Crisis of Change

Election of 1960
GOP nominee: Richard Nixon
VP inder Ike
Democratic nominee: John F. Kennedy
The two appeared on TV for great debates
Kennedy benefited from the debates
JFK won one of the closest elections in history
New Freedom
Housing Act of 1961 - Provided $4.9 billion for urban renewal
Minimum wage - increased from 1 to 1.25 an hour
24th Amendment - Outlawed the poll tax
Kennedys Foreign Policy
Bay of Pigs
The US supplied money and arms to anti-Castro Cubans
1500 Anti-Castro troops land at the Bay of Pigs
Terrible defeat - 1200 troops captured
Berlin Wall
Aug 1961 - Russia sealed off East Berlin/East Germany from West Berlin by crating a wall
1500 troops sent to W. Berlin - Western powers would not give in - Khrushchev backed down
Johnsons Foreign Policy
Deeper Involvement of Vietnam: The Tonkin Gulf Resolution
Aug 2 and 4, 1964 - Two US destroyers attacked by N. Vietnamese gunboats
Tonkin Gulf Resolution allowed the Pres. to expand war powers in Vietnam
Could repel any armed attack
Why we were in Vietnam
Jan 1965 - LBJ - Sent 20,000 more troops to help the 27,000 already there

 Domino Theory - If S. Vietnam fell to Communism so would the rest of Southeast Asia.
To stop aggression and protect our reputation
Dec. 1965 - 185,000 troops in S. Vietnam

Effects of Vietnam on the election of 1968

LBJ - Decided to not run for a second term as a result of the Vietnam war
Robert F. Kennedy - Assassinated after winning the Calif. primary
Sirhan Sirhan - Fired the Fatal shots
Election and Results
Dem Nominee: Hubert H. Humphrey
Bitter fighting between Democrats at the convention in Chicago
Republican Nominee - Nixon
American Independant Party - Gov. George C. Wallace - Alabama
Nixon wins close election

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Globalization
Nixons Domestic Affairs
Moon Walk
Space Programs pushed for many years
Goal: Putting a man in the moon by the end of the decade
Apollo 11:: Command ship for Aldrin, Armstrong, and Collins
Eagle - Lunar Module
July 20, 1969: Eagle lands on the moon
Both Aldrin and Armstrong walked on the moon
Armstrong in the first man on the moon

Domestic Policy
Cut cost of govt. and balance the budget
Made four Supreme Court appointments
Democrats in control of congress, Nixon had trouble reaching his goals
Foreign Affairs: Nixons First Term
Vietnamization
Slowly bring American troops home, turn war over to South Vietnamese
Anti-War Protests
Opposition mainly occurred at colleges and universities
- Kent St. Univ. - Four students killed my Nat. Guard

My Lai Massacre (Nam)

US troops - killed 300 civilians in village if My Lai
Most of the killed were women and children
The military attempted to cover-up the crime
SALT 1 agreement: 1972
Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty
Limited nuclear arms development
Detente
Nixon used the word to describe the reduction of tensions between US and USSR
Domestic Affairs during Nixons Second Term
Watergate
A special investigations unit, Plumbers, broke into the Democratic Nat. Comm. Headquarters
in the Watergate office building
Caught! Nixon attempted to cover up
Reporter Bob Woodward, Washington Post, broke the story

Nixon Under Pressure

Ervin Committee i Investigated the Watergate situation
Nixon - Fired two top aids
Tape recorded conversations - Hurt Nixon
Resignation of Agnew
VP Agnew - Accused of serious crimes
Resigned and pleaded no contest to tax invasion
Nixon - Nominated Gerald R. Ford as VP
Resignation of Richard Nixon
Supreme Court ruling - Nixon had to hand over tapes
Nixon - Knew he would be impeached
Aug 9, 1974 - Nixon resigned the Office of the President
Domestic Problems of Gerald Ford
Nixon Pardon
Pres. Ford - Granted a full pardon to Nixon
Pardoning Nixon lost Ford much public support
Problems with Congress
Ford - Had problems dealing with Democratic Congress
Foreign Affairs during Ford Administration
S. Vietnam never took control of Vietnam War; US evacuates South Vietnam in Oct. 1975
Arab Oil Embargo
Lasting Effects - OPEC, fuel efficiency, speed limit
Alaskan Pipeline completed
Election of 1976
Republican Nominee - Pres. Ford
Democratic Nominee - Jimmy Carter - Gov. of Georgia
Carter wins close election

Carters Presidency
Foreign Policy
Main goal - Promote human rights
SALT II - attempted, but never came
Domestic Policy
Energy Crisis - Carter dealt with the problem by creating the Dept. of Energy
Three Mile Island Accident (1979) - Feared radiation leak
International Problems
Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan
US response - Embargo of grain to the Soviets, and boycott of 1980 Olympics in Moscow
The Reagan Doctrine
A policy of supporting guerrilla groups that were fighting to overthrow Communism or proSoviet governments
Election of 1984
Reagan wins an overwhelming landslide over Walter Mondale
Sandra Day OConner
Appointed to the Supreme Court by Reagan
First woman to serve on the court
Troubles Abroad
Wanted to stop communism and saw the Soviet Union as The focus of evil in the modern
world.
Peace through strength.
1983 - Marine headquarters blown up in Lebanon
241 Americans Marines were killed in the terrorist attack; sent on peacekeeping mission
October 1983 - Grenada - After a military coup, a govt. sympathetic to Communist Cuba was
established
US invades Grenada - Did not want another Communist country in Western Hemisphere

Iran Contra
Iran-Contra Scandal - US sold arms to Iran
Reagan - Wanted to free hostages being held in the Middle East
- The Money went to help support contra rebels in Nicaragua
Election of 1988
Rep. Nominee - George H. W. Bush - VP under Reagan
Dem. Nominee - Michael Dukakis - Gov. of Massachusetts
Bush wins easily
Foreign Issues Under Bush
1989 - Berlin wall comes down
1991 - The Soviet Unions Communist government collapses
The Cold War comes to an end