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BRITISH STANDARD

Structural use of
steelwork in building
Part 1: Code of practice for design
Rolled and welded sections

ICS 91.080.10

12&23<,1*:,7+287%6,3(50,66,21(;&(37$63(50,77('%<&23<5,*+7/$:

BS 5950-1:2000
Incorporating
Corrigenda Nos. 1
and 2 and Amendment
No. 1

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BS 5950-1:2000

Committees responsible for this


British Standard
The preparation of this British Standard was entrusted by Technical
Committee B/525, Building and civil engineering structures, to Subcommittee
B/525/31, Structural use of steel, upon which the following bodies were
represented:
British Constructional Steelwork Association
Building Research Establishment Ltd
Cold Rolled Sections Association
Confederation of British Metalforming
DETR (Construction Directorate)
DETR (Highways Agency)
Health and Safety Executive
Institution of Civil Engineers
Institution of Structural Engineers
Steel Construction Institute
UK Steel Association
Welding Institute

This British Standard, having


been prepared under the
direction of the Civil
Engineering and Building
Structures Standards Policy
Committee, was published
under the authority of the
Standards Committee
on 15 May 2001. It comes into
effect on 15 August 2001
(see foreword).
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The following BSI references


relate to the work on this
standard:
Committee reference B/525/31
Draft for comment 98/102164 DC

ISBN 978 0 580 62542 8

Amendments issued since publication


Amd. No.

Date

Comments

13199

May 2001

Corrected and reprinted

17137

31 August 2007

See foreword

C2

31 March 2008

Correction to equation in G.4.3

Corrigendum No. 1

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Fillet welds Directional method

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144
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153
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177
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The start and finish of text introduced or altered by Amendment No. 1 is


indicated in the text by tags !".

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This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a
contract. Users are responsible for its correct application.
Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from
legal obligations.

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!NOTE 1 The imposed loads are the imposed floor loads and the imposed roof loads.
NOTE 2 The crane loads are the self-weight of the crane, the lifted load and the allowances for dynamic effects."

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e) be taken to contribute to the net reactions !of the structure as a whole on its" foundations.

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is the notional horizontal deflection of the top of the storey relative to the bottom of the storey,
due to !horizontal forces equal to 0.5 % of the factored vertical dead, imposed and crane loads
applied to the frame at each storey level".

!2.4.2.7.1 General"

should be classed as sway-sensitive !and the secondary forces and moments should be allowed for.
NOTE Either elastic or plastic analysis may be used."
!2.4.2.7.2 Elastic analysis
Provided that 2cr is not less than 4.0, the secondary forces and moments should be allowed for by using one
of the following methods:
a) Effective length method: This method applies to cases where the resistance to horizontal forces is
provided by moment-resisting joints or cantilever columns. Sway mode in-plane effective lengths should
be used for the columns, see 4.7.3 for simple structures or E.2 for continuous structures. The beams
should be designed to remain elastic under the factored loads.
b) Amplified sway method: The sway effects (see 2.4.2.8) should be multiplied by the amplification factor
kamp determined from the following:
1) for clad structures, provided that the stiffening effect of masonry infill wall panels or diaphragms of
profiled steel sheeting (see 2.4.2.5) is not explicitly taken into account:
k amp

cr
- but k amp 1.0
= ---------------------------1.15 1.5
cr

2) for unclad frames, or for clad structures in which the stiffening effect of masonry infill wall panels
or diaphragms of profiled steel sheeting (see 2.4.2.5) is explicitly taken into account:
k amp

cr
= ------------- cr 1

c) Analytical method. A rigorous form of second order elastic analysis should be used.
If 2cr is less than 4.0, method c) should always be used.
2.4.2.7.3 Plastic analysis
If plastic analysis is used, reference should be made to 5.5 for portal frames or 5.7 for multi-storey frames.
The secondary forces and moments should be allowed for by using second order elasticplastic analysis.
Simple plastic theory should not be used for second order analysis."

