Pathophysiology

Exam 1 Review

1. The plasma membrane in human cells is comprised of:

a. A single layer of phospholipids and proteins
b. A capsid made up of lipids and polysaccharides
c. A phopholipid bilayer including cholesterol and proteins
d. Cellulose
2. Flipases and flopases are enzymes involved in the asymmetry of the cell
membrane. Which of these is
a function of membrane asymmetry?
a. Marking the cell for apoptosis
b. Allows for selective permeability of the membrane
c. Manufacture of integral proteins
d. Involved in endocytosis of nutrients
3. Water is a polar molecule that has all of the following qualities, EXCEPT:
a. Unequal sharing of electrons
b. Can participate in hydrogen bonding
c. Can interact via dipole-dipole interactions
d. Equal sharing of electrons
4. One function of cholesterol in the cell membrane is:
a. Strengthens the cell membrane
b. Identification of self
c. Cell signaling
d. Exocytosis
5. The primary function of the nucleus in the cell is:
a. Catalyze protein translation
b. Package proteins for transport
c. Manufacture of ATP
d. Management of genetic material
6. The primary function of ribosomes is:
a. Catalyze protein translation
b. Package proteins for transport
c. Manufacture of ATP
d. Management of genetic material
7. The primary function of the Golgi complex is:
a. Catalyze protein translation
b. Package proteins for transport
c. Manufacture of ATP
d. Management of genetic material

8. The primary function of the mitochondria is:

a. Catalyze protein translation
b. Package proteins for transport
c. Manufacture of ATP
d. Management of genetic material
9. Mr. Pasteur had his arm in a cast for six weeks. After the cast was removed, his
arm was noticeably
smaller. The size of the cells that make up the muscles in
his arm was reduced. This is an
example of:
a. Metaplasia
b. Dysplasia
c. Atrophy
d. Hypertrophy
10. Chronic hypertension requires that the heart pumps harder with each
contraction. This means that
the left ventricle experiences more stretch than usual. As a result, the cells
increase in cell size.
This is an example of ________ of the cells of the
ventricle:
a. Metaplasia
b. Dysplasia
c. Atrophy
d. Hypertrophy
11. Sickle cell anemia is a disorder of red blood cells in which the shape of the cell is
different from that of normal red blood cells. This is an example of which of the
following?
a. Metaplasia
b. Dysplasia
c. Atrophy
d. Hypertrophy
12. Roger has a history of Barretts esophagitis, a disease that involves exposure of
the cells of the
esophagus to stomach acids, causing a change from simple squamous cells to
columnar
squamous cells. This is an example of which of the following?
a. Metaplasia
b. Dysplasia
c. Atrophy
d. Hypertrophy

13. The _________ - proteasome system is a mechanism that has been proposed for
the pathology behind atrophy.

a. Ubiquitin
b. Probuiquitin
c. Cesarean
d. Ribosomal
14. A Polar molecule is a molecule that has:
a. Equal sharing of electrons and electrical charge
b. Unequal sharing of electrons and electrical charge
c. An overall positive charge
d. Can resist the cold
15. According to the Brnsted-Lowry acid-base theory, the following is a
characteristic of a strong acid.
a. No dissociation in water
b. Complete dissociation in water
c. No reaction in water
d. Become proton acceptors in water
16. Which of the following is the bodys primary buffer in the blood and the kidneys?
a. Thiamine pyrophosphate
b. Angiotensin converting enzyme
c. Carbonic anhydrase
d. Glucose-6-phosphate
17. Programmed cell death is the process called:
a. Necrotizing fasciitis
b. Hypoxia
c. Apoptosis
d. Ischemia
18. Starlings forces are forces involved in the movement of fluid, secondary to the
effects of:
a. Osmosis
b. Active transport
c. Filtration
d. Magic
19. In diabetes inspidus, patients excrete a large volume of dilute urine. Diabetes
inspidus is a disease
involving the mutation of proteins that are involved in the movement of water
in and out of the cell.
What are these proteins?
a. Aquaporins
b. Actins
c. Bradykinins
d. Histamines

