CultivatingEquitableStudentcenteredDiscussions:

SamaraFrancisco
HighTechHighGraduateSchoolofEducation
TeacherLeadershipResident,MastersofEducationCandidate
May2016

REFERENCESCITED:
Billings,Laura&Roberts,Terry(2014).Mindlesstomeaningful.
EducationalLeadership
,72
(3),6065.

Brookfield,StephenD.&Preskill,Stephen(2005).
Discussionasawayofteaching.
San
Francisco,CA:JosseyBass.

Cohen,ElizabethG.(1972).Sociologyandtheclassroom:Settingtheconditionsfor
teacherstudentinteraction.
ReviewofEducationalResearch,
42(4),441452.

Cohen,ElizabethG.&Lotan,Rachel(1997).
WorkingforEquityinHeterogeneousClassrooms:
SociologicalTheoryinPractice.
NewYork,NY:TeachersCollegePress.

Cohen,ElizabethG.&Roper,SusanS.(1972).Modificationofinterracialinteraction
disability:Anapplicationofstatuscharacteristictheory.
AmericanSociologicalReview,
37(6),643657.

Costa,ArthurL.(1990).Teacherbehaviorsthatpromotediscussion.InWilliamWilen(Ed.)
Teachingandlearningthroughdiscussion:Thetheory,research,andpracticeofthediscussionmethod
(pp.4577).Springfield,IL:ThomasBooks.

Flynn,Nora.(2009).Towarddemocraticdiscourse:Scaffoldingstudentleddiscussioninsocial
studies.
TeachersCollegeRecord
,111(8),20212054.

Goodwin,Bryan(2014).Getallstudentstospeakup.
EducationalLeadership
,72(3),8283.

Han,M.(2015).Learningtolisten.InH.Lattimer&S.Caillier(Eds.),
Survivingandthriving
withteacheractionresearch
(pp.93100).NewYork,NY:PeterLang.

HewlettFoundation(2015).Howdoesdeeperlearningpreparestudents.Retrievedfrom
http://www.hewlett.org/programs/education/deeperlearning/howdoesdeeperlearningpreparestudents
.

hooks,bell(1994).
TeachingtoTransgress
.NewYork,NY:Routledge.

Kelly,Sean&Turner,Julianne(2009).Rethinkingtheeffectsofclassroomactivitystructureon
theengagementoflowachievingstudents.
TeachersCollegeRecord
,111(7),16651692.

Larson,B.E.&Parker,W.C.(1996).Whatisclassroomdiscussion?Alookatteachers
conceptions.
JournalofCurriculumandSupervision
,11(2),110126.

Maloch,Beth(1999).Shiftingtostudentcentered,collaborativeclassrooms:Implementing
StudentLedDiscussionGroups.PresentedatAERA99:AmericanEducationalResearchAssociation
AnnualConference.Montreal,Canada.

Marks,Helen(2000).Studentengagementininstructionalactivity:Patternsintheelementary,
middle,andhighschoolyears.
AmericanEducationalResearchJournal
,37(1),153184.

McDonald,JosephP.,Mohr,Nancy,Dichter,Alan,&McDonald,ElizabethP.(2007).
The
powerofprotocols:Aneducatorsguidetobetterpractice.
NewYork,NY:TeachersCollegePress.

Nichols,Maria(2014).Realtalkrealteaching.
EducationalLeadership
,
72(3),
7377.

Rowe,MaryBudd(1986).Waittime:Slowingdownmaybeawayofspeedingup.
Journalof
TeacherEducation
.37(1),4350.

Soland,Jim,Hamilton,LauraS.&Stecher,BrianM.(2013).Measuring21stCentury
Competencies.SantaMonica,CA:RANDCorporation.

VanMents,Morry(1990).
ActiveTalk
.London:KoganPageLimited.

Wiggins,Alexis(2014).Spinningtheweb.
EducationalLeadership
,72(3),7881.

APPENDIX:
PDSA#1Norms

Figure4:Studentcreatednorms,habitsandtraitsofparticipation

Norms/Habits

AMClass
Respecttheopinionsof
others
Sharetheair
VerballySpeakatleast
once
Makeanattempttoengage
verbally
Askfollowupquestions
andmakecommentsto
agreeordisagree

PMClass
Payattention
Monitorhowmuchyou
speak(limit?)
Inviteothersintospeak
Nocellphones
Notappingpencils/pen
clicking
Bephysicallypresent,
physicallyengagein
whatsgoingon

 Listentootherstoavoid
repeatingortoavoid
gettinglostinthe
conversation
Followtheroles,help
othersdothesame
ParticipationIs

Helpothersget
clarification
Buildingonexistingideas
Communicating
Eyecontact
Usingtextualevidence
Bodylanguage:physically
leanintothediscussion
Inviteothersin

PDSA#34IndividualReflectionSurvey

1.Ifeltpreparedtoparticipateinthediscussion.
StronglyDisagree
12345
StronglyAgree

2.Mygroupsharedtalktimesoallvoicescouldbeheard.
StronglyDisagree
12345
StronglyAgree

3.Mygroupinvitedothersintotheconversation.
StronglyDisagree
12345
StronglyAgree

4.Mygroupinterruptedotherstudentswhowerespeaking.
StronglyDisagree
12345
StronglyAgree

5.Ihadenoughchancestoparticipateinthediscussion.
StronglyDisagree
12345
StronglyAgree

Dontworkonother
assignments
Beopentootherpointsof
viewandhearing

BodyLanguage=eye
contactwiththespeaker,
nodyourheadto
communicateyoure
listening
Respondby
agreeing/disagreeing
Sayingthingsrelevant

to
thetopic,intelligent
Askothersfortheir
opinions,includeothers
Askquestions

6.Lookatthefeedbackfromyourpeerobserver.Whatissomethingyoucancelebrateaboutyour
participationinthediscussiontoday?*

7.Whatissomethingyoucancelebrateaboutthegroup'sdiscussion(eitheryourgroup'sortheother
group's)?*

8.Whatissomethingyoucanpersonallyworkontoimproveforthenextdiscussion?*

9.Whatissomethingyouwouldrecommendyourteacheradjustforthenextdiscussion?*

PDSA#3PrepSheet

PSDA#4FeedbackForm