Standard 11:

States of Matter
Investigating the Effects of Volume,
Pressure, and Temperature on Solids,
Liquids, and Gases

I. Kinetic Theory

A. Activity: Kinetic Theory

1. Draw the set up in the packet.

2. Add one drop of bromothymol blue (BTB) to

every small circle on the acetate sheet.

3. In the center circle, add 3 drops of HCl (blue)

and 3 drops of NaHSO3 (green).

4. Cover the circles with a Petri dish.
5. Make observations by coloring what you see

happening in your packet.

Conclusions:
1.

List the evidence that a chemical reaction took place.

2.

Explain why the color of the indicator changed gradually.

3.

Write a balanced equations.

4.

What state of matter are the products?

5.

Did the gas stay in the center circle? How did you know?

B. Parts of the Kinetic Theory

1. All atoms and molecules are in constant
random motion.
Perfume molecules moving across
the room are evidence of this.

2. As the temperature increases, so does the

motion of the molecules or atoms.

states-of-matter-basics_en.jar

Kinetic Theory
3. Collisions between atoms and molecules are
perfectly elastic no loss of energy.

Kinetic Molecular Theory

1. All atoms and molecules are in constant

random motion.
2. As the temperature increases, so does the

motion of the molecules or atoms.

3. Collisions between atoms and molecules are

perfectly elastic no loss of energy.

C. Demo: Smelly Balloons

1. Observations:
2. How does the smell get out of the sealed

balloon?

3. Explain how evaporation and diffusion play a

role in the demo.

D. Demo: Fortune Fish

Take your fish out of the package.
Place on palm of your hand.
1. Observations:
2. What does the fish tell you about your fortune?

Place the package on your hand

Place the fish on top of the package.
3. Observations:
4. What causes the fish to actually move?

Lick your hand and place fish on hand.

5. Observations:

II. States of Matter

A. Demo: The Drinking Bird

1. Draw set up of bird.

2. Explain how the drinking

bird works.

B. Demo: Love Meter

1. Draw the set up
2. Explain how the love meter works.
When the gas in the bottom bulb
is heated with your hand, the
increase in temperature creates
an increase in air pressure. This
increased pressure pushes the
liquid up the tube to the top bulb.
When all of the liquid transfers
from the bottom bulb, air bubbles
are forced up the tube, causing
the liquid in the top bulb to
appear to "boil."

Four States of Matter

1. Solid particles only vibrate back and forth
2. Liquid free flowing, can move about
3. Gas move about in order to fill container
4. Plasma move so fast that they are only

charged particles

Demo: Bed of Nails

Observations:
1. Explain why the balloon doesnt pop.

States of Matter
States of matter can be affected by

temperature and pressure.

Temperature and Kinetic Energy

Temperature measure of the amount of

kinetic energy in matter.

higher temperature = more kinetic energy

Temperature is measured with a

thermometer.

Standard temperature is 0oC or 273 K

Another temperature scale is the Kelvin Scale
To convert: K = oC + 273

Temperature and Kinetic Energy

temperature decreases = molecules slow down
absolute zero all molecules stop moving
Absolute zero = 0 K = -273oC
Room Temp Kelvin

25 Celcius = ____________ Kelvin

Pressure
Pressure formed by molecules hitting the

sides of a container
Pressure =

Force
surface area

Air Pressure results from the gases in the air

hitting against an object = 12 lbs/in2

Barometer
1 atm
Pressure

At one atmosphere
pressure a column of
mercury 760 mm high.

Column of Mercury
Dish of Mercury

Measuring Air Pressure

Barometer measures air pressure
Standard Air Pressure = 1 atmosphere (1 atm)

or other units may be used:

1 atm = 760 mm of Hg = 101.3 kPa

Convert air pressure to kPa:

Demo: Soda Can Shake Up!

What happens to the pressure as the can is

shaken?
What would happen if it was opened?
What happens when the can is thumped?
Why doesnt the soda come out?

Lab: Marshmallow Man

1. Draw face on marshmallow
2. Uncap syringe Pull out plunger
3. Place marshmallow in syringe replace plunger
4. Set syringe at 15 mL replace cap
5. Pull and push plunger in and out
6. Make observations

Activity: Marshmallow Man

1. Get a marshmallow and draw a face on it.
2. Open syringe by removing the plunger and

placing Marshmallow Man inside. Replace

the plunger.
3. Set the plunger at 35 ml and cap it.
4. Make observations as you increase the
pressure (push down on plunger) and
decrease pressure (pull back on plunger).
5. Write a statement about how volume and
pressure are related.

