Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
ME 091304
Teknik Bangunan dan Konstruksi Kapal II
Bottom structures
Bottom structures
Originally, ships were constructed with single
g y p g
bottoms.
Liquid fuels and fresh water being contained
Liquid fuels and fresh water being contained
within separately constructed tanks.
Double bottom structure provides increased
safety in event of bottom shell damage.
y g
Double bottom structure also provides liquid
t k i th hi evolved
tank space low down in the ship
l d l d
during early part of this century.
ME 091304 Teknik Bangunan dan Konstruksi Kapal II 2
Bottom structures
Bottom structures
Smaller vessels (e.g. tugs, ferries, and cargo
g g g
ship less than 500 gross tons) have a single
bottom construction
bottom construction.
Larger ocean‐going vessels, other than older
,
tanker, are fitted with some form of double
bottom.
ME 091304 Teknik Bangunan dan Konstruksi Kapal II 3
Vertical plate open floors are fitted at every
f
frame space and stiffened at their upper
d iff d h i
edge. ME 091304 Teknik Bangunan dan Konstruksi Kapal II 4
Single bottom structure
Single bottom structure
Where a bar keel is fitted the floor are continuous
from bilge to bilge.
If flat plate keel is provided a continuous
longitudinal girder may be used instead.
ME 091304 Teknik Bangunan dan Konstruksi Kapal II 5
ME 091304 Teknik Bangunan dan Konstruksi Kapal II 6
Single bottom structures
Single bottom structures
y p g
•Plate floor at every frame spacing
(BKI Vol. II, Section 8, A.1.1)
ME 091304 Teknik Bangunan dan Konstruksi Kapal II 7
ME 091304 Teknik Bangunan dan Konstruksi Kapal II 8
Connection between floors and frames (2/2)
Connection between floors and frames (2/2)
(BKI Vol. II, Section 19, B.4.2)
ME 091304 Teknik Bangunan dan Konstruksi Kapal II 9
A wood ceiling may be fitted across the top of
floors if cargo are to be carried but this does
g
not constitute an inner bottom offering any
protection in the outer bottom shell is
protection in the outer bottom shell is
damaged.
ME 091304 Teknik Bangunan dan Konstruksi Kapal II 10
Depth of the floor plates (single bottom)
Depth of the floor plates (single bottom)
The depth of the floor plates is not less than:
h = 55 B – 45 [mm]
hmin = 180 mm
Ships having a considerable rise of floor, the
p g
depth of the floor plate webs at the beginning of
the turn of bilge is not less than the depth of
frame.
frame
Web thickness is not be less than:
W b hi k i b l h
t = h/100 + 3 [mm]
ME 091304 Teknik Bangunan dan Konstruksi Kapal II 11
All ocean‐going ships with exception of some older tankers are fitted with
g g p p
double bottom which often extends from the fore peak bulkhead to the
after peak bulkhead.
Some functions of double bottom are:
It increase the longitudinal strength of the ship
It provides for additional safety in the event a bottom plate is damaged by
limiting the extend of flooding
The tank top provides a good platform for cargo and machinery
The double bottom tanks can be used for carriage of fresh water and
b ll t t
ballast water
It provides for additional protection against environmental pollution for
ships carrying liquid cargos in their holds in the event that the bottom
plate is damaged.
plate is damaged.
ME 091304 Teknik Bangunan dan Konstruksi Kapal II 12
Double bottom – Transversely framed
Double bottom Transversely framed
A
B
Plate/Solid Floors
6 6 6 6
B
A A A
A ‐A B B
B ‐
CG
FLOOR
SG
ME 091304 Teknik Bangunan dan Konstruksi Kapal II 13
A B
A A
A ‐A B‐B
B
CG
SG
ME 091304 Teknik Bangunan dan Konstruksi Kapal II 14
Double bottom – transversely framed
Double bottom transversely framed
Watertight Floor
A B
Watertight Floor
A B
A ‐A
A ‐A B‐B
B ‐
SG
ME 091304 Teknik Bangunan dan Konstruksi Kapal II 15
In single hull ships the inner bottom is to be
p
continued out to the ship's side in such a manner
as to protect the bottom to the turn of the bilge,
in double hull ships the inner bottom is to be
extended to the inner hull. (BKI Vol. II, Section 8,
d d h i h ll (BKI V l II S i 8
B.2.2)
ME 091304 Teknik Bangunan dan Konstruksi Kapal II 16
Double bottom ‐ general
Double bottom
Small wells for hold drainage may be arranged in the
double bottom, their depth, however, shall be as small
d bl b tt th i d th h h ll b ll
as practicable. (Section 8, B.1.3)
A well extending to the outer bottom, may, however,
be permitted at the after end of the shaft tunnel.
be permitted at the after end of the shaft tunnel
(Section 8, B.1.3)
Other wells may be permitted if their arrangement
does not reduce the level of protection equivalent to
does not reduce the level of protection equivalent to
that afforded by a double bottom complying with this
( )
Section. (Section 8, B.1.3)
ME 091304 Teknik Bangunan dan Konstruksi Kapal II 17
A margin plate is normally fitted perpendicular to the turn
of the bilge.