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!Alternatively, the value of t1 may be determined from the following:


if Tmin U T27J p 20 C:
t 1 = 50 ( 1.2 )

355-----------Y nom

1.4

if T27J p 20 C > Tmin U T27J p 35 C:


t 1 = 110 ( 1.8 )

355
------------Y nom

1.4

if Tmin < T27J 35 C:


t1 = 0
in which:
"

!T27J is the test temperature or equivalent test temperature (in C) for a minimum
Charpy impact value Cv of 27 J as specified in the relevant product standard,
see Table 7;"

!Detail" in tension due to

Welded connections to unstiffened flanges,


see 6.7.5 !, and tubular nodal joints"

!NOTE 4 Where abrupt changes in cross-sections coincide with the detail, (other than those covered by descriptions above), e.g.
service openings, notched cut-outs, etc., the general stress levels should take into account the additional stress concentration effect.
NOTE 5 The stress considered is the stress excluding residual stresses and stresses from structural integrity checks to 2.4.5."
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!
Product standard, steel grade and quality

Maximum thickness t1 (mm) when K = 1 according to


minimum service temperature
Normal temperatures

BS EN 10025-2:
S 275 JR
S 275 J0
S 275 J2
S 355 JR
S 355 J0
S 355 J2
S 355 K2
S 450 J0
BS EN 10025-3:
S 275 N
S 275 NL
S 355 N
S 355 NL
S 460 N
S 460 NL
BS EN 10025-4:
S 275 M
S 275 ML
S 355 M
S 355 ML
S 460 M
S 460 ML
BS EN 10025-5:
S 355 J0W or S 355 J0WP
S 355 J2W or S 355 J2WP
S 355 K2W
BS EN 10025-6:
S 460 Q
S 460 QL
S 460 QL1
a

Internal

External

5 C

15 C

Lower temperatures

25 C

35 C

45 C

36
65
94
25
46
66
79
33

20
54
78
14
38
55
66
27

36
65

25
46
55
18

20
54

14
38
46
10

36

25
38

113
162
79
114
55
79

94
135
66
95
46
66

78
113
55
79
38
55

65
94
46
66
32
46

54
78
38
55
26
38

113
162
79
114
55
79

94
135
66
95
46
66

78
113
55
79
38
55

65
94
46
66
32
46

54
78
38
55
26
38

46
66
79

38
55
66

25
46
55

14
38
46

25
38

46
66
95

38
55
79

32
46
66

26
38
55

18
32
46

The values in this table do not apply if the thickness of the part exceeds the relevant limiting thickness for validity of
the standard Charpy impact value for that product form, see Table 6.
The inclusion of a thickness in this table does not necessarily imply that steel of that thickness can be supplied to that
grade in all product forms.

"

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!
Product standard, steel grade and quality

Maximum thickness t1 (mm) when K = 1 according to


minimum service temperature
Normal temperatures

BS EN 10210:
S 275 J0H
S 275 J2H
S 275 NH
S 275 NLH
S 355 J0H
S 355 J2H
S 355 K2H or S 355 NH
S 355 NLH
S 460 NH
S 460 NLH
BS EN 10219:
S 275 J0H
S 275 J2H
S 275 MH or S 275 NH
S 275 MLH or S 275 NLH
S 355 J0H
S 355 J2H
S 355 K2H or S 355 MH or S 355 NH
S 355 MLH or S 355 NLH
S 460 MH or S 460 NH
S 460 MLH or S 460 NLH
BS 7668:
S 345 J0WH or S 345 J0WPH
S 345 GWH

Internal

External

5 C

15 C

Lower temperatures

25 C

35 C

45 C

65
94
113
162
46
66
79
114
55
79

54
78
94
135
38
55
66
95
46
66

36
65
78
113
25
46
55
79
38
55

20
54
65
94
14
38
46
66
32
46

36
54
78

25
38
55
26
38

65
94
113
162
46
66
79
114
55
79

54
78
94
135
38
55
66
95
46
66

36
65
78
113
25
46
55
79
38
55

20
54
65
94
14
38
46
66
32
46

36
54
78

25
38
55
26
38

48
62

40
52

26
43

15
36

20
"

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!
Product standard

BS EN 10025-2

Steel grade

S 275 or S 355

BS EN 10025-5

S 450
S 275 or S 355
S 460
S 275, S 355 or
S 460
All

BS EN 10025-6
BS EN 10210-1

S 460
All

BS EN 10219-1
BS 7668

All
All

BS EN 10025-3
BS EN 10025-4

Steel quality

Sections

Plates and
flats

Hollow
sections

JR or J0

100

250

J2

100

400

K2

100

150

J0
All
All
All

100
250
200
150

250
200
120

J0WP or J2WP
J0W, J2W or
K2W
All
J0, J2 or K2
NH or NLH
All
J0WPH
J0WH or GWH

40
150

12
150

150

120
65
40
12
40

Maximum thickness at which the full Charpy impact value specified in the product standard applies.

