Rana University

Course Title: Grammar

Semesters: 1st & 2nd
Course Objectives:
The students attending this course would get the basic understanding of Grammar., and be able to
use the Grammatical Titles Correctly & Accurately in their Daily Speaking.

S. No.

Unit No.

Contents

1&2

Parts of Speech (Definition of Parts of Speech & its eight types including;

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

3&4
5, 6 & 7
8&9
10, 11 & 12
13 & 14
15
17 & 18
19 & 20

10
11
12

21, 22, 23, 24 & 25

27, 28 & 29
30

Noun
Pronoun
Verb
Adjective
Adverb
Conjunction
Preposition
Interjection
To Be Verbs including;
Is, Am, Are
Demonstrative Pronouns
This
These
That
Those
Tense (Definition of Tense & its meanings) & Present Continuous Tense
Simple Present Tense
Differences between Present Continuous Tense & Simple Present Tense
Simple Past Tense
Past Continuous Tense
Used to, Be used to & Get Used to
Present Perfect Tense
Differences between Simple Past Tense & Present Perfect Tense
(Just, Already & Yet)
Skip
Simple Future Tense
Modal Auxiliaries (May & Might)
(Note: End of 1st Semester)

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Page 1

13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24

31 & 32
33
34
35 & 36
From 37 up to 59
60 & 61
62, 63
64 & 65
66
67
68
69 & 70

Modal Auxiliaries (Can, Could & Must)

Modal Auxiliary (Should)
Semi-Auxiliary (Have to)
Modal Auxiliary (Would)
Skip
Object Pronouns & Possessive Adjectives
Possessive Pronouns & Whose
Reflexive Pronouns & Apostrophe S
Definite & Indefinite Articles
There is, There are, There was & There were
Prepositions (at, in, & on)
Conjunctions (Both, So & Because) & Conditional Sentences
(Note: End of 2nd Semester)

Recommended Book: Basic Grammar in Use

Writer: Raymond Murphy with William R. Smalzer
System: Cambridge

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Parts of Speech:
Parts of Speech is the combination of grammatical words which presents a
particular meaning.
.
Note: In English Grammar there are eight Parts of Speech.
. :
1. Noun
2. Pronoun
3. Verb
4. Adjective
5. Adverb 6. Conjunction 7. Preposition 8. Interjection
Noun:
Noun is a word or group of words which names person, place and thing.
. .
Ex: Ahmad , Kabul , Chair , etc .
Pronoun:
Pronoun is a word or group of words which is used instead of a noun.
.
Ex: He , She , It , I , We , You , They .
Verb:
Verb is a word or group of words which shows action or estate.
.
Ex: Be , Eat , Talk , etc .
Ex: I am at home.
Ex: I eat beans every day.
Adjective:
Adjective is a word or group of words which modifies noun or pronoun.
.
Ex: Intelligent , Lazy , Good , Bad , Cold , Hot , etc .
Ex: Laila is intelligent.
Ex: Laila is lazy.

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Adverb:
Adverb is a word or group of words which modifies adjective, verb & sometimes
another adverb.
. .
Ex: He is very
intelligent.
Adverb Adjective
Ex: He speaks nicely.
Verb Adverb
Ex: He speaks very
nicely.
Adverb Adverb
Conjunction:
Conjunction is a word or group of words which connects two words, two phrases &
two sentences.
. .
Ex: And , But , Both---and , Because , So , etc .
Ex: Good and bad.
Conjunction
Preposition:
Preposition is a word or group of words which shows the relationship of noun and
pronoun.
.
Ex: At , In , On , To , Of , By , etc .
Ex: He is at home.
Preposition
Interjection:
Interjection is a word or group of words which shows sudden feeling, sudden
surprise and sudden pain.
.

.
Ex: Oh no! Wow! Ouch!

