VLSM & CIDR

Classful addressing

Network part and host part

Classful networks
Address
class

First octet
range

Number of
networks

Hosts per
network

Class A

0 to 127

128 (less 0
and 127)

16,777,214

Class B

128 to 191

16,348

65,534

Class C

192 to 229

2,097,152

254

Some Class A owners

General Electric Company
US Defense (various)
IBM
DoD Intel
AT&T Bell Laboratories
Xerox Corporation
Hewlett-Packard Company
Digital Equipment Corp
Apple Computer Inc.
MIT
Ford Motor Company

UK Ministry of Defence
UK Social Security Dept
AT&T Global Network
Halliburton Company
Eli Lily and Company
Bell-Northern Research
Prudential Securities Inc.
E.I. duPont de Nemours
Merck and Co., Inc.
DoD Network Information
U.S. Postal Service

Not enough addresses

We would
have run out
of version 4
addresses
some time
ago if we still
used only
classful
addresses.

Solutions

Long term change to IP version 6.

Plenty of addresses using a different
scheme
Use VLSM and CIDR to avoid wasting
addresses
Use private addresses locally and NAT
for internet access lets many hosts
share a few public addresses

Classful Subnetting

Subnetting can be used with a classful

addressing system, but all subnets of a
main network must have the same
subnet mask. This means that they must
all have the same number of hosts.

Subnet 192.168.1.0
10 hosts
26 hosts

12 hosts

Need 6 networks, up to 26 hosts.

Borrow 3 bits, /27, 255.255.255.224
Gives 8 networks, up to 30 hosts.
Point to point need 2.
28x3 = 84
wasted

Subnet 172.16.0.0
100 hosts
500
hosts

350 hosts

Need 6 networks, up to 500 hosts.

Borrow 7 bits, /23, 255.255.254.0
Gives 128 networks, up to 510 hosts.
Point to point need 2.
508x3 = 1524
wasted

Waste

Classful subnetting wastes addresses.

If you are using private addresses then
you may not be bothered.
Waste of public addresses does matter.

Classful routing protocol

Fine if subnets are all the same size

(same subnet mask) and are contiguous.
Cannot cope with subnets of different
sizes or discontiguous subnets.

New system needed

But classful addressing cannot cope with

the demand any more.
Classful addressing gives very large
routing tables
Classless InterDomain Routing (CIDR)
introduced 1993 by IETF.

Address allocation before

CIDR
Need 10 addresses

Class C. Give them

256.

Need 200 addresses

Class C. Give them 256.

Need 500 addresses

Class B. Give them

65,536.

Need 1000 addresses Class B. Give them

65,536.
Need 4000 addresses Class B. Give them
65,536.

Address allocation with

CIDR
Need 10 addresses

/28. Give them 16.

Need 200 addresses

/24. Give them 256.

Need 500 addresses

/23. Give them 512.

Need 1000 addresses /22. Give them 1024.

Need 4000 addresses /20. Give them 4096.

Routing tables

Before CIDR all known classful networks

had to be listed separately
2113628 potential classful networks
(though default routes could help)
With CIDR networks can be aggregated
into groups and summary routes put into
routing tables.

VLSM

Variable length subnet masks (VLSM) go

with CIDR
When subnetting, you do not have to
give all the subnets the same mask.
You can subnet the subnets and have
different sizes of subnet.
Fit the addressing requirements better
into the address space less space
needed.

Route summarization
201.1.0.0/22

201.1.4.0/23

201.1.6.0/24

201.1.7.0/24

Advertise?

Route summarization

201.1.0.0/22
201.1.4.0/23
201.1.6.0/24
201.1.7.0/24

Octet 3 in binary

00000000
00000100
00000110
00000111
Same

Same

Difference
starts here

Difference
starts here

21 bits the same so

use /21 for
summary

Route summarization
201.1.0.0/22

201.1.4.0/23

Advertise
201.1.0.0/21

201.1.6.0/24

201.1.7.0/24

Summary mask is
less than
individual masks

Route summarisation

What address would summarise:

170.16.0.0/16
170.17.0.0/17
170.17.128.0/17

Octet 2 in binary

00010000
00010001
00010001

15 the same altogether

7 the same here
170.16.0.0/15

Classless routing protocol

With classless addressing you cannot tell

the mask from the address.
You need to be told the mask every time.
Routers need a routing protocol that
includes subnet mask information in its
updates.
RIPv2, EIGRP, OSPF, IS-IS, BGP do this.

Summary routes

You can create static summary routes.