(or equivalent test temperature) T27 J


Steel quality

JR
J0
J2
K2
M
ML
N
NL
Q
QL
QL1
G
a

Product standard
BS EN 10025

BS EN 10210-1

BS EN 10219-1

BS 7668

+20 C
0 C
20 C
30 C a
30 C a
50 C
30 C a
50 C
20 C a
40 C a
60 C a

+20 C
0 C
20 C

30 C a
50 C

+20 C
0 C
20 C
30 C a
30 C a
50 C
30 C a
50 C

0 C

15 C

Equivalent test temperature for 27 J, see product standard.

"

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!Where regulations require that certain buildings should be constructed so that in event of an accident
the building will not suffer collapse to an extent disproportionate to the cause, steel framed buildings
designed as recommended in this standard (including the recommendations of 2.1.1.1) may be assumed to
meet this requirement provided that:
a) buildings of Class 1 and Class 2A are designed to conform to 2.4.5.2;
b) buildings of Class 2B are designed to conform to 2.4.5.2 and 2.4.5.3;
c) buildings of Class 3 are designed to conform to 2.4.5.2 and 2.4.5.3 in addition to resisting the design
conditions that can reasonably be foreseen as possible during the life of the buildings, identified by a
systematic risk analysis of normal and abnormal hazards such that any collapse is not disproportionate
to the cause.
where
Class 1

includes houses not exceeding 4 storeys; agricultural buildings; buildings into which people
rarely go, provided no part of the building is closer to another building, or area where people do
go, than a distance of 1.5 times the building height.

Class 2A includes 5 storey single occupancy houses; hotels not exceeding 4 storeys; flats, apartments
and other residential buildings not exceeding 4 storeys; offices not exceeding 4 storeys;
industrial buildings not exceeding 3 storeys; retailing premises not exceeding 3 storeys of less
than 2 000 m2 floor area in each storey; single storey educational buildings; all buildings not
exceeding 2 storeys to which members of the public are admitted and which contain floor areas
not exceeding 2 000 m2 floor area at each storey.
Class 2B includes hotels, flats, apartments and other residential buildings greater than 4 storeys but not
exceeding 15 storeys; educational buildings greater than 1 storey but not exceeding 15 storeys;
retailing premises greater than 3 storeys but not exceeding 15 storeys; hospitals not
exceeding 3 storeys; offices greater than 4 storeys but not exceeding 15 storeys; all buildings to
which members of the public are admitted which contain floor areas exceeding 2 000 m2 but less
than 5 000 m2 at each storey; car parking not exceeding 6 storeys.
Class 3

includes all buildings defined above as Class 2A and 2B that exceed the limits on area or number
of storeys; grandstands accommodating more than 5 000 spectators; buildings containing
hazardous substances or processes.

NOTE For steel beams supported by other materials, reference should be made to BS 5628 for masonry, BS 5268 for timber,
BS 8110 for concrete and BS 5950-5 for cold-formed steel."

2.4.5.2 !Minimum requirements"

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!Where precast concrete or other heavy floor or roof units are used, the bearing details should conform
to BS 8110."

Column ties

Edge ties

Re-entrant corner
Tie anchoring
re-entrant corner
Edge ties

A
Tie anchoring
column A

Edge ties

Beams not used as ties

2.4.5.3 !Limiting the effects of accidental removal of supports"


!Where regulations require certain buildings to be specially designed to limit the effect of accidental
removal of supports, steel-framed buildings designed as recommended in this standard (including the
recommendations of 2.1.1.1 and 2.4.5.2) may be assumed to meet this requirement provided that the
following five conditions a) to e) are met."

22

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for internal ties: !0.5(1.4gk + 1.6qk)stLn" but not less than 75 kN;
for edge ties: !0.25(1.4gk + 1.6qk)stLn" but not less than 75 kN.

