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[Tables or other self--supporting sections may be quoted or extracted. Credit lines should
read: Extracted from AGMA 915--2--A05, Inspection Practices -- Part 2: Cylindrical Gears
-- Radial Measurements, with the permission of the publisher, the American Gear
Manufacturers Association, 500 Montgomery Street, Suite 350, Alexandria, Virginia
22314.]
Approved May 3, 2005
ABSTRACT
This information sheet discusses inspection of cylindrical involute gears using the radial (double flank) composite method, with recommended practices detailed. Also included is a clause on runout and eccentricity
measurement methods. This information sheet is a supplement to the standard ANSI/AGMA 2015--2--AXX.
Published by
ii
AGMA 915--2--A05
Contents
Page
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv
1
Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2
Normative references . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
3
Symbols, corresponding terms and definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
4
Measurement of radial composite deviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
5
Tooth thickness measurement with radial composite measurement . . . . . . . 12
6
Verification of master gears and fixtures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
7
Runout and eccentricity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Figures
1
2
3
4
5a
5b
6a
6b
6c
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Tables
1
2
iii
AGMA 915--2--A05
Foreword
This Information Sheet, AGMA 915--2--A05, Inspection Practices -- Part 2: Cylindrical
Gears -- Radial Measurements, is provided for informational purposes and is intended for
use with Standard ANSI/AGMA 2015--2--AXX, Accuracy Classification System -- Radial
Measurements for Cylindrical Gears.
AGMA 915--2--A05 replaces AGMA ISO 10064--2, Cylindrical Gears -- Code of Inspection
Practice -- Part 2: Inspection Related to Radial Composite Deviations, Runout, Tooth
Thickness and Backlash, and the information on similar subjects as covered in AGMA
2000--A88, Gear Classification and Inspection Handbook -- Tolerances and Measuring
Methods for Unassembled Spur and Helical Gears.
The user of this Information Sheet is alerted that differences exist between AGMA
2000--A88, AGMA ISO 10064--2 and this document. This includes that measuring methods
refer to an accuracy grade numbering system that is reversed, such that the smallest
number represents the smallest tolerance. Therefore, the user of this information sheet
must be very careful when comparing measurement methods formerly specified using
AGMA 2000--A88 or AGMA ISO 10064--2.
The first draft of AGMA 915--2--A05 was made in March, 1999. It was approved by the
Technical Division Executive Committee (TDEC) in May, 2005.
Suggestions for improvement of this document will be welcome. They should be sent to the
American Gear Manufacturers Association, 500 Montgomery Street, Suite 350, Alexandria,
Virginia 22314.
iv
AGMA 915--2--A05
ACTIVE MEMBERS
J. Clatworthy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
M.E. Cowan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.L. Cox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
R. Frazer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
T. Griffieth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
T. Klaves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
R. Layland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
M. May . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
R.W. Ott . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
J.M. Rinaldo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Robert E. Smith . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
AGMA 915--2--A05
ANSI/AGMA
2002--B88,
Tooth
Specification and Measurement
1 Scope
This information sheet constitutes a code of practice
dealing with inspection relevant to radial composite
deviations and runout of cylindrical involute gears;
i.e., with measurements referred to double flank
contact.
In providing advice on gear checking methods and
the analysis of measurement results, it supplements
standard ANSI/AGMA 2015--2--AXX, where most of
the terms used are defined.
2 References
The following standards contain provisions which,
through reference in this text, constitute provisions of
this information sheet. At the time of publication, the
editions indicated were valid. All standards are
subject to revision, and parties to agreements based
on this document are encouraged to investigate the
possibility of applying the most recent editions of the
standards indicated below.
AGMA 915--1--A02, Inspection Practices -- Part 1:
Cylindrical Gears -- Tangential Measurements
AGMA 915--3--A99, Inspection Practices -- Gear
Blanks, Shaft Center Distance and Parallelism
AGMA 935--AXX, Recommendations Relative to
the Evaluation of Radial Composite Gear Double
Flank Testers
ANSI/AGMA 1012--G05, Gear Nomenclature, Definition of Terms with Symbols
Thickness
AGMA 915--2--A05
Terms
Units
mm
ad
d
mm
mm
db
mm
Fid
mm
Fp
Fr
mm
mm
fe
Eccentricity
mm
fid
fpt
Lg
mn
mm
mm
mm
-- --
pb
Rr
s
x
Pitch, base
Test radius
Tooth thickness
Profile shift coefficient
mm
mm
mm
-- --
Number of teeth
-- --
Pressure angle
degrees
Helix angle
degrees
degrees
-- --
Arbor
b
n
T
t
w
y
Base
Normal plane
Tolerance
Transverse plane
Product gear, operating
Any (specified) diameter
The geometric axis of the teeth for radial composite deviation is that axis which, if used for the
measurement, would give the minimum root mean
square (rms) total radial composite deviation over a
complete revolution.
degrees
AGMA 915--2--A05
mesh
without
backlash
view Z (enlarged)
Z
master gear
measuring
direction
product gear
fe
Fid
360
z
Maximum
value of fid
360
Figure 2 -- Radial composite deviation diagram
AGMA 915--2--A05
1 revolution
Runout
These are fluctuations in center distance during one revolution of the product
gear. They appear in the diagram as slowly increasing and decreasing curves
corresponding to the ratio of the gears.
damaged tooth
Pitch deviations
They are revealed in the diagram as sudden and irregular deflections of the
recording pen of varying magnitude between two adjacent teeth.
