Globalization

Nixons Domestic Affairs

Moon Walk
Space programs pushed for many years
o Goal: Putting a man on the moon by the end of the decade
Apollo 11: Command ship for Aldrin, Armstrong, and Collins
Eagle- Lunar Module
July 20, 1969: Eagle lands on the moon
Both Aldrin and Armstrong walked on the moon. Armstrong is the first man on the moon
Domestic Policy
Cut costs of government. And balance the budget
Made four Supreme Court appointments
Democrats in control of congress; Nixon had trouble reaching his goals
Foreign Affairs during Nixons first term
Vietnamization: slowly bringing american troops home, and turn war over to the South
Vietnamese
Anti-War Protests
o Opposition mainly occurred at colleges and universities
Kent St. University- four students killed by Nat. Guard
My Lai Massacre (Vietnam)
US troops - Killed 300 civilians in village of My Lai
Most of the killed were women and children
The military attempted to cover up the crime
SALT I agreement
Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT)
Limited nuclear arms development
Detente - French term - Nixon used the word to describe the reduction of tensions
between US and USSR
Election of 1972
Republican Nominee- President Nixon
Democratic Nominee - George McGovern
Nixon wins landslide
Foreign Policy during Nixons Second Term
Secret Cambodian bombings (1965-1973)
o Bombed suspected Viet Cong bases in Cambodia (Operation Menu, 1969-70)
o Congress & public were not told
Vietnam bombing intensifies
o March 1972 - Thousands of N. Vietnamese invaded S. Vietnam
U.S. response- Bombing raids all across indochina
US aid to Israel, 1973
Oct. 1973- Egypt and Syria attacked Israel on Yom Kippur (Yom Kippur War)
Nixon aided the Israelis with various supplies
First Arab oil embargo, 1973
Arab response to US aid to Israel - Embargoed oil shipments
US - Faced with gasoline shortages and higher prices
Domestic Affairs during Nixons Second Term
Watergate

A special investigation unit, Plumbers broke into the democratic Nat. Comm
Headquarters in the watergate office building
Caught! Nixon attempted a cover-up
Reporter Bob Woodward, Wash. Post, broke the story
Nixon Under Pressure
Ervin committee- Investigated the Watergate situation
Nixon- fired two top aides
Tape recorded conversations - Hurt Nixon
Resignation of Agnew
VP Agnew - Accused of serious crimes
Resigned and pleaded no contest to tax evasion
Nixon - nominated Gerald R. Ford as VP
Resignation of Richard Nixon
Supreme Court ruling- Nixon had to hand over tapes
Nixon - Knew he would be impeached
August 9, 1974 - Nixon resigned the Office of the President
Domestic Problems of Gerald Ford
Nixon Pardon
o Pres Ford Granted a full pardon to Nixon
o Pardoning Nixon lost Ford much public support
Problems with congress
Ford had problems dealing with Democratic Congress
Foreign Affairs during Ford Administration
S. Vietnam never took control of Vietnam War; US evacuates South Vietnam in Oct.
1975
Arab Oil Embargo
o Lasting Effects- OPEC, fuel efficiency, speed limit
o Alaskan pipeline completed
Election of 1976
Republican nominee - President Ford
Democratic nominee - Jimmy Carter - Governor of Georgia
Carter wins close election
Carters Presidency
Foreign Policy
o Main goal - Promote human rights
o SALT II- Attempted but never came

Domestic Policy
o Energy Crisis - Carter dealt with the problem by creating the Dept. of Energy
o Three Mile Island Accident (1979) Feared radiation leak
International Problems
Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan
US response - Embargo of grain to the Soviets, and boycott the 1980 Olympics in
Moscow
Iran Hostage Crisis- Nov. 4, 1979
Angry mob invaded US Embassy in Teheran, taking 52 American hostages
o Lasted 444 days
Middle East problems continue
Egypt and Israel met at camp david to discuss peace

Result- Camp David Accords- Est. official diplomatic relations between Egypt and Israel

Neo-Conservation
Election of 1980
Republican Nominee - Ronald Reagan - Gov of California
Democratic Nominee -Pres. Carter
Reagan wins easily
Reagan's Domestic Policy
The Economy
Took over during a time of Stagflation - A combination of high unemployment and high
inflation
The Solution
o Cut many domestic programs ; Increased spending on military defense
o Dismantle the welfare state and shrink the size of the federal gov.
o New Federalism - Shifting responsibility for many social programs to the states
o Supply-side or Trickle down economics- Tax cuts to businesses and wealthy
individuals
The Results
By 1984:
The biggest economic expansion in history up to that time
Median income grew by 15%
5 million new businesses were formed
20 million new jobs were created
By 1989, the unemployment rate dropped to 5.5%
The Reagan Doctrine
A policy of supporting guerrilla groups that were fighting to overthrow Communism or
pro-soviet governments
Examples (Reagan Doctrine):
o Supported Afghanistan guerrillas
o Supported anti-Sandinista guerrillas in Nicaragua
o Sent American troops to Grenada
Election of 1984
Reagan wins an overwhelming landslide over Walter Mondale
Sandra Day OConnor
Appointed to the Supreme Court by Reagan
o First woman to serve on the court
Troubles Abroad
Wanted to stop communism and saw the Soviet Union as the focus of evil in the modern
world
o Peace through strength
1983- Marine headquarters blown up in Lebanon
o 241 Americans Marines were killed in the terrorist attack
o They were sent there on a peacekeeping mission
October 1983 - Grenada - After a military coup, a government sympathetic to Communist
Cuba was established
o US invades Grenada- Did not want another Communist in Western Hemisphere
Iran Contra

Iran-Contra Scandal - US sold arms to Iran; Reagan - Wanted to free hostages being
held in the Middle East
o The money went to help support contra rebels in Nicaragua
Election of 1988
Republican Nominee - George H. W. Bush - Vice President under Reagan
Democratic Nominee- Michael Dukakis- Gov. of Massachusetts
Bush wins easily
Foreign Issues Under Bush
1989- Berlin wall comes down
1991- The Soviet Unions Communist government collapses
o The Cold War comes to an end
Persian Gulf War
Iraq seized Kuwait
o August 2, 1990 - Iraq invades and takes Kuwait
o US- Sent forces to protect Saudi Arabia
The Allies Attack
Operation Desert Storm - US and allies attack January 17, 1991
Iraq - Agreed to withdraw after 42 days of fighting
Clinton Presidency
Domestic Policy
Struggled with both health care and gays in the military
He and the Republican Congress passed legislation requiring a balanced budget
o Attempted to reduce deficit
December, 1998- impeached for perjury and obstruction of justice
Foreign Policy
NAFTA - North American Free Trade Agreement
o Eliminated tariffs and other barriers to trade with Canada and Mexico
Election of 2000
Republican Nominee - George Bush - Gov of Texas
Democratic Nominee - Al Gore - VP under Clinton
Bush wins one of the closest elections in history
o Came down to Florida - Bush won by 537 votes
9/11
Al-Qaeda terrorist group- responsible for the attack
Coordinated attack - 4 US commercial planes hijacked
2 flown into the world trade centers (NYC) 1 into the pentagon 1 in PA
2,996 died