Dynamic routes can be summarised.
Classless routing protocols can forward
both.
Classful routing protocols do not because
the receiving router would not recognise
them.

Subnetting the subnet

172.16.0.0/16
Borrow 3 bits from octet 3
Gives 23 = 8 subnets
Mask 255.255.224.0 or /19
How do we get the network
addresses?

172.16.0.0
172.16.32.0
172.16.64.0
172.16.96.0
172.16.128.0
172.16.160.0
172.16.192.0
172.16.224.0

Subnetting 172.16.0.0/16
Borrowing from octet 3
Write octet 3 of mask in
binary
mask
11100000

Use all possible

combinations of subnet
bits for addresses
subnet 1
00000000
subnet 2
00100000
subnet 3
01000000
etc.

172.16. 0 .0
172.16. 32 .0
172.16. 64 .0
172.16. 96 .0
172.16.128.0
172.16.160.0
172.16.192.0
172.16.224.0

Another way of looking at it

Row 1 = Bits borrowed
Row 2 = Prefix (16 + bits borrowed for
octet
Row 3)
3 = Value of bit. Add this to get next

network
Row 4 = Add row 3 values so far to
get mask

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

128

64

32

16

128

192

224

240

248

252

254

255

Yet another way

Show all 256 values

in the address space
here it is octet 3
Borrow 1: slice
Borrow 2: slice
Borrow 3: slice
0, 32, 64, 96, 128,
160, 192, 224
S Ward Abingdon and Witney College CCNA Exploration
Semester 1

5/23/16

Subnetting the subnet

So far so good.
Borrowed 3 bits, got 8
equal sized subnets.
Now take subnet
172.16.192.0/19 and
borrow 2 more bits
New mask is /21
mask

11111000

172.16.0.0
172.16.32.0
172.16.64.0
172.16.96.0
172.16.128.0
172.16.160.0
172.16.192.0
172.16.224.0

Subnetting
172.16.192.0/19
Working in octet 3
2 more bits borrowed
22 = 4 sub-subnets
Total of 5 bits borrowed

mask

172.16.192.0
172.16.200.0
172.16.208.0
172.16.216.0

11111000

This bit is increased for

each subnet address add
8 each time

8 more would
be 224 but
that is not in
172.16.192.0/
19

Another way of looking at it

Row 1 = Bits borrowed
Row 2 = Prefix (16 + bits borrowed for
octet
Row 3)
3 = Value of bit. Add this to get next

network
Row 4 = Add row 3 values so far to
get mask

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

128

64

32

16

128

192

224

240

248

252

254

255

Yet another way

Subnetting
172.16.192.0/19
Borrow 1 more: slice
Borrow 2 more: slice
192, 200, 208, 216

Subnetting the subnet

172.16.0.0/19
172.16.32.0/19
172.16.64.0/19
172.16.96.0/19
172.16.128.0/19

172.16.192.0/21

172.16.160.0/19

172.16.200.0/21

172.16.192.0/19

172.16.208.0/21

172.16.224.0 /19

172.16.216.0/21

Subnetting 172.16.0.0/16
172.16.128.0/20

172.16.0.0/20
172.16.16.0/20

172.16.32.0/22

172.16.32.0/20

172.16.36.0/22

172.16.48.0/20

172.16.40.0/22

172.16.64.0/20

172.16.44.0/22

172.16.144.0/20
172.16.160.0/20
172.16.176.0/20
172.16.192.0/20

172.16.80.0/20

172.16.208.0/20

172.16.96.0/20

172.16.224.0/20

172.16.112.0 /20

172.16.240.0 /20

Hal-hal yang perlu dipertimbangkan ketika

merancang suatu jaringan komputer:

1.

2.

3.

4.

Berapa jumlah total subnet yang dibutuhkan

saat ini.
Berapa jumlah total subnet yang dibutuhkan
untuk masa mendatang.
Berapa banyak host yang ada di subnet
terbesar saat ini.
Berapa banyak host yang akan ada di subnet
terbesar pada masa mendatang.

Problem 1: Membuat Skema

Pengalamatan Menggunakan VLSM
Jaringan 192.168.15.0

Problem 2: Membuat Skema

Pengalamatan Menggunakan
VLSM
Jaringan 192.168.15.0

Tugas
Jaringan 192.168.24.0 /24

Tugas

Diberikan suatu alamat CIDR: 192.168.24.0 /

24 dan akan mendukung jaringan seperti
gambar di atas. Buatlah suatu skema
pengalamatan yang memenuhi syarat seperti
yang digambarkan.