!n

is a factor related to the number of storeys in the structure as follows:

Number of storeys:

Value of factor, n:

5 or more
4
3
2
1

1.0
0.75
0.5
0.25
0
"

This may be assumed to be satisfied if, in the absence of other loading, the member and its end
connections are capable of resisting a tensile force equal to its end reaction under factored loads
!multiplied by n", or the larger end reaction !multiplied by n" if they are unequal, but not less
than 75 kN.

resisting a tensile force equal to the largest !total factored vertical dead and imposed load" applied
to the column at a single floor level located between that column splice and the next column splice
down.

e) Heavy floor units. Where precast concrete or other heavy floor !, stair" or roof units are used they
should be effectively anchored in the direction of their span, either to each other over a support, or
directly to their supports as recommended in BS 8110.

time, of each column !and each beam supporting one or more columns". If condition d) is not met, a
check should be made in each storey in turn to ensure that disproportionate collapse would not be
precipitated by the notional removal, one at a time, of each element of the systems providing resistance to
horizontal forces.

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All beams designed


to act as ties

Tie anchoring
column A

24

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26

blank

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Back mark

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30
B

s1
s2
C

g1

b
g2

s1
Direction of

direct stress

g1

s2

Back mark

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b1

d
t

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b
= =

b2
T2

B
b

T1
T

d
D

D
t

= =

t
t

31

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32
b
t

b
t

d
b

d
b

b
T

b
b

t
d

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a rolled !or welded" I- or H-section should take account of the width-to-thickness ratios shown in
Figure 6 as follows:

b
T

bp

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tp

bo

tp

33

34

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Web

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Tension Compression
_

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!but Sy,eff

Tension Compression

f1
_

f2
+
f1

f2

Sy "

37

38

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15T 15T
20t

20t

13T 13T

13T 13T
20t

1.5t

20t

20t

15T 15T

20t 1.5t

2.5t

1.5t
20t

20t

17.5t

17.5t 2.5t

Class 1, 2 or 3 outstand

2.5t

20t

20T

17.5t

17.5t
2.5t

1.5t

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15T 15T

15T

15T

Compression
flange
Centroidal axis
of the gross
cross-section

13T

13T 13T

13T

Centroidal axis
of the effective
cross-section
Tension flange

1.5t

20t

20t

1.5t

2.5t

17.5t

17.5t

2.5t
Compression
flange

20T

20T

Centroidal axis
of the gross
cross-section
Centroidal axis
of the effective
cross-section
Tension
flange

40

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f cw

Compression flange
0.4 beff
Non-effective zone
Elastic neutral axis
of gross section

0.6 b

eff

t
f tw

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Elastic neutral axis


of effective section

Tension flange

41

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!4.2.1.4 Curtailment of flange plates


In a beam of compound section, see 3.5.3, each additional flange plate should be extended beyond the point
at which the cross-section is sufficient without it. The extension beyond the theoretical cut-off point should
be long enough for its connecting welds to transfer the longitudinal force in the plate. This force should be
calculated from the moment at the theoretical cut-off point, based upon the properties of the compound
section."

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44

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Licensed copy: Athens Access, University of East London, Version correct as of 03/09/2010 08:59, (c) BSI

BSI 2008

x
x

x
x

=
=

x
LLT

L LT
L LT

x
x

x
x

M
M

LLT
L

=
=

LT

x
x

LLT

LLT

=
=
x

LLT

55

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M1

56
M2
M3
M4
M5
Mmax

M1
M2
M3
M4
M5

M max

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58

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DL

BSI 2008

DL

D
D

59

60

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61

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62

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63

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64

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pyf

pyf
pyw

BSI 2008

pyf

pyw
pyf

pyf

pyw
pyf
pyf

pyf
pyw

pyw

65

66

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Licensed copy: Athens Access, University of East London, Version correct as of 03/09/2010 08:59, (c) BSI

Fv
a 4.2.5.1
Vb = Vw

b 4.4.4.2(b)

c H.3

d 4.4.5.2

0.5 Vw
c
b

Mf

Fv
Vb

a 4.2.5.1
b 4.4.4.2(b)

