: Nixon

Humphrey (Dem) vs. Nixon (Rep) vs. Wallace (Am. Independent)
o Robert Kennedy (Dem) won at convention but was assassinated before election
o LBJ decides not to run after losing most of his support after the Tet Offensive
Democratic National Convention: antiwar protestors were furious with Humphreys
nomination b/c they believed he was pro-war; Chicago police harassed and beat
protesters huge riot; public was horrified by police brutality
Election of 1976: Carter
Ford (Rep) vs. Carter (Dem)
Carter was a conservative Dem from the South; won by getting 97% of black votes
Election of 1980: Reagan
Reagan (Rep) vs. Carter (Dem)
Reagan asked Are you better off now than you were for years ago and wins w/ lots
of support from blue collar voters
Carter loses reelection b/c of boycott of 1980 Olympic games in USSR, Iran hostage
crisis failed rescue attempts, combined with failure to fix stagflation
Ends 50 years of Democratic dominance in Congress
Election of 1984: Reagan
Reagan (Rep) vs. Mondale (Dem)
Mondale has first woman running mate, Geraldine Ferraro

Presidential Programs/Campaigns
Square Deal Theodore Roosevelt, 1900-1908
Trust-busting (ex: Northern Securities Company)
Increasing govt regulation of business
Giving labor a fair chance
Promoting environmental conservation
Taft continued TRs trust busting policies
New Nationalism Theodore Roosevelt, never implemented
Counter plan to Wilson in 1912 election
Govt has larger role in business regulations
Women can vote
Federal assistance programs to needy Americans
New Freedom Woodrow Wilson, 1912-1920
Counter plan to TR in 1912 election
Smaller, reformed govt
Less big business influence
Support for entrepreneurs and small businesses
Wanted to break the triple wall of privilege: high tariffs, unfair banking, and trusts
New Frontier JFK, 1960-1963
Domestic policy with promises of equality, fill employment, and financial aid
Most legislative attempts were blocked by conservatives until after his assassination
Great Society LBJ, 1963-1968
Expand civil rights and eliminate poverty (continue New Deal)
New Federalism Nixon, 1970
Wanted to dismantle parts of Johnsons Great Society but didnt get the chance
Wanted to go back to before the New Deal
Moved some of the responsibility for social programs from fed govt to states
Block grants to local govts to do as they saw fit
Reagan Revolution Reagan, 1980
Lower taxes, smaller govt, and a stronger military
Rejected Keynesian economics and adopted a supply-side (trickle-down) model

Political Parties
Federalists
Pro-constitution but loose interp.
Strong central govt
Expand federal role in econ through
assumption of state debt, excise taxes,
tariffs on imports, etc.
Expand manufacturing and business
Create National bank
Pro-English (mostly)
Northern merchants w/ close ties to
British trade networks
Washington and Hamilton
Alien & Sedition Acts combined with split in
party over war with France led to their
downfall. Party dies in 1815 with Harford
Convention but ideology is carried to
National Republicans

Anti-Federalists
Opposed to constitution
Strong states rights with a weak
federal govt
Expand agriculture
Small Southern farms or western
homesteads (Virginia)
Became the Democratic-Republicans, aka
Jeffersonian Republicans

Dem-Reps
Limit central govts power
Against tariffs, excise taxes, and other
econ intrusions by govt
Strong states rights
Strict constitutionalists
Pro-French
Jefferson
Dem-Rep party split after Election of 1824.
Supporters of JQA & Clay became Natl
Reps and supporters of Jackson became
Dems

National Republicans
Leadership role for federal govt
American System govt does
internal improvements
National Bank (useful & necessary)
Directly opposed to Andrew Jackson
Supported Henry Clay and JQA

Jacksonian Democrats
Fed govt should be as inactive as
possible
States responsible for internal
improvements
Destroy National Bank (evil)

Whigs die around 1850

Party splits into Northern and Southern Democrats.

Northern Democrats join Republican Party.

Republicans
Combination of Whigs, Northern
Democrats, Free Soilers, and KnowNothings (basically northerners)

Democrats
Southern Jacksonian Democrats