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Tense:
It is taken from Latin word "tempus" which means time.
." tempus"
It is a grammatical term which shows what we did in the past, what we do in the
present and what we will do in the future.
,
.
Note: The word Tense has three different meanings. Tense
1. As a Verb: It means to make someone unhappy.
Ex: We shouldn't tense our teacher in the class.
2. As an Adjective: It means unhappy.
Ex: I am tense today.
3. As a noun: It means time or era.
Ex: I want to study Simple Present Tense.
Present Continuous Tense:
It shows an action or situation which is happening right now.
.
Pos Str : Sub + Is/Am/Are + Verb + Ing +
Rest of the sentence
Ex: He is studying English right now.
Neg Str : Sub + is not(isn't)/am not/are not (aren't)
+
Verb + Ing + Rest of the sentence
Ex: He isn't studying English right now.
Int Str : Is/Am/Are + Sub + Verb + Ing +
Rest of the sentence
Ex: Is he studying English right now?
How to add ing to the verbs
1. For most of the verbs we add ing
Eat - Eating
Clean - Cleaning
Watch - Watching
Fix Fixing
Go Going
Paint Painting

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2. If a verb ends with e here we change e to ing

Hope - Hoping
Ride - Riding
Make - Making
Write Writing
Dance Dancing
3. If a verb ends with ee here we just add ing
Agree - Agreeing
Flee - Fleeing
See Seeing
4. If a verb ends with ie here we change ie to y and add ing
Die - Dying
Tie - Tying
Lie Lying
5. If one syllable verb ends with a vowel + consonant here we double the consonant
and add ing
Jog - Jogging
Sit - Sitting
Run - Running
Stop Stopping
Put Putting
6. If we have two syllable verbs and the 1st syllable is stressed here we just add ing
Answer - Answering
Listen - Listening
Visit Visiting
7. If the 2nd syllable is stressed here we double the consonant and add ing
Admit - Admitting
Prefer Preferring
Begin Beginning
8. If a verb ends with y here we add ing
Stay - Staying
Pray Praying
Study Studying
Try Trying
Spy Spying

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Translation Section:

.

.

Practice Section:

Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs.

.

Part A:
1. He (__________) a beautiful car for my friend right now. (buy)
2. She (__________) to Islamabad right now. (go)
3. I (__________) a new English class right now. (start)
4. We (__________) a delicious cake for the guests right now. (cook)
5. You (__________) me in Switzerland right now. (meet)
Part B:
6. He (__________) a beautiful car for my friend right now. (not/ buy)
7. She (__________) to Islamabad right now. (not/ go)
8. I (__________) a new English class right now. (not/ start)
9. We (__________) a delicious cake for the guests right now. (not/ cook)
10. You (__________) me in Switzerland right now. (not/ meet)
Part C:
10. (_____) he (_______) a beautiful car for my friend right now? (buy)
11. (_____) she (_______) to Islamabad right now? (go)
12. (_____) I (_______) a new English class right now? (start)
13. (_____) we (_______) a delicious cake for the guests right now? (cook)
15. (_____) you (_______) me in Switzerland right now? (meet)

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 Sentence Changing Section:

Change the following positive sentences from Dari to English.
.
1.
)_________________________________________________( 1.
2.
)_________________________________________________( 2.
3.
)_________________________________________________( 3.
4.
)_________________________________________________( 4.
5.
)_________________________________________________( 5.
Change the following negative sentences from Dari to English.
.

)_________________________________________________(

)_________________________________________________(

)_________________________________________________(

)_________________________________________________(

)_________________________________________________(

1.
1.
2.
2.
3.
3.
4.
4.
5.
5.

Change the following interrogative sentences from Dari to English.

.

)?_________________________________________________(

)?_________________________________________________(

)?_________________________________________________(

)?_________________________________________________(

?_________________________________________________(

1.
1.
2.
2.
3.
3.
4.
4.
5.
5.

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Simple Present Tense:

It shows an action or situation which happens habitually, regularly and daily.
. ,
Time Expressions of Simple
(Every day: )
(Every minute: )
(Every week: )

Present Tense:
(Every hour: )
(Every time: )
(Every second: )
(Every night: )
(Every month: )
(Every year: )

