3/31/11

P1 V12
P2 V22
+
+ z1 = +
+ z2
2g
2g

Class 20 Fluid Mechanics

Q

Thursday, March 31st

2
1

2
2

P1 V
P V
+
+ z1 = 2 +
+ z2
2g
2g

If we use the Bernoulli equaAon to model the viscous

system above:
a)Q would be higher than observed
b)Q would be lower than observed
c)Q would be the same

Glycerin at 20C ows upward in a verAcal 75mm diameter

pipe with a centerline velocity of 1.0m/s. Determine the
head loss and pressure drop in a 10m length of the pipe.

P1
V2
P
V2
+ 1 1 + z1 = 2 + 2 2 + z2

2g

2g
P1
V12
P2
V22
+ 1
+ z1 + hP = + 2
+ z2 + hL + hT

2g

2g

3/31/11

Glycerin at 20C ows upward in a verAcal 75mm diameter

pipe with a centerline velocity of 1.0m/s. Determine the
head loss and pressure drop in a 10m length of the pipe.

Fully Developed Turbulent Flow

P1
V2
P
V2
+ 1 1 + z1 + hP = 2 + 2 2 + z2 + hL + hT

2g

2g

Shear Stress in Turbulent Flow

Laminar Flow

Velocity Prole in Turbulent Flow

Turbulent Flow

3/31/11

Water at 80F ows in a 6in diameter pipe with a owrate

of 2.0cfs. What is the approximate velocity at a distance of
2.0in away from the wall? Determine the centerline
velocity.

CalculaAon of Head Loss

Water at 80F ows in a 6in diameter pipe with a owrate

of 2.0cfs. What is the approximate velocity at a distance of
2.0in away from the wall? Determine the centerline
velocity.

Major Head Loss (Viscous Eects in Straight Pipes)

What ow regime is this?

a)Laminar
b)Turbulent
c)Could be either

3/31/11

Moody Chart

Major Head Loss (Viscous Eects in Straight Pipes)

Laminar FricAon Factor:

Turbulent FricAon Factor:

f = (Re,

Turbulent FricAon Factor:

CalculaAng Major Head Loss & Pressure Drop:

1
l V 2
p1 p2 = V22 V12 + ( z2 z1 ) + f
2
D 2

Water ows at a rate of 10gal/min in a new horizontal 0.75in

diameter galvanized iron pipe. Determine the pressure
gradient (p/l) along the pipe.

What does our equaAon simplify to?

l V 2
p

p
=
f
a)
1
2
D 2

l V 2
b) p1 p2 = ( z2 z1 ) + f
D 2


c)


d)

1
l V 2
p1 p2 = V22 V12 + f
2
D 2

1
l V 2
p1 p2 = ( z2 z1 ) + V22 V12 + f
2
D 2

3/31/11

Water ows at a rate of 10gal/min in a new horizontal 0.75in

diameter galvanized iron pipe. Determine the pressure
gradient (p/l) along the pipe.
l !V 2

p1 ! p2 = f

D 2

Minor Head Loss (Eects Due to Pipe Components)

Examples: Inlets and Exits; Enlargements and ContracAons;
Pipe Bends; Valves and Ficngs

Minor Head Loss - Loss Coecient, KL

hl ,minor

V2
= KL
2g

a)

c)

b)

d)

These pipe entries have a KL of 0.8, 0.5, 0.2 and 0.04.

Which one do you think has the KL of 0.2?

3/31/11

Water ows at a rate of 0.40m3/s in a 0.12m diameter pipe

that contains a sudden contracAon to a 0.06m diameter pipe.
Determine the pressure drop across the contracAon secAon.
How much of this pressure dierence is due to losses and
how much is due to kineAc energy changes?

1
"V 2
p1 ! p2 = ! (V22 !V12 ) + ! (z2 ! z1 ) + K L
2
2

Water ows at a rate of 0.40m3/s in a 0.12m diameter pipe

that contains a sudden contracAon to a 0.06m diameter pipe.
Determine the pressure drop across the contracAon secAon.

What does our equaAon simplify to?

V12
p

p
=
K
1
2
L
a)
2

1
V12
2
2
b) p1 p2 = (V2 V1 ) + K L
2
2


c)


d)

1
V
p1 p2 = (V22 V12 )+ K L 2
2
2
2
V
p1 p2 = K L 2
2

Water ows at a rate of 0.40m3/s in a 0.12m diameter pipe

that contains a sudden contracAon to a 0.06m diameter pipe.
Determine the pressure drop across the contracAon secAon.

1
"V 2
p1 ! p2 = ! (V22 !V12 ) + ! (z2 ! z1 ) + K L
2
2

3/31/11

Water ows at a rate of 0.40m3/s in a 0.12m diameter pipe

that contains a sudden contracAon to a 0.06m diameter pipe.
Determine the pressure drop across the contracAon secAon.
How much of this pressure dierence is due to losses and
how much is due to kineAc energy changes?

1
V
p1 p2 = (V22 V12 )+ K L 2
2
2

Minor Head Loss - Non-Circular Ducts