Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
1-Fundamentals
Saeed GUL, Dr.Techn, M.Sc. Engg.
Associate Professor and Chairman
Cont.
The mass transfer rate dependent on both the driving force
(concentration difference) and the mass transfer resistance.
Example:
Where NA is the molar flux of A (moles per unit area per unit
time)
CA is the concentration of A (moles of A per unit volume),
DAB is known as the diffusivity or diffusion coefficient for A in B,
and y is distance in the direction of transfer.
28 November 2015
28 November 2015
If A and B are ideal gases in a mixture, the ideal gas law is given by
28 November 2015
10
28 November 2015
11
12
28 November 2015
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
28 November 2015
21
28 November 2015
22
28 November 2015
23
For small values of CA, CT CAi CT and only the first term in the
series is significant
28 November 2015
24
Where
28 November 2015
25
Where
It may be noted that all the transfer coefficients here are greater
than those for equimolecular counter diffusion by the factor
(CT/CBm)(= P/PBm), which is an integrated form of the drift factor.
When the concentration CA of the gas being transferred is low,
CT/CBm then approaches unity and the two sets of coefficients
become identical.
28 November 2015
26
Example 10.1
Ammonia gas is diffusing at a constant rate through a layer of
stagnant air 1 mm thick. Conditions are such that the gas
contains 50 per cent by volume ammonia at one boundary of
the stagnant layer. The ammonia diffusing to the other
boundary is quickly absorbed and the concentration is negligible
at that plane. The temperature is 295 K and the pressure
atmospheric, and under these conditions the diffusivity of
ammonia in air is 1.8 x 10-5 m2/s. Estimate the rate of diffusion
of ammonia through the layer.
28 November 2015
27
Solution:
If the subscripts 1 and 2 refer to the two sides of the stagnant
layer and the subscripts A and B refer to ammonia and air
respectively, then the rate of diffusion through a stagnant layer is
given by:
In this case, x = 0.001 m, D = 1.8 x 10-5 m2/s, R = 8314 J/kmol K,
T = 295 K and P = 101.3 kN/m2 and hence:
28 November 2015
28
28 November 2015
29
30
31
32
28 November 2015
33
Similarly for B:
For equimolecular counterdiffusion NA = NB and equation 3
above reduces to Fick's Law. For a system in which B undergoes
no net transfer, NB = 0 and equation 3 is identical to Stefan's
Law
28 November 2015
34
becomes:
Thus:
28 November 2015
35
then:
Thus:
Or:
28 November 2015
36
37
Thus, the diffusional process does not give rise to equal and
opposite mass fluxes.
28 November 2015
38
Quiz # 1
Ammonia is absorbed in water from a mixture with air
using a column operating at 1 bar and 295 K. The
resistance to transfer may be regarded as lying entirely
within the gas phase. At a point in the column, the partial
pressure of the ammonia is 7.0 kN/m2. The back pressure
at the water interface is negligible and the resistance to
transfer may be regarded as lying in a stationary gas film
1 mm thick. If the diffusivity of ammonia in air is 236 x
10-5 m2/s, what is the transfer rate per unit area at that
point in the column? How would the rate of transfer be
affected if the ammonia air mixture were compressed to
double the pressure?
28 November 2015
39
28 November 2015
40
41
For component B:
42
43
44
45
28 November 2015
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
28 November 2015
53
Phase Equilibria
A limit to mass transfer is reached if the two phases come to
equilibrium and the net transfer of material ceases.
54
Phase Equilibria
More specifically, there are three important criteria for different
phases to be in equilibrium with each other:
The temperature of the two phases is the same at
equilibrium.
The partial pressure of every component in the two phases is
the same at equilibrium.
The Gibbs free energy' of every component in the two phases
is the same at equilibrium.
28 November 2015
55
56
57
58
Pxy Diagram
what causes a liquid
to vaporize?
Increasing the temperature
Decreasing the pressure
the two lines intersect at two
ends These intersections are
the pure-component vapor
pressures
28 November 2015
59
Pxy Diagram
Composition of each component in a 2-phase mixture,
60
Txy Diagram
28 November 2015
61
Txy Diagram
28 November 2015
62
63
28 November 2015
64
28 November 2015
65
28 November 2015
66
28 November 2015
67
28 November 2015
68
Case:-1
Here the concentrations in both
the gas and liquid phase diminish
in the positive direction, causing
solute to transfer from the gas to
the liquid phase.
The fact that the interfacial liquid
mole fraction is higher than the
gas
concentration
is
no
impediment.
It is merely an indication of high
gas solubility, a perfectly normal
and acceptable phenomenon.
28 November 2015
69
Case:- 2
The gas-phase concentration here
increases in the positive direction
so that no transfer of solute from
gas to liquid can take place.
Neither can there be any transfer in
the opposite sense, because the
liquid concentration rises in the
negative direction.
Such profiles arise only in cases
when solute is generated by
chemical reaction at the gas
liquid interface. The product
solute then diffuses from the
interface into the bulk fluids.
28 November 2015
70
Case:- 3
This case involves decreasing
concentrations in both phases,
but the decrease is in the
negative direction.
Solute will therefore desorb from
the liquid into the gas phase.
Gas solubility is low because
the interfacial concentrations
are nearly identical.
28 November 2015
71
28 November 2015
72
73
28 November 2015
74
28 November 2015
75
28 November 2015
76
28 November 2015
77
28 November 2015
78
28 November 2015
79
28 November 2015
80
28 November 2015
81
28 November 2015
82
28 November 2015
83
28 November 2015
84
28 November 2015
85
28 November 2015
86
28 November 2015
87
28 November 2015
88
28 November 2015
89
28 November 2015
90
28 November 2015
91
28 November 2015
92
28 November 2015
93
28 November 2015
94
28 November 2015
95
28 November 2015
96
28 November 2015
97