Inthecontextofpopulations,howdowedefineevolution?

a)

Overview)

Evolutionisthetendencyforsomeindividualsinapopulationtoleave
moreoffspringthanothers.

b) Evolutionisalwayscausedbynaturalselection.

c)

Evolutionisthewayinwhichsexualreproductioncanrapidlyspread
advantageoustraitsthroughoutapopulation.

d) Evolutionistheexplanationforhoworganicmoleculesformedfrom
inorganicmolecules.
e)

Evolutionisachangeinapopulation'sallelefrequenciesover
generations.

Whichofthefollowingmechanismscanalterallelefrequencies?(

a)

Overview)

geneticdrift

b) geneflow

c)

naturalselection

d) Allofthelistedresponsesarecorrect.

e)

Noneofthelistedresponsesiscorrect.

Whichexamplebelowcorrectlydescribesaverageheterozygosity?(
23.1)

Concept

a)

Averageheterozygosityreferstotheaveragepercentageoflocithat
areheterozygousinapopulation.

b) Averageheterozygosityreferstothenumberofindividualsina
populationthatareheterozygousforacertaintrait.

c)

Averageheterozygosityismeasuredbycomparingthenucleotide
sequencesofDNAsamples,andthenaveragingthedatafromthe
comparison.
d) Averageheterozygosityismeasuredbylookingatchangesin
karyotypes.

e)

Averageheterozygosityisusuallylessthantheaveragedifference
betweennucleotidesequences.

Thehumangenomeconsistsofapproximately3billionbasepairs.Ifhumans
typicallydifferfromoneanotherbyabout3millionbasepairs,whatisthe
nucleotidevariabilityofHomosapiens?(

a)

Concept23.1)

0.1%

b) 10%

c)

50%

d) 3%

e)

1%

Whichexamplebelowwouldmostlikelyexhibitacline?(

a)

Concept23.1)

Individualswhoareheterozygoticforthesicklecelldiseaseallele
haveagreaterresistancetomalaria.

b) Malebowerbirdsdecoratestationstoattractfemales.

c)

Cowsareselectivelybredtogainahighermilkyield.

d) Rabbitsthatliveincolderregionstendtohavesmallerearsthan
rabbitsofthesamespeciesthatliveinwarmerregions.

e)

Sealshaveflippersthatmakethemgreatswimmersbutmaketheir
movementsonrocksandlandverycumbersome.

Whichofthefollowingcanformentirelynewalleles?(

a)

Concept23.1)

mutation

b) theenvironment

c)

naturalselection

d) sexualrecombination

e)

geneticdrift

Sexualrecombinationincludestheshufflingofchromosomesin_____and
fertilization.(

a)

Concept23.1)

mutation

b) mitosis

c)

naturalselection

d) meiosis

e)

geneticdrift

Whichtypeofmutationplaysthemostimportantroleinincreasingthenumberof
genesinthegenepool?(

a)

Concept23.1)

pointmutation

b) rearrangementofgeneloci

c)

changesinnucleotidesequence

d) duplication

e)

Mutationsaresorarethattherearenomutationsthatcanhavesuchan
importanteffect.

Inalargepopulationofrandomlybreedingorganisms,thefrequencyofarecessive
alleleisinitially0.3.Thereisnomigrationandnoselection.Humansenterthis
ecosystemandselectivelyhuntindividualsshowingthedominanttrait.Whenthe
genefrequencyisreexaminedattheendoftheyear,_____.(

Concept23.2)

a)

thefrequencyofthehomozygousdominantswillgodown,the
frequencyoftheheterozygousgenotypewillremainthesame,andthe
frequencyofthehomozygousrecessiveswillgoup
b) thefrequencyofthehomozygousdominantswillgodown,the
frequencyoftheheterozygousgenotypewillgoup,andthefrequencyof
thehomozygousrecessiveswillremainthesame
c) thefrequencyofthehomozygousdominantswillgodown,the
frequencyoftheheterozygousgenotypewillgodown,andthe
frequencyofthehomozygousrecessiveswillgoup
d) thefrequencyofthehomozygousdominantswillgoup,thefrequencyof
theheterozygousgenotypewillgodown,andthefrequencyofthe
homozygousrecessiveswillgoup
e) thefrequencyofthehomozygousdominantswillgoup,thefrequencyof
theheterozygousgenotypewillgodown,andthefrequencyofthe
homozygousrecessiveswillgodown

