Chapter # 1 : Introduction To Chemistry

Q#1 : Explain the scientific approach in studying Chemistry.

Ans : Scientific Approach In Chemistry.
Scientific approach has developed through a systematic method of studying also called scientific approach
to study. It includes.
(a) Observation :
Observation is the critical examination of a phenomena in order to extract a new point from it. Observation
is a basic tool to go forth for elaborating a phenomena.
(b) Hypothesis :
When a phenomena is observed a scientist ponders & carries out experiments to give a possible explanation.
This explanation which is only a trial idea is called hypothesis.
(c) Theory :
Theory is a scientifically accepted idea or principle to explain a phenomena. When the hypothesis is
supported by a large amount of different types of observation & experiments then it becomes a theory.
(d) Scientific Law :
A theory which is tested again and again and found to fit the facts and from which valid predictions may be
made is then known as scientific law or principle.
Q#2 : Define chemistry and explain its branches.
Ans : Chemistry :
Chemistry is the branch of science that deals with the properties , composition and structure of matter.
Chemistry also deals with the changes involved in the matter. It also deals with the principles governing the
changes which matter may undergo.
Branches of Chemistry :
(a) Physical Chemistry :
It is the branch of chemistry that deals with the laws and the principles governing the combination of
atoms and molecules in chemical reaction.
(b) Organic Chemistry :
It is the branch of chemistry that deal with carbon compounds with exception of CO 2 , CO , metal
carbonates , bicarbonates and carbides. Actually it is the chemistry of hydrocarbons and their derivatives.
(c) In-Organic Chemistry :
It is the branch of chemistry that deals with the chemistry of elements and their compounds generally
obtained from non-living organisms i.e. from minerals.
(d) Analytical Chemistry :
It is the branch of chemistry that deals with the study of the methods and techniques involved to
determine the kind , quality and quantity of various components in a given substance.
(e) Bio Chemistry :
It is the branch of chemistry that deals with the compounds of living organisms i.e. plants and animals and
their metabolism in the living body.

(f) Industrial Chemistry :

It is the branch of chemistry that deals with the study of different chemical processes involved in the
chemical industries for the manufacture of synthetic products like glass , cement , paper , soda ash ,
fertilizers , medicine etc.
(g) Nuclear Chemistry :
It is the branch of chemistry that deal with the study of changes occurring in the nuclei of atom
accompanied by the emission of invisible radiations.
(h) Environmental Chemistry :
It is the branch of chemistry that deals with the study of interaction of chemical materials and their effect
on the environment of animals and plants.
(i) Polymeric Chemistry :
It is the branch of chemistry that deals specially with the study of polymerization and the products
obtained through the process of polymerization such as plastics , synthetic fibers , papers etc.
Q#3 : Explain the role of chemistry in society. OR What is the importance of studying Chemistry?
Ans : Role Of Chemistry In Society :
The role of chemistry in society is very vital following examples are :
(a) Medicine :
With the help of chemistry scientists developed many useful drugs to treat patients and cure diseases.
(b) Fuel For Power :
Organic Chemistry helped in discovery of many useful hydrocarbons and petrochemicals that have helped
us to generate energy , our modern world is now depended upon such fuel for power.
(c) Increased Food :
Chemical fertilizers help to increase the yield of crops to give us more food to eat. With improve medicines
we have also improved the cattle farming and live stock.
Q#4 : Explain the work of following Muslim Scientists :
1) Jabir Bin Hayan
2) Al Razi
3) Al Beruni

4) Ibne-Sina

Ans : Jabir Bin Hayan :

1. He was known as father of chemistry.
2. He invented experimental methods for the preparation of nitric acid , hydrochloric acid and white lead.
3. He also developed methods for dyeing cloths and the extraction of metals from their ores.
Al Razi :
1. He was a physician , alchemist , philosopher and an expert surgeon.
2. He was the first to use opium as an anesthesia.
3. He divided the substances into living and non-living origins ( organic and in-organic compounds ).
4. He prepared ethyl alcohol by fermentation.
Al Beruni :
1. He contributed in chemistry , physics , meta-physics , mathematics , geography and history.
2. In the field of chemistry he determined the densities of different substances.
3. Beruni also devised his own method of determining the radius of the earth by means of the observation
of the height of a mountain

Ibne Sina :
1. He contributed in the field of medicine , medicinal chemistry , philosophy , mathematics and astronomy.
2. He was the famous Muslim surgeon of his times.
3. He authored a five-volume medical encyclopedia: The Canon of Medicine (Al-Qanun fi't-Tibb). It was
used as the standard medical textbook in the Islamic world and Europe up to the 18th century.
Q#5 : Write down the contribution of Robert Boyle in Chemistry.
Ans : Robert Boyle :
1. He was the first to put forward the idea that chemistry should be regarded as a systematic investigation
of nature with the sole aim of promoting knowledge.
2. He was the first chemist to isolate and collect a gas.
3. He formulated a gas law which is known as Boyles law.
Q#6 : Explain the development of Chemistry during Greek , Muslims and Modern period.
Ans : Greek Period :
1. They introduced the concept of elements , atoms and chemical reaction.
2. They thought that all matter was derived from four elements , earth , air , fire and water. These
elements have properties of their own such as hot , dry , cold and wet.
3. They improved metallurgical processes and introduced the enameling of pottery.
4. Their work were all empirical.
Muslim Period :
1. Muslim period is also known as period of Alchemists.
2. Muslims introduced scientific methods and experimentation.
3. Muslims developed and use many laboratory equipments such as funnels , beakers , crucibles for
melting and fusion , retorts for distillation , balances for weighing etc.
4. They discovered various acids , alcohols and medicines.
Modern Period :
1. Modern period started in the 17th and 18th century as a result of experimentations , free discussions and
communication of work of chemists throughout the world.
2. Robert Boyle is described as the father of modern chemistry.
3. J.J.Berzelius introduced the idea of symbols , formulae and chemical equations to make the study of
chemistry more systematic.
4. J.J.Thomson , Henry Becquerel , Rutherford , Neil Bohr , M.Curie led to the discoveries of structure of
atom , radioactivity which opened the door of present nuclear age.
Chapter No 1 Test Questions :
Q#1 : Define chemistry and explain its branches.
Q#2 : Explain the scientific approach in studying Chemistry.
Q#3 : Explain the contribution of any three Muslim scientists in the field of Chemistry.
Q#4 : Explain the role of Chemistry in society.
Q#5 : Write down the contribution of Robert Boyle in Chemistry.
Q#6 : Explain the development of Chemistry during Greek , Muslims and Modern period.
Activity:
1. Make a chart showing inventions made by scientists of modern period.
2. Solve objectives and MCQs in book.