Singular Structure:
Pos Str : Sub + Verb + (s, es, ies) +
Rest of the sentence
Ex: He studies English every day.
How to add (s,es,ies) to a Verb
1. Those Verbs which end with (ch, sh, x, o, zz, ss) we add (es) at the end of them.
( es) ( ch, sh, x, o, zz, ss)
Ex: Watch + es= Watches
Ex: Wash + es = Washes
Ex: Fix + es = Fixes
Ex: Go + es = Goes
Ex: Buzz + es = Buzzes
Ex: Cross + es = Crosses
2. Those Verbs which end with (y) and before (y) there is a Vowel Letter here
we add (s) at the end of them.
( s) ( y) ( y)
Ex: Play + s = Plays
3. Those Verbs which end with (y) and before (y) there is a Consonant Letter
here we change (y) to (i) and add (es) at the end of them.
( i) ( y) ( y) ( y)
( es)
Ex: Study + ies = Studies
4. Those Verbs which end with (e) or without (e) we add (s) at the end of them.
( s) ( e) ( e)
Ex: Write + s = Writes
Ex: Eat + s = Eats

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Neg Str : Sub + Does not (Doesn't) +

First form of the verb + Rest of the sentence
Ex: He doesn't study English every day.
Int Str : Does + Sub + First form of the verb +
Rest of the sentence
Ex: Does he study English every day?
Plural Structure:
Pos Str : Sub + 1st form of the verb +
Rest of the sentence
Ex: I wash the dishes every day.
Neg Str : Sub + Do not (Don't) +
1st form of the verb + Rest of the sentence
Ex: I don't wash the dishes every day.
Int Str : Do + Sub + 1st form of the verb +
Rest of the sentence
Ex: Do I wash the dishes every day?

Dialogue Section:
Dialogue A:
A: Hello, What do you do every day?
B: I go to job?
A: When do you go to job?
B: I go to job at 8 oclock.
A: How is your job?
B: It is very interesting for me.
A: Do you enjoy working?
B: Yes, I enjoy a lot.
Dialogue B:
A: Hello, What does Ahmad do every day?
B: He goes to university?
A: Which university does he go to?
B: He goes to Cambridge University.
A: What does he study?
B: He studies BBA Faculty.
A: Does he like his field?
B: Yes, he likes it a lot because it is very interesting field.

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Conversational Sentences:
Conversation A:
My daily Schedule:
I wake up in the morning at 4 oclock. After that I take ablution and offer my
prayer. When I finish my prayer, I exercise for 30 minutes because exercising in
the morning is very beneficial for health. When I finish my exercise, I drink a
glass of milk because milk has vitamin and it is very good for health. At 8 oclock I
go to job and I work in Azizi Bank as a manager. I like my job because it is very
interesting and my salary is 500 Dollars. I come back to home at 4 oclock and then
I go to the cricket ground and I play cricket with my friends for two hours, after
that I come back to home and sit my family, watch TV, eat my dinner, sometimes I
study during the night and read the magazines finally at 10 oclock I sleep.
Conversation B:
Faisal is a student in Cambridge University and he studies BBA Faculty. He is a
very good and intelligent student. All of his teachers like him because he goes to
university every day and he doesnt make absenteeism. He is first in the class and
he hopes to become a great businessman in the future, so that he can help his
family and country. He loves his university a lot because it has a very high system
and it is very famous in all over the world.

Practice Section:
Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs.
.
Part A:
1. He (__________) a beautiful car for my friend every day. (buy)
2. She (__________) to Islamabad every week. (go)
3. I (__________) a new English class every month. (start)
4. We (__________) a delicious cake for the guests every year. (cook)
5. You (__________) me in Switzerland every summer. (meet)
Part B:
6. He (__________) a beautiful car for my friend every day. (not/ buy)
7. She (__________) to Islamabad every week. (not/ go)
8. I (__________) a new English class every month. (not/ start)
9. We (__________) a delicious cake for the guests every year. (not/ cook)
10. You (__________) me in Switzerland every summer. (not/ meet)
Part C:
10. (_____) he (_______) a beautiful car for my friend every day? (buy)
11. (_____) she (_______) to Islamabad every week? (go)
12. (_____) I (_______) a new English class every month? (start)
13. (_____) we (_______) a delicious cake for the guests every year? (cook)
15. (_____) you (_______) me in Switzerland every summer? (meet)

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 Sentence Changing Section:

Change the following positive sentences from Dari to English.
.
1.
)_________________________________________________( 1.
2.
)_________________________________________________( 2.
3.
)_________________________________________________( 3.
4.
)_________________________________________________( 4.
5.
)_________________________________________________( 5.
Change the following negative sentences from Dari to English.
.
1.
)_________________________________________________( 1.
2.
)_________________________________________________( 2.
3.
)_________________________________________________( 3.
4.
)_________________________________________________( 4.
5.
)_________________________________________________( 5.
Change the following interrogative sentences from Dari to English.
.
1.
)?_________________________________________________( 1.
2.
)?_________________________________________________( 2.
3.
)?_________________________________________________( 3.
4.
)?_________________________________________________( 4.
5.
)?_________________________________________________( 5.