IntheHardyWeinbergequation,p2represents_____.(

a)

Concept23.2)

theexpectedfrequencyofhomozygousdominantindividualsinthe
population

b) thetotalallelesinthegenepool

c)

thefrequencyofhomozygousrecessiveindividualsinthepopulation

d) thefrequencyofheterozygousdominantindividualsinthepopulation

e)

thefrequencyofdominantallelesinthepopulation

Inalargepopulationofbonobos,thefrequencyoftherecessivealleleisinitially0.1.
Thereisnomigrationandnoselection.Whatisthefrequencyofthedominant
allele?Assumethattherearetwoallelesofthisgene.(

a)

Concept23.2)

99%

b) 90%

c)

20%

d) 10%

e)

50%

InapopulationinHardyWeinbergequilibrium,1%oftheindividualsina
populationshowtherecessivetraitofacertaincharacteristic.Inthissituation,what
isthevalueofp?(

a)

99%

b) Theanswercannotbedeterminedfromtheinformationgiven.

c)

0.81

d) 0.18

e)

Concept23.2)

0.9

IntheequationforHardyWeinbergequilibrium,1represents_____.(
23.2)

a)

Concept

thefrequencyofhomozygousrecessiveindividualsinthepopulation

b) thesumofthefrequenciesofthegenotypesforaparticulargenelocus

c)

thefrequencyofheterozygousindividualsinthepopulations

d) thefrequencyofhomozygousdominantindividualsinthepopulation

e)

allthepossiblephenotypesinthepopulation

Approximately1outofevery2,500CaucasiansintheUnitedStatesisbornwiththe
recessivediseasecysticfibrosis.AccordingtotheHardyWeinbergequilibrium
equation,approximatelywhatpercentageofpeoplearecarriers?(

a)

Concept23.2)

about10%

b) about2%
c)

about.08%

d) about96%
e)

about4%

InacertaingroupofAfricanpeople,4%arebornwithsicklecelldisease
(homozygousrecessive).IfthisgroupisinHardyWeinbergequilibrium,what
percentageofthegrouphastheselectiveadvantageofbeingmoreresistantto
malaria(heterozygous)thanthoseindividualswhoarehomozygousfornormal
hemoglobinorforsicklecelldisease?(

a)

2%

b) 16%
c)

32%

Concept23.2)

d) 4%

e)

8%

AssumeapopulationinHardyWeinbergequilibriumforacharactertraitwiththese
genotypicfrequencies:AA=0.25,Aa=0.50,andaa=0.25.Ifyouremoveallthe
homozygousdominantsandallowtheremainingpopulationtoreproduce(again
underHardyWeinbergconditions),whatwillbethefrequencyofhomozygous
dominantsinthenextgeneration?(

a)

Concept23.2)

0.50

b) 0.22

c)

d) 0.44

e)

0.11

WhichofthefollowingsetsofconditionsisrequiredforHardyWeinberg
equilibrium?(

a)

Concept23.2)

alargepopulation,randommutations,andnomigrationofallelesinor
outofthepopulation

b) randommating,asmallpopulation,andnomutations

c)

randommating,nonaturalselection,andalargepopulation

d) nomutations,nonaturalselection,withsexualselection

e)

alargepopulation,nomutations,withnaturalselection

_____and_____generatevariation,whereas_____resultsinanadaptationtothe
environment.(

a)

Concept23.2)

Mutation...sexualrecombination...naturalselection

b) Geneticdrift...naturalselection...mutation

c)

Overproductionofoffspring...mutation...sexualrecombination

d) Naturalselection...mutation...sexualrecombination

e)

Sexualrecombination...naturalselection...overproduction

Apopulationof15birdsinhabitsafairlynewisland.Tenofthebirdsaredark
brownandfiveofthemarelightbrown.Bychance,twoofthedarkbrownbirdsand
threeofthelightbrownbirdsdiebeforeproducinganyoffspring.Allofthebirdsin
thenextgenerationaredarkbrown.Thischangeinphenotypicfrequencycanbe
attributedto_____.(

a)