Demo: May the Air Force Be With You

1. Draw the set up.
2. Observations:

3. Why does the ruler break?

Atmospheric Pressure

Above 760 mm Hg =
good weather (sunny)
(rainy)

Below 760 mm Hg =
bad weather

Atmospheric Pressure
At sea level

Above sea level

As elevation increases Atmospheric pressure decreases

Low elevation = high atmospheric pressure

High elevation = low atmospheric pressure
**less air in the mountains.

Under Pressure
Pressure and the number of molecules are directly

related
More molecules means more collisions
Fewer molecules means fewer collisions

Double molecules = double pressure

As the number of molecules of a gas increases, the

pressure increases

Remove molecules from container = decrease

pressure
Molecules naturally move from high pressure to low

pressure

Lab: Pop Cans!

1. Rinse soda can and add 10 ml of water.
2. Heat the can over a hot plate until steam is

rolling out of the top.

3. Quickly invert can into beaker of ice water.
Turn can upside down
and dunk in water

Beaker with ice water

Pop Can Conclusions

Observations:
1. Why was it necessary to heat the can until

most of the water was gone?

2. Did the can implode or explode? Explain.
3. Explain what happened to the can using the

terms volume, temperature, and pressure.

Changing Pressure and Temperature

State of Matter

Solid
Liquid
Gas

Temperature

Pressure

Effects of Temperature and Pressure

When elements are heated under pressure

and then allowed to cool, they can produce

different arrangements with their atoms.
Allotrope different structures of the same
element
Carbon:
Coal
Graphite
Diamond

Carbon allotropes

a = diamond, b = graphite, c = graphene, d = coal, e = bucky ball, f = bucky tube

Evaporation
Molecules at the surface break away and

become gas.
Only those with enough KE
escape
requires energy.

Condensation
Change from gas to liquid
Molecules stick together
Releases energy

Condensation
Achieves a equilibrium with

vaporization in a closed system.

What is a closed system?
A closed system means
matter cant go in or out.
cork in it)
What the heck is a
equilibrium?

(put a

Equilibrium
When first sealed the molecules gradually

escape the surface of the liquid

Equilibrium in a Closed Container

Rate of evaporation
=
Rate of condensation

Demo: Puff of Air

Observations:
1. Draw or explain how the air gun works.

Demo: Boiling Water under Low

Pressure
Observations:
1. What is the temperature of the water?

Before - ________

After - _________

2. How is it possible to boil water when its not

100oC?

Demo: Iron Ring and Ball

1. Draw the set up.
2. What happens to the ball as it is heated?
3. What happens to the ball as it is cooled?

Lab: Making Ice Cream

In small bag: cup milk, 1 tsp vanilla, and 3

tbs sugar.
In large bag: fill half-way with ice and cover
with rock salt.
Take temperature every minute until ice
cream forms. Record in data table.
Time (minutes)
Temperature (oC)

Lab: Making Ice Cream

Observations:

Conclusions:
1. What does the rock salt do to the ice?
2. Why is it necessary to shake the bag?
3. Explain why the ice melts, but the ice cream
freezes.
4. Why is salt put on roads in the winter?

Lab: Heating Curve of Water

Heat a beaker of ice until it boils.
Take temperature every minute and record.

Time (minute)

Temperature (oC)

Conclusions
Make a graph of time (X) and temperature

(Y).
Label the graph where the changes in state
occur.

Heating Curve of Water

 If you double the number of molecules

1 atm

 If you double the number of molecules

You double the pressure.

2 atm

4 atm

As you remove molecules

from a container

2 atm
As you remove molecules

from a container the

pressure decreases

1 atm

As you remove molecules

from a container the pressure

decreases
Until the pressure inside
equals the pressure outside
Molecules naturally move
from high to low pressure

Boyles Law
Relates volume and pressure!

Boyles Law
Boyles Law states, If the temperature

of a gas remains constant, then the

volume of a gas is inversely
proportional to the pressure.
This can be represented
mathematically:
V1P1 = V2P2
When the pressure goes down, the
volume goes up, and vice versa.

Boyles Law

Boyles Law
http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-

12/airplane/boyle.html

Boyles Law
20 ml of gas is at standard pressure. What

pressure is required to compress the 20 ml of

gas to 10 ml?
V1 =
P1 =
V2 =
P2 =

More demos on Boyles Law

1. Balloon in the Vacuum Pump
Observation:
2. Marshmallow Peeps in the Vacuum Pump
Observation:
3. Shaving Cream in the Vacuum Pump
Observation:

Check in May 23, 2011

1. Draw a picture of the balloon in the flask.
2. Explain how to inflate the balloon.
3. Observations:

Boyles Law Lab

Pressure (ml)

Volume (ml)

0 books

30 ml

1 book
2 books
3 books
4 books
5 books

Boyles Law Lab

1. Make a graph of pressure on x axis and
2.
3.
4.

5.

volume on the y axis.