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Have got / Has got

Have got: It means have.
Has got: It means has.
They are expressions.
They show that someone suffers from a disease or possesses something only in the
present.

.
Note: They are used only in Simple Present Tense they don't have past forms.
. :
Ex: Faisal has got a cold.
Ex: Faisal hasnt got a cold.
Ex: Has Faisal got a cold?
Ex: They have got a car.
Ex: They havent got a car.
Ex: Have they got a car?

Forms of Regular Verbs:

form

2nd form

3rd form

1. Wash:
2. Clean:
3. Walk:
4. Listen:
5. Call:
6. Cook:
7. Watch:
8. Open:
9. Close:
10. Dance:
11. Knock:
12. Cry:
13. Show:
14. Ask:
15. Work:
16. Live:
17. Enjoy:
18. Play:
19. Visit:
20. Study:

Washed
Cleaned
Walked
Listened
Called
Cooked
Watched
Opened
Closed
Danced
Knocked
Cried
Showed
Asked
Worked
Lived
Enjoyed
Played
Visited
Studied

Washed
Cleaned
Walked
Listened
Called
Cooked
Watched
Opened
Closed
Dance
Knocked
Cried
Showed
Asked
Worked
Lived
Enjoyed
Played
Visited
Studied

st

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Forms of Irregular Verbs:

1st form
1. Go:
2. Buy:
3. Come:
4. Break:
5. See:
6. Eat:
7. Drink:
8. Drive:
9. Ride:
10. Fly:
11. Win:
12. Lose:
13. Have:
14. Fall:
15. Bring:
16. Become:
17. Say:
18. Take:
19. Give:
20. Tell:
21. Meet:
22. Find:
23. Write:
24. Forget:
25. Get:
26. Sleep:
27. Speak:
28. Send:
29. Wear:
30. Swim:
31. Get up:
32. Wake up:
33. Tear:
34. Steal:
35. Teach:

2nd form
Went
Bought
Came
Broke
Saw
Ate
Drank
Drove
Rode
Flew
Won
Lost
Had
Fell
Brought
Became
Said
Took
Gave
Told
Met
Found
Wrote
Forgot
Got
Slept
Spoke
Sent
Wore
Swam
Got up
Woke up
Tore
Stole
Taught

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3rd form
Gone
Bought
Come
Broken
Seen
Eaten
Drunk
Driven
Ridden
Flown
Won
Lost
Had
Fallen
Brought
Become
Said
Taken
Given
Told
Met
Found
Written
Forgotten
Gotten
Slept
Spoken
Sent
Worn
Swum
Gotten up
Waken up
Torn
Stolen
Taught

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Simple Past Tense:

It shows an action or situation which started and finished in a particular time in
the past.
.
Time Expressions of Simple Past Tense:
(Yesterday: )
(Last night: (
(Yesterday morning: )
(Last week: )
(Yesterday afternoon: ( ) Last month: )
(Yesterday evening: )
(Last year: )
(The day before yesterday: ( ) The night before last: )
(Two days ago: )
Positive Structure : Subject + 2nd form of the verb +
Complement
Ex: I went to school yesterday.
Negative Structure : Sub + Did not ( Didn't) +
1st form of the verb + Complement
Ex: I didnt go to school yesterday.
Interrogative Structure : Did + Sub +
1st form of the verb + Complement
Ex: Did I go to school yesterday?
2nd Case: Simple Past Tense also shows a position which existed in the past but it
doesn't exist now.
. :
Ex: I was an English teacher.
Ex: I was not an English teacher.
Ex: Was I an English teacher.
3rd Case: Simple Past Tense also shows a habit which existed in the past but it
doesn't exist now.
. :
Ex: I used to drink alcohol.