Concept23.3)

naturalselection

b) acline
c)

sexualselection

d) geneticdrift
e)

geneflow

Anearthquakehitsasmallisland.Allbutasmallgroupofcloselyrelatedlizardsare
eliminated,andthesurvivorsspreadoutovertheisland.Thisisaninstanceof
_____.(

Concept23.3)
a)

foundereffect

b) mutation
c)

bottleneckeffect

d) geneflow

e)

naturalselection

Whichofthefollowingscenarioswouldmostlikelyresultinthemicroevolutionofa
populationofhumans?(

a)

Concept23.3)

Hundredsofthousandsofpeoplearekilledinanaturaldisaster.

b) Onlyrandommatingtakesplaceamongallthepeoplethatreproducein
NorthAmerica.
c)

Allofthelistedresponsesarecorrect.

d) AcolonyofhumansonthemoonisisolatedfromEarth.

e)

Theincidenceofskincancerinadultsoverage40risessignificantly.

Whichofthefollowingisthebestexampleofgeneflow?(

a)

Concept23.3)

Afiredrasticallyreducesthesizeofawhitetaileddeerpopulation.The
remainingindividualsspreadoutthroughouttheremainingforest.

b) Anearthquakeresultsintheformationofacanyon,splittinga
populationoftoadsapart.
c)

Windblowspollenfromonepopulationofplantstoanotherandcross
fertilizationoccurs.

d) Asmallpopulationofhumanscolonizesanewlyformedisland.

e)

Genesareshuffledbythecrossingoverofchromosomesduringmeiosis.

Whichofthefollowingmostaccuratelymeasuresanorganism'sfitness?(
Concept23.4)

a)

itsmutationrate

b) howmuchfooditisabletomakeorobtain

c)

howstrongtheorganismiswhenpittedagainstothersofitsspecies

d) howmanyfertileoffspringitproduces

e)

itsabilitytowithstandenvironmentalextremes

Antibioticresistanceinbacteriaisanexampleofwhichofthefollowing?(
Concept23.4)

a)

macroevolution

b) stabilizingselection

c)

directionalselection

d) disruptiveselection

e)

HardyWeinbergequilibrium

Forseveralyears,scientistshavewarneddoctorsofthedangerofoverprescribing
antibioticssuchaspenicillin.Scientistsareconcernedbecause_____.(
23.4)

a)

Concept

strainsofmicroorganismsthatareresistanttothesedrugswillbe
selectedfor

b) thedrugswillbemetabolizedmorequicklybyourbodies,decreasing
theireffectiveness

c)

humanswillbecometoleranttotheeffectsofdrugs

d) theorganismsthatproducemanyoftheantibioticsareoverexploitedand
couldbecomeextinct

e)

Noneofthelistedresponsesiscorrect.

Apopulationofsquirrelsispreyedonbysmallhawks.Thesmallersquirrelscan
escapeintoburrows.Thelargersquirrelscanfightoffthehawks.Afterseveral
generations,thesquirrelsintheareatendtobeverysmallorverylarge.What
processisresponsibleforthisoutcome?(

a)

stabilizingselection

b) disruptiveselection

c)

directionalselection

d) HardyWeinbergequilibrium

e)

balancingselection

Stabilizingselection_____.(

Concept23.4)

a)

Concept23.4)

occurswhensomeindividualsmigratetoanareawithdifferent
environmentalconditions

b) usuallyresultsintwodistinctphenotypes

c)

occursonlyinplants

d) favorsintermediatevariantsinapopulation

e)

preventsmutationsfromoccurring

Birdswithaveragesizewingssurvivedaseverestormmoresuccessfullythanother
birdsinthesamepopulationwithlongerorshorterwings.Ifseverestormsoccur
regularly,thenovertime,oneshouldexpectthesestormstobringabout_____.(
Concept23.4)

a)

directionalselection

b) thebottleneckeffect

c)

disruptiveselection

d) stabilizingselection

e)

geneflow

TaySachsdisease,whichislethal,resultsfromhavingthehomozygousrecessive
conditionoftheresponsiblegene.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?(
Concept23.4)

a)