Vw

c H.3

e 4.4.5.3

0.5 Vw
c
0

BSI 2008

b
Mf

67

68

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69

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70

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72

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!but Fq

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0"

73

74

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BSI 2008

b1

T
t

b1

s
b1
b1

r
T

s
t

Dc

75

76

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78

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80

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82

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B
B
B

U
U
U

U
U

B
B

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84

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86

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88

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90

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92

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94

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96

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b
v

b
v

y
x

a v

a v

b b

b b

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x x

x x

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98

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100

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102

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!m

104
"

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106
=

L
M

x
x

X
M

L
L

X
M

L
M1
M1

M2
M2
Mmax

Mmax

M3
M3

M4
M4

M5
M5

BSI 2008

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108

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2c + T

2c + t

110

2c + t

Effective portion

Stiffener

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112

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114

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1.08 D

60

116
D
1.5 D

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5.1.3 Base stiffness !and capacity"

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!NOTE Where it is required to use nominally pinned bases in second order plastic analysis, a base moment capacity should
be assumed such that the maximum moment that the base can attract is very small. Otherwise the base should be treated as
nominally rigid, see 5.1.3.2b)."

118

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120

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Ds

Dh
Lh

122

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Lr

sa

124
Wr

hr

h
L

Wo

hr

h1
h2
L

sb

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126

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*
*
*
*
X
* *
* *

<_ Ls

*
*
* X
*
* *
<_ L
*
_
* *<L
s

*
*
X
*
*
* * * <_ L
s

* *

<_ Ls

Key:
Restraint
*X Restraint
or virtual restraint

!NOTE Recommendations for the necessary stiffness of the moment-resisting joints are given in 6.1.5."

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Provided that 2cr !is not less than" 4.0 !the secondary forces and moments due to" sway should be
allowed for by using one of the following methods.
a) Effective length method: In this method, sway mode in-plane effective lengths, see !E.2" should be
used for the columns. The beams shoule be designed to remain elastic under the factored loads.

In this method, non-sway mode in-plane effective lengths, see !E.2", should be used for the columns.
c) !Analytical method: A rigorous form of second order elastic analysis should be used."
!If 2cr is less than 4.0, method c) should always be used.
NOTE Recommendations for the necessary stiffness of the moment-resisting joints are given in 6.1.5."

frames

128

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0.95 cr
!---------------"
cr 1

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130

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132

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134
e

e = end or edge distance


D

e
e
e

e = end or edge distance

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Fr

136
Fr
Lt

Lv
Lv
Lv

Lt
Lt

Lv
Fr

Lt
Fr

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Lj

BSI 2008

137

138

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s <_ 0,55B

140

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2Ft

Ft

M1

BSI 2008

M1

2Ft

Ft
Ft + Q

Q
Ft + Q

M1
M1

M2
M2

141

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is the !specified minimum preload, see" BS 4604;

142

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D4

D3

D4

144
D2

D2
45

45

D1

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146

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s
_ w
L >T

2s min.
Tw

Weld stopped
short

147

148

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be

BSI 2008

bp
be

tp

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150
s1

a
s

s
a

s2
s

s
a
s

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!Where the fillet welds are symmetrically disposed the total capacity of the two welds may be taken as
equal to the capacity of the parent metal provided that:
a) the weld is made with a matching or over-matching electrode from Table 37;
b) the sum of the throat sizes is not less than the connected plate thickness;
c) the connected elements are grade S 355 or lower."

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2FT

FL

FT

FL

Throat
of the weld

152
FT

FT
FT

FT
a

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s
2

s1
a

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153

154

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156

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158

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160

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162

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164

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166

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168

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170

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172

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174

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See D.1.1. (b)

BSI 2008

Effective length of column:


Axis X - X = 1.5L
Axis Y - Y = 0.85L

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L2

Y
L

Alternative methods
of restraint

Effective length of column:


Axis X - X = 1.5L
Axis Y - Y = 0.85L1,1.0L2 or 1.0L3
whichever is the greatest

176

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Effective lengths of columns:


Upper roof column
Axis X - X = 1.5L1
Axis Y - Y = Y2 - Y2 = L1
Lower roof column
Axis B - B = 0.85L
Axis Y - Y = L2, L3, L4 or L5
whichever is the greatest
Upper roof column

L1
Y2

Combined roof and crane column


Axis A - A = 1.5L
Axis B - B = 0.85L

Y2

Crane column

L9

L
Y1

Crane column
Axis B - B = 0.85L
Axis Y1 - Y1 = L6, L7, L8 or L9
whichever is the greatest

L2

L3

L7
L

C.G.