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Dialogue Section:
Dialogue A:
A: Hello, How are you?
B: I am fine, and you?
A: I am fine, too. Where did you go yesterday?
B: I went to Gulbahar Center.
A: Oh, really! What did you buy?
B: I bought a shirt and coat.
A: With whom did you go?
B: I went with my friends.
A: How was your shopping?
B: It was very good.
A: Did you enjoy?
B: Yes, I enjoyed a lot.
Dialogue B:
A: Hello, How are you?
B: I am fine, and you?
A: I am fine, too. Where did you go yesterday?
B: I went to Shayesta Restaurant.
A: Oh, really! What did you eat?
B: I ate pizza, salad and mantoo.
A: And what did you drink?
B: I drank a glass of lemon juice and pepsi.
A: With whom did you go?
B: I went with my friends.
A: How was the food?
B: It was very delicious.
A: Did you enjoy?
B: Yes, I enjoyed a lot.

Conversational Sentences:
Conversation A:
I was busy last week because my friends came to my home and they told me that
lets go for shopping. I went with them for shopping. We went to Gulbahar Center
because Gulbahar Center is a very good place for shopping because it has very good
quality of clothes, shirts, pants and suits. After Gulbahar Center we went to
Shayesta Restaurant and we ordered pizza, salad, mantoo, lemon juice and pepsi.
After ten minutes the waiter brought the food. We ate the food, it was very
delicious and we drank the lemon juice and pepsi, it was very tasty.

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Conversation B:
I was busy last night because one of my best friends had wedding party in Khalij
Hotel. I went to his party with my friends and it was a very good and enjoyable
party. Khalij Hotel is very famous in Kabul and it is a very beautiful hotel. The
party started at 8 and it finished at 2. We had a very good time and the food was
very delicious, too. We danced a lot and met a lot of new people.

Practice Section:

Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs.

.

Part A:
1. He (__________) a beautiful car for my friend last week. (buy)
2. She (__________) to Islamabad the day before yesterday. (go)
3. I (__________) a new English class last year. (start)
4. We (__________) a delicious cake for the guests last night. (cook)
5. You (__________) me five years ago in Switzerland. (meet)
Part B:
6. He (__________) a beautiful car for my friend last week. (not/ buy)
7. She (__________) to Islamabad the day before yesterday. (not/ go)
8. I (__________) a new English class last year. (not/ start)
9. We (__________) a delicious cake for the guests last night. (not/ cook)
10. You (__________) me five years ago in Switzerland. (not/ meet)
Part C:
10. (_____) he (_______) a beautiful car for my friend last week? (buy)
11. (_____) she (_______) to Islamabad the day before yesterday? (go)
12. (_____) I (_______) a new English class last year? (start)
13. (_____) we (_______) a delicious cake for the guests last night? (cook)
15. (_____) you (_______) me five years ago in Switzerland? (meet)

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 Sentence Changing Section:

Change the following positive sentences from Dari to English.
.
1.
)_________________________________________________( 1.
2.
)_________________________________________________( 2.
3.
)_________________________________________________( 3.
4.
)_________________________________________________( 4.
5.
)_________________________________________________( 5.
Change the following negative sentences from Dari to English.
.
1.

)_________________________________________________( 1.
2.
)_________________________________________________( 2.
3.
)_________________________________________________( 3.
4.
)_________________________________________________( 4.
5.
)_________________________________________________( 5.
Change the following interrogative sentences from Dari to English.
.

1.
)?_________________________________________________( 1.
2.
)?_________________________________________________( 2.
3.
)?_________________________________________________( 3.
4.
)?_________________________________________________( 4.
5.
)?_________________________________________________( 5.
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Past Continuous Tense:

