TEACHER: FATOS SHULI

INTEGERS
1. ADDITION
IF WE ADD TWO INTEGERS WITH THE SAME
SIGN WE ADD THEM AND PUT IN FRONT OF
THEIR SIGN.
EX:
(+2)+(+5)= +(2+5)=+7
(-3)+(-8)=-(8+3)=(-11)
(-4)+(-9)=-(4+9)=(-13)
2+7=9
IF WE ADD TWO INTEGERS WITH
DIFFERENT SIGN WE SUBTRACT THEM AND
PUT THE SIGN OF THE GREATEST.
EX:
(-2)+(+5)=+(5-2)=+3
(+3)+(-8)=-(8-3)=-5
(-4)+( 10)=(10-4)=6
-7+2=-(7-2)=-5
2. SUBTRACTION
IF WE SUBTRACT TWO INTEGERS WE
CONVERT SUBTRACTION INTO ADDITION
AND WE CHANGE THE NUMBER AFTER
SUBTRACTION WITH ITS INVERSE
ELEMENT . THEN WE ADD INTEGERS
ACCORDING TO RULES ABOVE.
EX:
(+2)-(+5)= (+2)+(-5)=-(5-2)=-3
(-3)-(-8)= (-3)+(+8)=+(8-3)=+5
(+4)-(-9)= (+4)+(+9)=+(4+9)=+13
2-7=2+(-7)=-(7-2)=-5
3. MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION
WHEN WE MULTIPLY OR DIVIDE TWO
INTEGERS WITH THE SAME SIGN THE
RESULT IS POSITIVE.
EX:
(+2) (+5)=+10
(-4) (-9)=+36
(+12) (+3)=+4
(-40) (-8)=+5
WHEN WE MULTIPLY OR DIVIDE TWO
INTEGER WITH DIFFERENT SIGNS THE
RESULT IS NEGATIVE.
EX:
(+2) (-5)=-10

TURGUT OZAL

INTEGERS & FRACTIONS

(-4) (+9)=-36
(-12) (+3)=-4
(-40) (+8)=-5
4. EXPONENTIAL:
IF THE BASE IS A POSITIVE INTEGER THE
RESULT OF THE EXPONENTIAL WILL BE
ALWAYS POSITIVE WITHOUT CARING IF
THE POWER IS ODD OR EVEN.
EX:
(+3)4=+81
(+4)3=+64
IF THE BASE IS A NEGATIVE INTEGER THE
RESULT OF THE EXPONENTIAL WILL BE
POSITIVE IF THE POWER IS EVEN AND
NEGATIVE IF THE POWER IS ODD.
EX:
(-3)4=+81
(-3)3=-27
RULE:
IF WE MULTIPLY ODD NUMBER OF
NEGATIVE INTEGERS TOGETHER THE
PRODUCT IS NEGATIVE AND IF WE
MULTIPLY EVEN NUMBER OF NEGATIVE
INTEGERS TOGETHER THE PRODUCT IS
POSITIVE.
POSITIVE INTEGERS DONT CHANGE THE
SIGN.
EX:
(-3) (-2) (-1) (-4) (-5)=-(3 2
1 4 5)=-120
(-3) (-2) (-1) (-4)=+( 3 2 1 4
)=+24
(-3) (-2) (-1) (-4) (-5) (+2)=-240
(-3) (-2) (-1) (-4) (+2)=+48
FRACTIONS (part of a whole):
TERMS OF A FRACTION: NUMERATOR,
FRACTION BAR AND DENOMINATOR.

TURGUT OZAL

TEACHER: FATOS SHULI

TYPES OF FRACTION: PROPER, IMPROPER

AND MIXED NUMBER.
CONVERT FROM MIXED TO IMPROPER:

MULTIPLY THE DENOMINATOR WITH

WHOLE NUMBER AND ADD NUMERATOR.
DENOMINATOR DOESNT CHANGE.
EX:
4 3 7+ 4 25
3 =
=
7
7
7
CONVERT FROM IMPROPER TO MIXED:
DIVIDE THE NUMERATOR BY DENOMINATOR
AND KEEP THE REMAINDER.

THE QUOTIENT WILL BE THE WHOLE NR. AND

THE REMAINDER THE NEW NUMERATOR.
EX:
31
1
6 BECAUSE: 31 5=6 (1)
5
5

INTEGERS & FRACTIONS

EX:

3 1 4

5 5 5

3 1 2

5 5 5

IF THE HAVE UNLIKE DENOMINATOR

WE FIND LCM OF DENOMINATORS AND
CONVERT DENOMINATORS INTO THEIR LCM
BY MULTIPLYING ALL FRACTION BY THE
NUMBER.
EX:
3

3g4

BECAUSE LCM(5,20)=20 SO WE HAVE

5 20 5g4 20
TO MULTIPLY FIRST FRACTION BY 4
2

2g3

1g5

BECAUSE LCM(5,3)=15 SO
5 3 5g3 3g5 15 15 15
WE HAVE TO MULTIPLY FIRST FRACTION BY 3 AND
SECOND FRACTION BY 5. NOW WE HAVE FRACTIONS

EQUIVALENT FRACTIONS ARE FRACTIONS THAT

HAVE THE SAME VALUE WITH THE FIRST BY
MULTIPLYING BOTH NUMERATOR AND
DENOMINATOR BY THE SAME NUMBER.

EX:
3 3g5 15

SO THESE TWO FRACTIONS

4 4g5 20
ARE EQUIVALENT
WE CAN CHECK IF TWO FRACTIONS ARE
EQUIVALENT BY CROSS PRODUCT:
3 15

BECAUSE 3g20=4g15
4 20
SIMPLIFY OR REDUCE A FRACTION:
WE CAN REDUCE OR SIMPLIFY A FRACTION
BY WRITING PRIME FACTORIZATION OF
NUMERATOR AND DENOMINATOR AND THEN
CANCEL LIKE FACTORS. EX:

84 2 g2g3 g7 14

78
2 g3 g13 13
ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF
FRACTIONS.
IF THEY HAVE LIKE DENOMINATOR
WE ADD OR SUBTRACT NUMERATORS.

WITH LIKE DENOMINATORS.

MULTIPLYING FRACTIONS:
WE MULTIPLY NUMERATOR BY NUMERATOR
AND DENOMINATOR BY DENOMINATOR. IF
WE CAN CANCEL NUMERATOR WITH
DENOMINATOR WE MUST DO IT BEFORE WE
MULTIPLY. EX:
3 5 3g5 15
g
=
4 8 4g8 32
DIVIDING FRACTIONS:
FROM DIVISON WE CONVERT IT INTO
MULTIPLICATION BY REVERSING THE
SECOND FRACTION. EX:
2
3 2 g7 14
3 5 3 8 2 3g2 6
5 3 5 15
g =
=
4 8 4 1 5 1g5 5
7
COMPARING FRACTIONS:
IF THEY HAVE LIKE DENOMINATOR THE
GREATEST WILL BE THE FRACTION WITH
THE GREATEST NUMERATOR:
7 4

9 9

TEACHER: FATOS SHULI

IF THEY HAVE LIKE NUMERATOR THE

GREATEST WILL BE THE FRACTION WITH
THE SMALLEST DENOMINATOR:
7 7

4 9
IF THEY DONT HAVE NEITHER COMMON
DENOMINATOR OR NUMERATOR WE HAVE
TO FIND LCM OF DENOMINATORS

TURGUT OZAL

INTEGERS & FRACTIONS

7
4
AND
9
6
7g2 14 4g3 12
LCM (9, 6) 18 SO
=

=
9g2 18 6g3 18

COMPARE