If grabs are used for discharging cargo the plate thickness
for the tank top has to be increased to compensate for the
p p
wear and tear produced by the grabs.
Manholes with watertight covers are fitted on the tank top
M h l ith t ti ht fitt d th t k t
to allow access into the double bottom.
ME 091304 Teknik Bangunan dan Konstruksi Kapal II 18
Double bottom ‐ general
Double bottom
In fore‐ and after peak a double bottom need
p
not be arranged. (Section 8, B.1.4)
ME 091304 Teknik Bangunan dan Konstruksi Kapal II 19
6 6 6 6
6 6 6 6
6 6 6 6 FLOOR
SIDE GIRDER
ME 091304 Teknik Bangunan dan Konstruksi Kapal II 20
Double bottom ‐ center girder
Double bottom center girder
The center girder should be watertight at least
for 0,5 L amidships, unless the double bottom
is subdivided by watertight side girders.
(Section 8, B.1.5)
On ships which are assigned the load line
permissible for timber deck load, the double
permissible for timber deck load the double
bottom is to be subdivided watertight by the
center girder or side girders as required by the
center girder or side girders as required by the
LLC 66. (Section 8, B.1.5)
ME 091304 Teknik Bangunan dan Konstruksi Kapal II 21
Their depth is not to exceed half the depth of
the center girder and their lengths are not to
g g
exceed half the frame spacing. (Section 8,
B 2 1)
B.2.1)
ME 091304 Teknik Bangunan dan Konstruksi Kapal II 22
Double bottom ‐ center girder
Double bottom center girder
The depth of the center girder is not to be less than:
(Section 8, B.2.2.1)
h = 350 + 45 B [
[mm] ]
hmin = 600 mm
The thickness of the center girder is not to be less
The thickness of the center girder is not to be less
than: (Section 8, B.2.2.1)
within 0,7 L amidships: ha =depth of center girder as built [mm]
d th f t id b ilt [ ]
ha need not be taken less than h to
calculate tm
tm must not be less than t according
to 7.5
ha =depth of center girder as built [mm]
ha need not be taken less than h to
calculate tm
tm must not be less than t according
to Section 8, B.7.5.2
0,15 L at the ends
,
ME 091304 Teknik Bangunan dan Konstruksi Kapal II 24
Double bottom ‐ center girder
Double bottom center girder
The plate thickness of the longitudinal girders
p g g
is not to be less than: (Section 8, B.7.5.2)
M t i l F t k (S ti 2 B 2)
Material Factor k (Section 2, B.2)
For other Yield Stress
ME 091304 Teknik Bangunan dan Konstruksi Kapal II 25
6 6 6 6
6 6 6 6
6 6 6 6 FLOOR
SIDE GIRDER
SIDE GIRDER
ME 091304 Teknik Bangunan dan Konstruksi Kapal II 26
Double bottom ‐ side girders
Double bottom side girders
At least one side girder shall be fitted in the
engine room and in a way of 0.25 L aft of FP.
engine room and in a way of 0 25 L aft of FP
(Section 8, B.3.1)
In the other parts of the double bottom, the
number of side girders to be fitted depend on
distance bet een center girder and ship’s side
distance between center girder and ship’s side.
(Section 8, B.3.1)
One side girder if distance between center girder and
One side girder if distance between center girder and
ship’s side exceeds 4.5 m
Two side girders if distance between center girder and
ship’ss side exceeds 8 m
ship side exceeds 8 m
Three side girders if distance between center girder
and ship’s side exceeds 10.5 m
ME 091304 Teknik Bangunan dan Konstruksi Kapal II 27
ME 091304 Teknik Bangunan dan Konstruksi Kapal II 28
Double bottom ‐ side girders
Double bottom side girders
No regulation for lightening holes in side
g g g
girders may found in BKI Vol.II, 2006 Edition.
For approximation, the following rules may be
used:
Lightening holes in the side girders web should be
Lightening holes in the side girders web should be
kept around the holes at least 0,2 of the depth of
side girders or 0,2 of the frame spacing.
side girders or 0,2 of the frame spacing.
ME 091304 Teknik Bangunan dan Konstruksi Kapal II 29
ME 091304 Teknik Bangunan dan Konstruksi Kapal II 30