It shows an action or situation which was in progress in a particular time in the
past.
.
Pos Str : Sub + Was/Were + Verb + Ing +
Complement
Ex: She was eating rice yesterday.
Ex: We were eating rice yesterday.
Neg Str : Sub + Was not (Wasn't)/Were not (Weren't) +
Verb + Ing + Complement
Ex: She wasn't eating rice yesterday.
Ex: We weren't eating rice yesterday.
Int Str : Was/Were + Sub + Verb + Ing +
Complement
Ex: Was she eating rice yesterday?
Ex: Were we eating rice yesterday?
2nd Case: With "When" Past Continuous Tense shows an action which was in
progress another action happened may or may not interrupt the first action.
When :
.
Note 1: When: It means "at that time".
It is a subordinating conjunction.
Note 2: After "When Clause" we usually use Simple Past Tense.
. When When
Note 3: If "When Clause" comes at the beginning of a sentence a comma should be
used, but if it comes in the middle of a sentence no comma.
When When
.
Ex: I was teaching when Shiraz knocked the door.
Ex: When Shiraz knocked the door, I was teaching.
3rd Case: With "While" Past Continuous Tense shows two actions which were in
progress at the same time in the past.
. While :

Note 1: While: It means "during that time".

It is a subordinating conjunction.
Note 2: After "While Clause" we usually use Past Continuous Tense.
. While While

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Page 19

Note 3: If "While Clause" comes at the beginning of a sentence a comma should be

used, but if it comes in the middle no comma.
While While
.
Ex: I was teaching while Faisal was drinking water.
Ex: While Faisal was drinking water, I was teaching.

Dialogue:
Dialogue A:
A: Hi, Where were you yesterday?
B: I was at home?
A: What were you doing?
B: I was studying for my exam.
Dialogue B:
A: Hi, Where were you yesterday?
B: I was in Islamabad?
A: What were you doing?
B: I was shopping.

Conversational Sentences:
Conversation A:
I couldnt come to class yesterday because I was busy. I was cleaning my room
and helping with my dad.
Conversation B:
I couldnt meet my friend last week because I was busy. I was teaching English
and helping my students.

Practice Section:
Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs.
.
Part A:
1. He (__________) a beautiful car for my friend last week. (buy)
2. She (__________) to Islamabad the day before yesterday. (go)
3. I (__________) a new English class last year. (start)
4. We (__________) a delicious cake for the guests last night. (cook)
5. You (__________) me five years ago in Switzerland. (meet)
Part B:
6. He (__________) a beautiful car for my friend last week. (not/ buy)
7. She (__________) to Islamabad the day before yesterday. (not/ go)
8. I (__________) a new English class last year. (not/ start)
9. We (__________) a delicious cake for the guests last night. (not/ cook)
10. You (__________) me five years ago in Switzerland. (not/ meet)

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Part C:
10. (_____) he (_______) a beautiful car for my friend last week? (buy)
11. (_____) she (_______) to Islamabad the day before yesterday? (go)
12. (_____) I (_______) a new English class last year? (start)
13. (_____) we (_______) a delicious cake for the guests last night? (cook)
15. (_____) you (_______) me five years ago in Switzerland? (meet)
Sentence Changing Section:
Change the following positive sentences from Dari to English.
.
1.
1. (_________________________________________________)
2.
2. (_________________________________________________)
3.
3. (_________________________________________________)
4.
4. (_________________________________________________)
5.
5. (_________________________________________________)

Change the following negative sentences from Dari to English.

.

1.
1. (_________________________________________________)
2.
2. (_________________________________________________)
3.
3. (_________________________________________________)
4.
4. (_________________________________________________)
5.
5. (_________________________________________________)

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1.
1.
2.
2.
3.
3.
4.
4.
5.
5.

Change the following interrogative sentences from Dari to English.

.

(_________________________________________________?)

(_________________________________________________?)

(_________________________________________________?)

(_________________________________________________?)

(_________________________________________________?)

Present Perfect Tense:

It shows an action or situation which happened in unparticular time
in the past.
.
Pos Str : Sub + Have/Has +
3rd form of the verb + Complement
Ex: He has written his homework.
Ex: I have written my homework.
Neg Str : Sub + Have not(Haven't)/Has not (Hasn't) +
3rd form of the verb + Complement
Ex: He hasn't written his homework.
Ex: I haven't written my homework.
Int Str : Have/Has + Sub
+
3rd form of the verb +
Complement
Ex: Has he written his homework?
Have I written my homework?
2nd Case: Present Perfect Tense also shows the repetition of an action or
situation.
. :
Ex: I have watched Tere Naam movie many times.