Describe the shape of the graph.
Do your data support Boyles law. Explain.
Use your graph to predict how many books
would be required to make the volume be 5
ml.
Will the volume ever reach 0 ml? Explain.

Check In:

What do you see? Why do you think it is true?

Lab: Hot Bubbles, Cold Bubbles

1. Get hot water beaker and a cold water beaker.
2. Dip the opening of a plastic bottle into the soap

solution so that a soap film forms on top.

3. Place the bottom of the bottle in the hot water and
hold it there.
4. Repeat the process with the cold water.
1. Observations:
2. Write a statement about temperature and volume of
a gas.

Charless Law
Charless Law states, If the pressure

remains constant, then the volume of a gas is

directly proportional to the Kelvin
temperature.
This can be represented mathematically as
V1T2 = V2T1
Temperature must be on the Kelvin scale

Kelvin = oC + 273

Demo: The Balloon in the Flask

1. Make a drawing of the balloon and the flask.
2. Predict what will happen as the flask is
3.
4.
5.
6.

heated with a balloon over it.

Record what happens.
Predict what will happen when the flask is
cooled.
Record what happens.
Explain why.

Charless Law
Calculate the temperature required to change

the volume of a gas from 100 ml of gas to 50

ml of gas if the original temperature was
27oC.
V1 =
T1 =
V2 =
T2 =

Charless Law
http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-

12/airplane/glussac.html

Check in:
What do you
predict will
happen to the
balloon as the
temperature is
increased?
Why?

Demo: Pressure Bottle

1. Record the temperature of the gas inside the

bottle.
2. Pump air into the bottle and then observe
the temperature again.
3. Write a statement about how temperature
and pressure are related.

Gay-Lusaacs Law
Gay-Lusaacs Law states, If the volume

remains constant, then the pressure of a gas

is directly proportional to the Kelvin
temperature.
This can be represented mathematically as
P1T2 = P2T1
Temperature must be on the Kelvin scale

Kelvin = oC + 273

Combined Gas Law

This law relates all three variables of

temperature, pressure, and volume.

V1P1T2 = V2P2T1
STP = standard temperature and pressure
(273 K and 101.3 kPa)

Combined Gas Law

http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-

12/airplane/Animation/frglab2.html

Combined Gas Law

1.0 liter of gas is at ___oC and ___ kPa.

What is the volume at STP?

V1 = ____liter
P1 = ____kPa
T1 = _____oC + 273 = _____ K
V2 = ?
P2 = 101.3 kPa
T2 = 273 K

Lab: Calculating Pressure of Butane

Gas
Volume before = _________ml
Pressure before = ________kPa
Temperature before = ______oC
Volume after = __________ml
Temperature after = ___________ oC
Pressure after (calculated) = ___?_____

Ideal Gas Law

The ideal gas law considers how much gas is

added to a container
Then it determines how temperature,
pressure, and volume are affected by the
amount of gas.
The amount of gas is represented by the
number of moles of the gas.

Ideal Gas Law

The mathematical representation of the law is

PV = nRT
where
P = pressure in kilopascals (kPa)
V = volume in liters (L)
n = number of moles
R = gas constant 8.31
T = temperature in Kelvin (K)

Demo: PV = nRT
How many moles of air are in the bottle?
P = __________
V = __________
n = __________
R = 8.31
T = __________

Ideal Gas Simulator

http://intro.chem.okstate.edu/1314F00/Labora

tory/GLP.htm

Demo Ideal Gas Law

1.

Write a balanced equation for the reaction between

hydrochloric acid and sodium carbonate if the
products are water, salt, and carbon dioxide gas.

2.

How many moles of carbon dioxide are needed to

produce 0.5 L of the gas at todays temperature and
pressure?
P=
V = 0.5 L
n=?
R = 8.31
T=

Demo: Ideal Gas Law

3. Using the balanced equation what is the
ratio of sodium carbonate to carbon dioxide?
4. How many moles of sodium carbonate are
needed for the reaction?
5. How many grams of sodium carbonate are
needed for the reaction?
6. How many liters of CO2 were produced?

Lab: Butane Lighter

How many moles of butane are contained in the gas?
What is the molar mass of butane?
Mass of lighter before _______g
Mass of lighter after _________g
P = _________________
V = __________________
n = _________________
R = 8.31
T = _________________

Butane Lighter lab

1. Calculate the volume by dividing by 1000 to

put it liters and the temperature by adding

273.
2. Solve for the number of moles.
3. Determine the number of grams of butane
you used.
4. Divide the grams by moles to get the GFM.

Butane Lighter Lab

Conclusions
1. What is the actual GFM of butane C4H10?
2. How does the GFM compare to the value

you calculated? What are some sources of

error?