Profile deviations
The slight undulations in the curve indicate deviations of the tooth form from the
theoretical involute profile. Each wave corresponds to the period of contact of
one tooth.
AGMA 915--2--A05
AGMA 915--2--A05
-- Means of quickly and accurately setting different center distances on the fixture.
AGMA 915--2--A05
Table 2 -- Recommended checking load for metallic gears with 2.5 mm face width
Module
2.5 to less than 25.0
1.25 to less than 2.5
0.80 to less than 1.25
0.60 to less than 0.80
0.50 to less than 0.60
0.40 to less than 0.50
0.30 to less than 0.40
0.25 to less than 0.30
0.20 to less than 0.25
Load1), kg
1.0 to 1.2
0.9 to 1.1
0.8 to 1.0
0.7 to 0.8
0.6 to 0.7
0.5 to 0.6
0.3 to 0.4
0.1 to 0.2
0.1 to 0.2
Load1), ounces
33 to 39
29 to 35
25 to 31
21 to 27
17 to 23
13 to 19
6 to 10
3 to 5
3 to 5
NOTES:
1)
For non--metallic gears use 1/2 of the listed value.
AGMA 915--2--A05
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
Unfiltered tooth--to--tooth
Amplitude
1.0
Total composite
0.0
--1.0
--2.0
--3.0
--4.0
--5.0
0
5
6
Tooth number
10
11
12
5.0
4.0
3.0
Unfiltered tooth--to--tooth
Amplitude
2.0
1.0
0.0
--1.0
--2.0
--3.0
--4.0
--5.0
0
5
6
7
Tooth number
10
11
12
Figure 5a -- Double flank composite test, low number of teeth (12 tooth gear)
AGMA 915--2--A05
5.0
4.0
3.0
Amplitude
2.0
Unfiltered tooth--to--tooth
1.0
0.0
--1.0
--2.0
--3.0
--4.0
--5.0
0
10
15
Tooth number
20
25
30
Figure 5b -- Double flank composite test, high number of teeth (30 tooth gear)
AGMA 915--2--A05
5.0
4.0
Total composite variation
Fid -- Double flank
3.0
Amplitude
2.0
1.0
0.0
--1.0
--2.0
--3.0
--4.0
--5.0
0
10
15
Tooth number
20
25
30
5.0
4.0
3.0
Amplitude
2.0
1.0
0.0
--1.0
--2.0
--3.0
--4.0
--5.0
0
10
15
Tooth number
20
25
30
10
AGMA 915--2--A05
5.0
4.0
3.0
Amplitude
2.0
1.0
0.0
--1.0
--2.0
--3.0
--4.0
--5.0
0
10
15
Tooth number
20
25
30
5.0
4.0
2.0
Short term component
(fid -- Double flank)
Amplitude
1.0
0.0
--1.0
3.0
--2.0
--3.0
--4.0
--5.0
0
5
6
Tooth number
10
11
12
11
AGMA 915--2--A05
40
30
20
Amplitude
10
0
--10
--20
--30
--40
0
5
6
Tooth number
10
11
12
12
max
= R r3 + R rw
max
ad
min
= R r3 + R rw
min
(1)
(2)
where
Rrw min is the test radius, product gear, minimum
allowable;
Rrw max is the test radius, product gear, maximum
allowable;
is the test radius, master gear.
