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SkittlesProject

Introduction
Forthisassignment,weweretoldtobuya2.17ouncebagofSkittlesandcountedhowmany
colorstherewereinthebag.Theteacher,Mrs.Parkscompiledthedatafrom26different
studentsandrecordedthedifferentnumbersofeachcolor(Red,Orange,Yellow,Green,and
Purple).Overthecourseoftheyearwehavelearnedalotofdifferentwaystosummarizedata.
IwillorganizethedatausingaPiechartandaParetoChart,thenIwillrepresentthedatausing
afivenumbersummaryandcalculatethemeanandstandarddeviation.Afterthat,Iwill
estimatetheconfidenceintervalestimates,whichisa
rangeofvaluessodefinedthatthereisa
specifiedprobabilitythatthevalueofaparameterlieswithinit.ThefinalstatistictestIwilldois
hypothesistestswhichdeterminesifthehypothesisfailstorejectorrejectsthenullhypothesis.


Around20%ofeachcolorisineachbagofskittles.Iexpectedthemtobeevenlyproportioned
andconsideringallthecollecteddata,theyareprettyclose.Myownbagofskittlesarenotas
evenlyproportionedastheclassnumbers.Theyellowandorangeskittlesaresignificantlyless
thanred,purple,andgreeninbothdatasamples.Thereseemedtobetheleastnumbersof
yellowandthemostofredinallthebags.

Statistics:
Mean:59.5
StandardDeviation:2.55
5NumberSummary
Min:55
Quartile1:57.5
Median:60
Quartile3:63
Maximum:64

Thehistogramofthe26bagsofskittlesturnedouttobalanceoutquiteevenly.Iwasnot
surprisedtoseethatthehistogramrepresentedanormaldistribution.Itwouldnotbegoodfor
themarketifthebagsdidnthaveanapproximateequalamountofcandiesineachbag.Mybag
ofskittlescontained60pieces,whichisexactlytheMediannumberofalltheclassbags
together.
Reflection
Categoricalvariablesarequalitative,meaningthatitcanbeputintoacountablenumberof
categoriesorgroups.Quantitativevariablescanbeorderedandmeasured.Examplesof
categoricalvariableswouldbegendertypes,answersonasurvey,paymentmethods
(cash/credit),daysoftheweek,monthsoftheyear,etc.Quantitativeexamplesinclude
numericalstatisticssuchasGPA,numberofpetsowned,bankaccountbalance,numberof
peopleinyourfamily,etc.Bargraphsarebestforcategoricaldatabecauseitcancomparethe
numbersineachcategorysidebyside.Piechartsarealsoverygoodforcategoricaldata

becauseitshowsapercentageoutofawhole100percent.Histogramsarebestforquantitative
variablesbecausetheyrepresenttheshapeofthedatabasedonthenumbers.Oncegraphed
wecandetermineifthedistributionisbellcurved,rightskewed,leftskewedorneitherbasedon
theheightsofthebarsinthehistogram.Boxplotsarealsoagoodgraphforquantitative
variablesbecauseitidentifiesthe5numbersummaryofthewholedataandyoucangetanidea
ofhowthedataisspreadout.
ConfidenceIntervalEstimates
Confidenceintervalsareusedto
estimatethetruevalueofa
populationparameter.
Thestatisticsshowthatweare99
percentconfidentthatthe
proportionofyellowskittlecandies
inaskittlesbagisbetween15.9
and20.9percent.
Weare95percentconfidentthat
thetruemeanofthenumberof
candiesinaskittlesbagwillbe
between58.47and60.53.
Weare98percentconfidentthat
thestandarddeviation(whichishowmuchthedatawilldeviatefromthemean)isbetween
1.915and3.756.

HypothesisTests
Hypothesistestsdetermineifthefindingsare
statisticallysignificantandifweshouldrejectthe
nullhypothesisorfailtorejectthenullhypothesis.
Werejectthenullhypothesisforbothoftheclaims
becausethepvaluesarelessthanthe
significancelevels.Thereisinsufficientevidence
tosupporttheclaimthat20percentoftheskittle
candiesarered.Thereisalsoinsufficientevidence
tosupporttheclaimthatthereisameanof55
candiesinaskittlesbag.

Reflection
Mysamplesdidnotmeettheconditionsofthehypothesisandconfidenceintervalestimates.
Errorscouldhavebeenthatwedidnothaveenoughsamplestogetawiderrangeofanoverall
estimateastohowmanyskittlesareineachbagandtheprobabilitiesofeachcolor.In
conclusionIhavelearnedhowmucheffortisreallyputintoastudytodetermineifitis
significantornot.Youcanlearnalotfromjustonestudyofstatisticsonacertainsubject.

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