Heterozygousindividualswillsurviveandmaypasstherecessiveallele
ontotheiroffspring.

b) Onlyhomozygousdominantindividualswillbeabletosurviveand
reproduce.

c)

Intheheterozygouscondition,thedominantallelewillovercomethe
recessivealleleandonlythedominantallelewillbepassedonto
offspring.
d) Homozygousdominantindividualswillbemorelikelytoreproducethan
heterozygousindividuals.

e)

Becausehomozygousrecessiveindividualsdie,therecessiveallelewill
eventuallybelostfromthepopulation.

Whichtypeofselectionmaintainsstablefrequenciesoftwoormorephenotypic
formsinapopulation?(

a)

Concept23.4)

neutralvariation

b) stabilizingselection
c)

heterozygoteadvantage

d) balancingselection

e)

directionalselection

Whichofthefollowingwouldseemtobeanexampleofneutralvariation?(
Concept23.4)

a)

foundereffect

b) polymorphismoftheGlapagosfinches

c)

homozygosityofthecheetahpopulation

d) humanfingerprints

e)

mothcoloration

Whatistheimportanceofneutralvariationinevolution?(

a)

Concept23.4)

Neutralvariationincreasesgeneticvariation,allowingapopulationto
carrymoreallelesthatmayhelpitrespondtoenvironmentalchange.

b) Neutralvariationisusuallyremovedfromthepopulationbynatural
selectionbecauseitdoesnotconferanadvantageinthecurrent
environment.
c) Manymutationsaresilentanddonotaffecttheaminoacidthatiscoded
for.
d) DNAforensicsreliesonneutralvariationamonghumans.

e)

Relativefrequenciesofneutralvariationsarecontrolledbynatural
selection.

Selectionthatactsoverevolutionarytimetopreservetraitsthatincreasean
individual'sabilitytomateisknownas_____.(

a)

Concept23.4)

disruptiveselection

b) sexualselection

c)

directionalselection

d) balancingselection

e)

stabilizingselection

Whichstatementbelowistrueaboutsexualselection?(

a)

Concept23.4)

Inmostvertebrates,femalescourtthemales.

b) Intrasexualselectionleadstothedeathofmostunfitmalesincombat.

c)

Showysecondarysexualcharacteristicscannotbeexplainedbecause
theybreakalloftherulesofnaturalselection.

d) Sexualselectioncanresultinsexualdimorphismmarkeddifferences
betweenthesexesinsecondarysexualcharacteristicsthatarenot
associateddirectlywithreproduction.
e) Thereisnoevidencethatintrasexualselectiontakesplacebetween
females.

Howdoesnaturalselectionfashionorganisms?(

a)

Concept23.4)

Neutraltraitsareoftenselectedforbecausetheywilleventuallyproduce
allelesthatconferanadvantage.

b) Thebesttraitsforthecurrentenvironmentariseinthepopulationand
areselectedfor.

c)

Chanceandtheenvironmentinteractwithnaturalselection,sothatthe
bestavailabletraitsareselectedfor.

d) Brandnewbodyplansariseoften,givingnaturalselectionmanynew
possibilitiestoworkwith.
e)

Sexualselectionactstomakeorganismsbetteradaptedtotheir
environments.

Anumberofmosquitopopulationstodayareresistanttoinsecticidesthatwereonce
quiteeffective.Biologiststhinkthatinsecticideresistanceevolvedinmosquitoes
because_____.(

a)

Concept23.4)

anewalleledevelopedinresponsetotheinsecticidethatprovidedfuture
generationsthebenefitofresistance

b) afewmosquitoeswereprobablyresistanttotheinsecticidebeforeitwas
everused,andtheseindividualsweremorelikelytosurviveand
reproduce
c) individualmosquitoesbuiltupanimmunitytoaninsecticideafterbeing
exposedtoit
d) mosquitoesneededtodevelopinsecticideresistancetosurviveafterthe
insecticidewasused
e)

mosquitoesattemptedtoadapttotheirenvironment