Y1

A
L6
L5

Lower roof column

178

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Effective lengths of columns:


Roof column
Axis B1 - B1 = L1
Axis A - A = 1.5L1
Crane column
Axis B - B = 0.85L
Axis Y - Y = L2, L3, L4 or L5
whichever is the greatest

Roof column
L1

Combined crane column


Axis A - A = 1.5L
Axis B - B = 0.85L

B1

B1

Crane column

L4

A
Y

L
Y

L3

L5

L2

Y
C.G.

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!NOTE Recommendations for the necessary stiffness of the moment-resisting joints are given in 6.1.5."

180

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0.9

Pinned

1.0

1.0
0.9

0.9

k1

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.7
5
0.7

0.6
0.5

25

0.5

0.6

0.3

75

0.5

0.2
0.5

25

0.1

0.5

0.0
Fixed

182

75

0.6

0.6

0.4

Fixed 0.0

0.7

0.6

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8
k2

0.9

1.0
Pinned

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184
11

Column-length being designed

K
k

21

12

22

should be taken as I/L. !Text deleted"

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!Text deleted"

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1.0

2.8
2.6

3.0

Pinned

2.4 2
2.

0.9
k1

2.0
1.9

0.8

1.8

1.7

0.7

1.6
1.5

0.6

1.4
1.2

1.2

0.4
1.1

1.0

0.2

Fixed

186

1.1

0.3

0.1

1.3

0.5

1.0

0.9

0.0
0.0
Fixed

75

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9
k2

1.0
Pinned

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188

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190

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Intermediate restraints
F

*
*

M1
Haunched member

*
*

F
M2

*
*

F
M2

Axis of restraint

Reference axis

Non-restrained flange

M1
Tapered member

Axis of restraint

Reference axis
a

Reference
axis

Non-restrained flange

M1
Uniform member
Axis of restraint

Axis of restraint

Non-restrained flange

*
*

F
M2

Key :
Both flanges laterally restrained
x One flange laterally restrained

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Lh
Ly

Two-flange haunch

*
Lh
Ly

Three-flange haunch
Key:
Both flanges laterally restrained

*x One flange laterally restrained

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x = Restraint
x

x
max

BSI 2008

x
Ly

min

x
x

Ds

D
h

Lh
Ly

x
x

Ds

Lh

x
x

Ly

Dh

195

196

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+
200

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+
100

100
200

197

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Applied moment
diagram

Applied moment
diagram

Conservative
moment gradient

Conservative
moment gradient

1
! n t = ------------------- { R + 3R 2 + 4R 3 + 3R 4 + R 5 + 2 ( R S R E ) }
12R max 1

0.5

"

y;
!Rmax is the maximum of the absolute values of R anywhere in the length Ly."

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RS

RE

R1

(R1 )

200
R2

(R2 )
R3
R4

R4

R5

RS = R E

(R3 )
R5

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!A web required to resist moment or axial force combined with shear should be checked using the
reduction factor @. If the web depth-to-thickness ratio d/t > 70 for a rolled section, or 62 for a welded
section, and if the simple shear buckling resistance Vw (see 4.4.5.2) is less than the shear capacity Pv
(see 4.2.3), @ should be taken as specified in H.3.2. Otherwise the reduction factor @ should be obtained
from 4.2.5.3."

is the shear force;


!Vw is the simple shear buckling resistance from 4.4.5.2."

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Hq
Tension
field

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Hq

End post

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Hq
Hq

End post
End post

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Fe

Fs

Hq

Fe

ae

Fs

Hq

ae

Fs
Anchor
panel
ae

208

Hq

Fs

Hq

ae

End post

Fe

Fe

End post

Fe

Fs
Anchor
panel
ae

Hq

End post

Fe

Fs

Hq

Anchor
panel
ae

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!BS 5268 (all parts), Structural use of timber."


!BS 5628 (all parts), Code of practice for the use of masonry."

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BS 5950-1:2000

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