Rr3
max
= ad
max
Lg
min
= ad
min
Rraw + R ra3
R raw + Rra3
(3)
(4)
where
Lg max is the gage block stack height, maximum;
Lg min
Rra3
Rraw
AGMA 915--2--A05
dw
2 zw
(5)
s btw + s bt3 p bt
d bw + d b3
(6)
where
sbtw is maximum transverse base tooth thickness of product gear, mm;
13
AGMA 915--2--A05
z3
ad
max
R rw
where
snwm+sn3
inv wt3 = z n+ z
+ inv t
w
3
max
Rr3
(8)
= ad
max R r3
(9)
(7)
where
snw is normal tooth thickness of the product gear
at the reference diameter, mm;
sn3
zw
m n cos n
z + z 3
2 cos b cos wt3 w
pbt
TEST RADIUS
FOR swt max
TEST RADIUS
FOR swt min
TRACE FOR
MINIMUM
GEAR
TRACE FOR
MAXIMUM
GEAR
ONE
REVOLUTION
OF PRODUCT GEAR
RUNOUT
TOTAL COMPOSITE
DEVIATION, Fid
14
min
= ad
max F id 2
s wtT
tan wt3
(10)
min
s wtT =
= ad
min R r3
s wnT d w
cos d
where
ad min
AGMA 915--2--A05
(11)
(12)
15
AGMA 915--2--A05
7.2.2 Out--of--roundness
ball or cylinder
Fr
16
AGMA 915--2--A05
yt
r
ry
yt
rb
yt
yn
17
AGMA 915--2--A05
yt = yt + yt
(13)
d cos t
cos yt =
dy
(14)
tan n
cos
(15)
dy = d + 2 mn x
(16)
tan t =
s yt
yt = 180
z dy
(17)
(18a)
(18b)
mn
+ 2 tan n x
cos 2
mn
2 tan n x
cos 2
(19a)
sd inv + inv
(19b)
st
+ inv t inv yt
d
dy
tan
d
tan yn = tan yt cos y
tan y =
yt
(20)
(21)
18
AGMA 915--2--A05
20
18
16
micrometers
14
12
Fr
fe
10
8
fe
6
4
2
0
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Tooth space number
Figure 13 -- Runout diagram of a gear with 16 teeth
19
AGMA 915--2--A05
7.6.2 Eccentricity, fe
A diagram showing runout measured is shown in
figure 13. The sinusoidal component of the curve
roughly drawn by hand, or calculated by the least
squares method, indicates (in the plane of measurement) the eccentricity of the teeth to the reference
axis by an amount fe.
7.7 Value of runout measurement
Control of runout of gears which are required to
operate with minimal backlash, and of master gears
to be used in the measurement of radial composite
deviations, is of particular importance.
Measurement of runout as described is not necessary when the radial composite deviations of gears
are to be measured. It is clear that details of single
flank deviations such as pitch or profile deviations,
cannot be derived from measured values of runout.
For example, two gears of very different accuracy
grades, with respect to ANSI/AGMA 2015--1--A01,
can have the same value of runout. This is because
a gear contacts its mate on either right or left flanks,
whereas runout values may be influenced by simultaneous measurement contact with both right and
left flanks. The deviations of both flanks can have
mutually compensated influences on runout. The
extent of information which can be derived from the
measurement of runout is largely dependent on
knowledge of the machining process and the characteristics of the machines.
However, when the first batch of gears produced by a
given method is inspected in detail in order to
monitor compliance with a specified accuracy grade,
variation in further production can be detected by
measuring radial composite deviations, instead of
repeating the detailed inspection.
7.8 The relation between runout and pitch
deviations
When an otherwise perfect gear has an eccentric
bore, eccentricity, fe, as in figure 14, and it rotates
20
AGMA 915--2--A05
Theoretical pitch
Measured pitch
Low point of
eccentricity
reference
axis
High point of
pitch deviation, Fp
Eccentricity, fe
Runout, Fr
2fe
(approximately 90
from high point of Fr)
Total cumulative
pitch deviation, Fp
Reference circle
Measuring circle
21
AGMA 915--2--A05
Theoretical centerline
of tooth space
All space
widths are equal
Actual centerline
FpR
FpL
Fr = 0
Figure 15 -- Gear with zero runout, but with considerable pitch and cumulative pitch deviations (all
space widths are equal)
Theoretical
gear
Actual gear
Pitch
deviation
Cumulative
pitch
deviation
Runout
Figure 16 -- Gear with pitch and cumulative pitch deviations and zero runout
22
F pL = 58 mm
AGMA 915--2--A05
Pitch number
F pR = 55 mm
F r = 15 mm
Figure 17 -- Actual gear with little runout and substantial cumulative pitch deviation
Fr(s)
rider
type
A
Fr(s)
rider type B
1
N
Figure 18 -- Runout measurement with a rider when all space widths are equal and pitch deviations
are present
23
AGMA 915--2--A05
Bibliography
The following documents are either referenced in the text of AGMA 915--2--A05, Inspection Practices-- Part 2:
Cylindrical Gear -- Radial Measurements, or indicated for additional information.
AGMA 2000--A88, Gear Classification and Inspection Handbook -- Tolerances and Measuring Methods for
Unassembled Spur and Helical Gears (Including Metric Equivalents)
ISO 53: 1998, Cylindrical gears for general and heavy engineering -- Standard basic rack tooth profile
ISO 54: 1996, Cylindrical gears for general engineering and for heavy engineering -- Modules
ISO 701: 1998, International gear notation -- Symbols for geometrical data
ISO 1122--1:1998, Glossary of gear terms -- Part 1: Definitions related to geometry
ISO/TR 10064--4:1998, Cylindrical gears -- Code of inspection practice -- Part 4: Recommendations relative to
surface texture and tooth contact pattern checking
24
PUBLISHED BY
AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION
500 MONTGOMERY STREET, SUITE 350
ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA 22314