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Ever
It means at any time.
It is an adverb of indefinite time.
Note: It is usually used in interrogative sentences after the (subject) in
Present Perfect Tense.
. Ever :
Ex: Have you ever seen me?
Present Perfect Continuous Tense:
It shows an action or situation which started in the past, comes to present
may or may not go to future.

.
Note: We use Since and For in Present Perfect Continuous Tense.
Since:
It means in that period of time.
It shows starting time of an action or situation.
Ex: (2005, 2:00pm, October, Sunday, Yesterday, Last Night, Last Week,
Last Month, Last Year, Morning, Afternoon, Evening, Five Years Ago, etc)
Ex: I have been living in Kabul since 2005. 2005
For:
It means within the period of time.
It shows duration of an action or situation.
Ex: (5 Years, 2 Hours, 3 Months, 4 Weeks, 5 Days, etc)
Ex: I have been living in Kabul for 5 years. 5
Pos Str : Sub + Have/Has + Been + Verb + Ing
+
Complement
Ex: He has been teaching English for three weeks.
Ex: I have been teaching English for three weeks.
Neg Str : Sub + Have not(Haven't)/Has not(Hasn't) +
Been + Verb + Ing + Complement
Ex: He hasn't been teaching English for three weeks.

Ex: I haven't been teaching English for three weeks.

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Int Str : Have/Has + Sub + Been + Verb +

Ing + Complement
Ex: Has he been teaching English for three weeks?

Ex: Have I been teaching English for three weeks?

Time Expression + Ago
Ago: It means before.
It is an adverb of time.
This structure is used to show that an action or situation started and finished
in a particular time in the past.
.
Ex: Laila came to the class two days ago.
Already
It means before now.
It is an adverb of indefinite time.
It shows that an action or situation has happened before the given expected time
past.
.
Note: It is usually used in positive sentences after (have/has) and in interrogative
sentences after the (subject) in Present Perfect Tense.
Have/Has Already :
.
Ex: He has already eaten rice.
Ex: Has he already eaten rice?
Yet
It means up to now.
It is an adverb of indefinite time.
It shows that an action or situation hasn't happened up to now, but we expect it in
the future.
.
Note: It is usually used at the end of negative sentences and interrogative
sentences
in Present Perfect Tense.
. Yet :
Ex: He hasn't eaten rice yet.
Ex: Has he eaten rice yet?

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Just ( )
It means very recently or only. ( )
It is a focusing adverb.
It shows that an action or situation has happened in very recent past.
.
Note: It is usually used in Present Perfect Tense, Simple Past Tense and rarely in
other tenses.
. Just :
Ex: He has just eaten rice.
Simple Future Tense:
It shows an action or situation which will happen in a particular time in the future.
.
Time Expressions of Simple
(Tonight: )
(Next month: )
(Next time: )
(Next Friday: )

Future Tense:
(Tomorrow: )
(Next week: )
(Next Year: )
(Next hour: )
(Next minute: )
(Next second: )
(Next March: )

Pos Str : Sub + Be going to /Will +

1st form of the verb + Complement
Ex: I am going to go to America next week.
Ex: I will go to America next week.
Neg Str : Sub + is not(isn't)/am not/are not(aren't) going to
/Will not (won't) + 1st form of the verb +
Complement
Ex: I am not going to go to America next week.
Ex: I won't go to America next week.
Int Str : Is/Am/Are + Sub + Going to +
1st form of the verb + Complement
Ex: Am I going to go to America next week?
Int Str : Will + Sub + 1st form of the verb +
Complement
Ex: Will I go to America next week?

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May , Might
They mean maybe.
They are modal auxiliary verbs.
They are used to show future possibilities.
Note1: After (May, Might) we should use first form of the verb.
. Might May :1
Note2: Negative form of (May) is (May not) and (Might) is (Might not).
.May = May not Might = Might not :2
Note3: May is stronger than Might.
. Might May :3
Ex: I may call you tomorrow.
Ex: I may not call you tomorrow.
Ex: I might call you tomorrow.
Ex: I might not call you tomorrow.
May I: It is used for polite permission.
Ex: May I drink a glass of water?

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