20. Kate was drinking beer at her favorite bar and found herself constantly in line
for the bathroom. What is the best physiological explanation for this?
a. Alcohol promotes the secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
b. Alcohol blocks antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
c. Alcohol relaxes the bladder
d. Alcohol contains a lot of sodium
21. Keith Richards presented into the emergency department because of swelling in
his legs, a process
known as edema. He has a history of liver failure. In liver failure the body is
inefficient at producing
protein. The edema is likely a result of:
a. Increased oncotic pressure in the capillary
b. Decreased capillary permeability
c. Decreased oncotic pressure in the capillary
d. A build-up of cytotoxins from the liver
22. Antimicrobial peptides are part of the innate immune system. They are nonspecific antimicrobials
that serve as a non-specific first line of defense. One example are the class of
peptides called
_________:
a. Lectins
b. Complement
c. Interleukins
d. Defensins
23. One of the most venomous mammals known to man is the:
a. Minke whale
b. Honey badger
c. Platypus
d. Guinea pig
24. Opsonization is a process by which:
a. Mast cells are degranulated to release histamine
b. Antigens are identified by special protein tags
c. Collagen is exposed, allowing for platelet interaction
d. Proteins bind to antigens to negate the negative charge, allowing for
phagocytic interactions
25. Activation of complement is one of the responses of the innate immune system.
The classic pathway
is a response to:
a. A reaction to endotoxins produced by antigens
b. A binding to the mannose residues on antigens
c. The breakdown of fibrinogen
d. The activation of antibodies
26. The first phagocytic cells to respond to exposure to an antigen are the:

a. Neutrophils
b. Monocytes
c. Macrophages
d. Eosinophils
27. This immunoglobulin is produced in mucosal linings, and can be found in tears,
saliva, and the
respiratory endothelium:
a. IgA
b. IgG
c. IgM
d. IgE
28. Gram + bacteria have a cell wall consisting of this primary feature:
a. A capsid comprised of mostly proteins
b. A thin cell wall surrounded by lipid membrane
c. A thick cell wall comprised of cellulose
d. A thick cell wall of peptidal glycans and teichoic acid
29. A virus is similar to most bacteria except that they:
a. Can cause infection
b. Contain nucleic acids such as DNA or RNA
c. Require a host cell for replication
d. Can stimulate the immune response
30. These T-cells are lymphocytes that directly adhere to antigens and initiate
apoptosis:
a. T helper cells
b. T cytotoxic cells
c. T memory cells
d. T rex cells
31. ____________ acids are a normal physiologic acid that are utilized in the formation
of RNA and DNA
a.
b.
c.
d.

Amino acids
Lactic acids
Nucelic acids
Hydrochloric acids

32. The unit of measure for pH is :

a.
b.
c.
d.

mm/Hg
mg/mL
There is no unit of measure
Mcg/dL

33. The __________________ principle is the principle that a system in equilibrium that
experiences a
change in concentration, temperature, volume or pressure will counteract that
change but shifting
the equilibrium either to the right or to the left.
a.
b.
c.
d.

Starling
Belichick
Poisson
Le Chateliers

34. The primary intracellular cation is: _________________.

a.
b.
c.
d.

Bicarbonate
Sodium
Chloride
Potassium

35. The primary extracellular cation is: __________________.

a.
b.
c.
d.

Bicarbonate
Sodium
Chloride
Potassium

36. The collectins are antimicrobial peptides that utilize ___________ to identify
preserved,
recognizable areas on pathogens/antigens in order to bind to them and initiate
immune defenses.
a.
b.
c.
d.

Pattern Recognition Receptors

SMACs
Complement
Opsonization

37. Injury to the epithelial layer of a blood vessel reveals ________ which is a
subendothelial protein
that can bind platelets and activate the immune system.
a.
b.
c.
d.

Complement
Opsonins
Tissue factor
Von Willebrand factor

38. A __________ is a protein too small on its own to initiate an immune response
unless it is coupled
with a larger protein. Toxicodendron, the toxin in poison ivy is an example.
a.
b.
c.
d.

Complement
Antigen
Allergen
Hapten

39. _________ is the first antibody to respond early in infection. An elevated level of
this antibody suggests acute infection.
a.
b.
c.
d.

IgA
IgG
IgM
IgE

40. The _________________ is cell surface protein involved in identifying self from
non-self.
a.
b.
c.
d.

SMACs
Tissue Factor
Major Histocompatibility Complex
Von Willebrand factor